MANIK GUPTA - Types of Sampling.pdf
- 1. PRESENTED BY MANIK GUPTA Research Scholar, PhD (Department of Commerce)
- 2. OUTLINES ➢Sample Definition ➢Purpose of sampling ➢Stages in the selection of a sample ➢Types of sampling in quantitative researches ➢Types of sampling in qualitative researches
- 3. The process of selecting a number of individuals for a study in such a way that the individuals represent the larger group from which they were selected.
- 5. ➢ A Sample is “a smaller (but hopefully representative) collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population” (Field, 2005) ➢ The sampling frame - A list of all elements or other units containing the elements in a population. ➢ Population - The larger group from which individuals are selected to participate in a study.
- 6. Target population A set of elements larger than or different from the population sampled and to which the researcher would like to generalize study findings.
- 8. To gather data about the population in order to make an inference that can be generalized to the population.
- 10. TYPES OF SAMPLES Probability (Random) Samples Simple Random Sample Systematic random sample Stratified random sample Cluster sample Non-Probability Samples Convenience sample Purposive sample Quota Sample
- 11. Simple Random Sampling - Selecting subjects so that all members of a population have an equal and independent chance of being selected. Disadvantages 1. Identification of all members of the population can be difficult 2. Contacting all members of the sample can be difficult Stratified Random Sampling - The population is divided into two or more groups called strata, according to some criterion, such as geographic location, gender, grade level, age, or income, and subsamples are randomly selected from each strata. Disadvantages 1. Identification of all members of the population can be difficult. 2. Identifying members of all subgroups can be Difficult.
- 12. Cluster Sampling - The process of randomly selecting intact groups, not individuals, within the defined population sharing similar characteristics. Clusters are locations within which an intact group of members of the population can be found Examples – Neighborhoods, Schools, Classrooms Systematic Sampling - Selecting every Kth subject from a list of the members of the population
- 13. 1.Convenience sampling 2.Purposive sampling 3.Quota Sampling Non – Random Sampling Methods …
- 14. Convenience Sampling - The process of including whoever happens to be available at the time. Also called “accidental” or “haphazard” sampling. Purposive Sampling - The process whereby the researcher selects a sample based on experience or knowledge of the group to be sampled. Also called “judgment” sampling. Quota Sampling - The process whereby a researcher gathers data from individuals possessing identified characteristics and quotas.
- 15. TypesofSampling in Qualitative Research 1) Maximal Variation Sampling 2) Typical Sampling 3) Theory or Concept Sampling 4) Homogeneous Sampling 5) Critical Sampling 6) Opportunistic Sampling 7) Snowball Sampling
- 16. Maximal Variation Sampling - It is when you select individuals that differ on a certain characteristic. In this strategy you should first identify the characteristic and then find individuals or sites which display that characteristic. Typical Sampling - It is when you study a person or a site that is “typical” to those unfamiliar with the situation. You can select a typical sample by collecting demographic data or survey data about all cases. Theory/ Concept Sampling - It is when you select individuals or sites because they can help you to generate a theory or specific concepts within the theory. In this strategy you need a full understanding of the concept or the theory expected to discover during the study.
- 17. Homogenous Sampling - It is when you select certain sites or people because they possess similar characteristics. In this strategy, you need to identify the characteristics and find individuals or sites that possess it. Critical Sampling - It is when you study an exceptional case represents the central phenomenon in dramatic terms. Opportunistic Sampling - It is used after data collection begins, when you may find that you need to collect new information to answer your research questions. Snowball Sampling - It is when you don't know the best people to study because of the unfamiliarity of the topic or the complexity of events. So you ask participants during interviews to suggest other individuals to be sampled.