Managing water and its conservation

MANAGING WATER AND ITS
CONSERVATION

BY
SHION .K.BABU
III B.COM(CA)
O9CCU004

WHY CONSERVE WATER?
1.It is a resource that is a benefit to everyone.
2. To save money. Lower consumption means lower water bills.
3. To keep rates low. Maximizing current water supplies helps
defer the need to develop new, more expensive sources of water.
4. To prepare for a drought. Many areas of the country have
experienced drought conditions in the past few years. Water
conservation helps prepare for these worst of times.
5. To comply with regulations. Many states and local regulators
have established efficient water use regulations

TWO TYPES OF PRACTICES
1. Engineering practices: practices
based on modifications in
plumbing, fixtures, or water
supply operating procedures.

2. Behavioral practices: practices
based on changing water use
habit.

MONITORING
Provides baseline information on quantities of
overall company water use, the seasonal and hourly
patterns of water use, and the quantities and
quality of water use in individual processes.
 Baseline information on water use can be used to
set company goals and to develop specific water
use efficiency measures.
 Monitoring also raises employee awareness.
 Records of meter readings can be used to identify
changes in water use rates and possible problems in
a system.

SUB METERING
The practice of placing water meters throughout a
facility is called sub metering.
 Sub metering helps account for water usage and
can help in the process of leak detection.
 Areas to consider sub metering are landscaped
areas, cafeterias, laundries, and major industrial
equipment that use water.
 Sub metering makes water users more aware of
how much water they use and its cost.
 By placing meters and monitoring those meters
throughout a facility, experts estimate that a facility
can help reduce water usage by 20 to 40 percent.

METER ACCURACY
Water meters can be damaged and
deteriorate with age, thus producing
inaccurate readings.
All meters, especially older
meters, should be tested for accuracy on
a regular basis.
 Meters that are used to measure large
volumes of water may be too large for a
customer's level of use and will tend to
under-register water use.
 A Meter testing, calibration, repair, and
replacement program needs to be
established.

LEAK DETECTION
leaks saves money on water bills. The
early detection of leaks also reduces the
chances that leaks will cause major
property damage.
 A leak detection strategy needs to
employ regular on-site testing methods for
detecting leaks along water distribution
mains, valves, services, and meters.
Leak detection programs are especially
important in facilities that have
large, old, deteriorating systems.

REDUCING WATER PRESSURE

Reducing excessive pressures in the water
distribution system can save a significant
quantity of water.
 Reducing water pressure can decrease
leakage, the amount of flow through open
faucets, and stresses on pipes and joints that
may result in leaks. Lower water pressure may
also decrease system deterioration, reducing
the need for repairs and extending the life of
existing facilities.
 Lower pressures can help reduce wear on
end-use fixtures and appliances

WATER REUSE
Water reuse is the use of wastewater or
reclaimed water (sometimes called “gray
water”) from one application for another
application.
 Some potential applications include other
industrial uses in cooling water at power plants
and oil refineries or industrial process water for
such facilities as paper mills and carpet
dyers, toilet flushing, dust control, construction
activities, concrete mixing, and artificial lakes.
 Reused water can also be used in landscape
irrigation, agricultural irrigation, aesthetic uses
such as fountains, and fire protection.

COOLING WATER
RECIRCULATION
 The use of water for cooling in industrial
applications represents one of the largest water
uses in the United States.
 The most water-intensive cooling method used in
industrial applications is once-through cooling, in
which water contacts and lowers the temperature of
a heat source and then is discharged.
Recycling water with a re circulating cooling
system can greatly reduce water use by using the
same water to perform several cooling operations.
 Three cooling water conservation approaches
that can be used to reduce water use are
evaporative cooling , ozonation , and air heat
exchange.

EVAPORATION COOLERS
The principal use of water by
evaporative coolers is to increase the
humidity of incoming air being drawn
into a building and decrease its
temperature. The building’s air cools as it
absorbs the moisture.
 Evaporative coolers require an annual
maintenance check-up for the most
efficient cooling.

OZONATION
The use of ozone to treat cooling tower water (ozonation):
Can result in a 99% reduction in the appearance of bacteria. And
personnel no longer have to handle
chlorine, bromine, phosphates, and other chemicals. It helps keep
the metal surfaces of pipes and equipment clean, making
equipment more energy efficient.
 Controls corrosion by producing a protective coating on metal
surfaces, extending equipment life.
 Acts as a strong disinfectant. Can use lower amounts of high-
quality water and it reduces cooling tower blow down water
consumption by 50 to 90%.

AIR HEAT EXCHANGE
Air heat exchange works on the same principle
as a car's radiator. In an air heat exchanger, a fan
blows air past finned tubes carrying the re
circulating cooling water.
 Air heat exchangers involve no water loss, but
they can be relatively expensive when compared
with cooling towers.
Air heat exchangers can be more reliable and
more productive than water cooling

ONCE-THROUGH COOLING
Many facilities have one or more pieces of
equipment cooled by a single-pass flow of water.
After passing through and cooling the
equipment, the water is usually discarded to a
sanitary sewer system.
Equipment that might use a once-through cooling
system include degreasers, rectifiers, hydraulic
equipment, x-ray machines, condensers, and
viscosity baths. Also air conditioners, air
compressors, hydraulic presses, welders and
vacuum pumps

METAL FINISHING
 Platters and finishers, printed circuit board
operators, fabricators, integrated circuit metal
fabricators and other facilities use numerous
process rinses and reaction baths. Water is essential
in the manufacturing process for these facilities.
 There are several water conserving methods that
manufacturers should consider including: Flow
Monitoring and Control, First Stage Static
Tanks, Counter flow Rinsing, Spray
Rinsing, Membrane Technologies, Ion Exchange and
Electrolyte Recovery

CAFETERIAS AND
RESTAURANTS
Use water in garbage disposer only during
operation.
 If thawing foods in cold running
water, change to thawing under
refrigeration, in a microwave, or in the
cooking process.
 “Double Dip” to clean large volumes of
produce.
 Replace "once through" water cooled ice
machines and refrigeration condensers with
air cooled machines.
Limit dishwashing to full loads. Turn off the
continuous flow used to clean the drain trays
of the coffee/milk/soda beverage island.

HOSPITALS AND CLINICS
Turn off water required for film processing or
cooling in the X-ray department when not in
use.
 Recycle water where feasible, consistent
with state and county requirements.
 Use full loads in
sanitizer, sterilizer, dishwasher, and washing
machines.
Overhaul faulty steam traps on sterilizers.
Replace equipment with water-saving
models.
 Reduce the load on air conditioning units by
shutting off air conditioning when and where it
is not needed.
Recover condensate and use it as make-up
water

CLOSED-LOOP VEHICLE
WASHERS
The closed loop vehicle washers are facilities
that completely recycle the wash water used in
cleaning cars, trucks, etc.
 Wash water will go through three different
treatment units before being recycled for reuse.
 The alpha treatment unit is an oil/water
separator.
 The beta treatment unit removes fine dirt
particles and any remaining hydrocarbons.
 The omega treatment adds ozone to the water
before reuse.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Rain Water Harvesting is capturing and storing
rainfall to irrigate plants or to supply people and
animals.
 A well-designed system will also decrease your
landscape maintenance needs.
 All you need for a water harvesting system is
rain, and a place to put it.
 A "catchment" is any large surface that can
capture and/or carry water to where it can be
used immediately or stored.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING
 A water surplus available at the right time of
year makes storage well worth the time and
effort. A surplus becomes impractical when it
must be stored for more than several months.
 Water stored for long periods of time will
stagnate and become a health hazard.
 You can store water in a variety of ways: 55-
gallon steel drums, oak barrels or underground
storage tanks.
Regular maintenance is critical to any
dependable water harvesting system

A water surplus available at the right time of
year makes storage well worth the time and
effort. A surplus becomes impractical when it
must be stored for more than several months.
 Water stored for long periods of time will
stagnate and become a health hazard.
 You can store water in a variety of ways: 55-
gallon steel drums, oak barrels or underground
storage tanks.
 Regular maintenance is critical to any
dependable water harvesting system.

XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Businesses can save water in landscaping by using
the principles of Xeriscape™, an efficiency-oriented
approach to landscaping that encompasses seven
essential principles:
Planning and design
 Limited turf areas
Efficient irrigation
 Soil improvement
Mulching
Use of lower water demand plants
 Appropriate maintenance

Managing water and its conservation

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