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The document provides a history of computers from their origins in Manchester in 1948 to recent developments. It notes several key milestones: - 'Baby' runs the world's first stored program in Manchester in 1948, becoming the world's first computer. - The first commercial computer, Ferranti MARK 1, becomes functional at the University of Manchester in 1951. - The integrated circuit or 'chip' is invented in 1958, allowing computers to decrease in size and cost. - The first laptop is introduced in 1982, building on earlier portable "luggable" computers.
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- 1. History Of Manchester And Computers Computers have been on something of a miraculous journey since the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM) or 'Baby' ran its first program in Manchester in 1948. 21 June 1948 – 'Baby' runs the world's first stored program, effectively becoming the world’s first computer. Developed by Frederic C. Williams and Tom Kilburn, the computer was 5.2m long x 2.2m high, weighed one tonne and had less computing power than a modern calculator; one operation could take up to 25 minutes
- 2. 1951 - The first commercial computer, the 'Ferranti MARK I' is now 1951 – Christopher Strachey functional at the University of Manchester programs the first computer- generated music, using the 1954 – the first high level programming languages are used by John Manchester Mark 1 to play 'God Save The Queen' Backus and IBM in the US (FORTRAN or formula translation) and Tony Brooker in Manchester (the Mark 1 Autocode) 1958 – The integrated circuit or 'chip' is invented by Americans Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, which allows the size and cost of computers to begin to decrease (Kilby won the Nobel Prize in physics in 2000 for the invention of the chip) February 1962 - 'SpaceWar!', the first computer game is released 1964 - Douglas Engelbart makes the first computer mouse so called because, as Engelbart explained, "the tail came out the end" October 1965 - In Manchester, the University forms the Department of Computer Science and an undergraduate course in Computer Science, the first of its kind, begins 1969 – ARPAnet, a forerunner of the Internet, is invented as a US military device. ARPAnet would also send the first email in 1971 A 1983 Atari home computer 1970 – the DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) chip takes the place of the original integrated circuit. Coupled with the invention of the microprocessor the following year in 1971, the push towards smaller computers truly begins 1971 –the production of the first floppy disc, allowing for transport of info from one computer to another 1972 - the compact disc is invented in the United States, though it is many years before it takes over from the floppy disc as the standard portable format for computers 1972 - Magnavox releases the first home video game console, the Magnavox Odyssey, invented by Ralph H. Baer
- 3. March 1974 – the first PC (personal computer) is released, though it would be three more years until they were truly available as home computers Osborne 1, the first luggable computer 1979 – the first word processing software is released 1981 – MS-DOS, the Microsoft Operating System, is available to the public for the first time, making PCs easier to use 1982 – the first luggable computer is introduced. While being physically unlike a laptop, the small and portable nature of the luggable computer would lead to the invention of the less clumsy laptop 1990 - Tim Berners-Lee proposes a 'hypertext' system, allowing for the invention of the Internet as we know it today
- 4. 10 September 1990 - Archie, the first Internet search engine, is introduced 6 August 1991 - The World Wide Web is launched to the public by Tim Berners-Lee, who developed it as a research tool 1995 – the first social networking websites begin to appear, with a leading one, Classmates.com, focusing on ties with former school mates 1997 – IBM's 'Deep Blue' computer defeats world champion chess player Garry Kasparov, becoming the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion 1998 – The University of Manchester celebrates 50 years of computing in the city by rebuilding of the original Small-Scale Experimental Machine of 1948 and running newly-written programs on it Part of the IBM Roadrunner 1998 – the first mp3 player is introduced, sparking a revolution in the music industry which would see downloaded music outsell physical formats 2008 – the world’s fastest computer, the IBM Roadrunner at US Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, performs 10,000,000,000,000,000 operations per second. The supercomputer is made up of 296 racks of hardware and occupies approximately 550 square meters
- 5. Manchester united The full name for this club is Manchester united, this club was founded in the year 1878 it was founded as Newton Heath LYR F.C. The owners for this club now Glazer family. The ground the united play own is called old Trafford which can fit up to 75,765. The manager for the club is Sir Alex Ferguson. Manchester united have won 19 Premier League titles which making them the most successful team in the Premier League. Also they have won 3 Champions league titles. This here is the current team for Manchester united.
- 6. Manchester united This here is a chart which show the progress that Manchester united have done over the years. football is a very competitive sport and teams can have many rivals for Man united there most rivalled team is Manchester City.
- 7. Manchester united Manchester United has won many trophies in English football, including a record 19 league titles, a record 11 FA Cups, four League Cups and a record 19 FA Community Shields. The club has also won three European Cups, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup. In 1998–99, the club won a Treble of the Premier League, the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League, an unprecedented feat for an English club. The current manager, Sir Alex Ferguson, has won 24 major honours since he took over in November 1986. Making him one of the best managers in the world today.
- 8. Football and Goal-line technology In association football, goal-line technology is a technology which determines when the ball has completely crossed the goal line, assisting the referee in calling a goal or not. In the wake of controversial calls made in the Premier League, 2010 World Cup and the Euro 2012, FIFA (previously against the technology) is testing potential candidates for goal-line technology. Nine systems were initially tested, but only two remain. Using this technology it's all most like using the tennis technology. As shown in the image below. By doing this It can help the football game to become much more better
- 9. Football and Goal-line technology Produced by a German company Carios Technologies AG, alongside Adidas, the GLT system used a magnetic field to track a ball with a sensor suspended inside. Thin cables with electrical current running through them are buried in the penalty box and behind the goal line to make a grid. The sensor measures the magnetic grids and relays the data to a computer which determines if the ball has crossed the line or not. If the ball does cross the line a radio signal is sent to the referee’s watch within a second. Adidas designed a ball that could suspend and keep a sensor safe and intact even when the ball is struck with great force. Also the use for this technology Cairos claims the process is practically instantaneous, addressing critics' concerns that the technology might slow down the game. An older system developed by Cairos was trialled at the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, but was found not to be fast or accurate enough.