Manish ppt on writing and publishing an article

WRITING AND PUBLISHING A
RESEARCH ARTICLE
PRESENTED BY :
Prof.M.R.BHISE
Dr.RGCOP , MALKAPUR

 “There is no way to get experience except
through experience.”

Needs to be understand
 Why write and publish research papers?
 Ideally –
 to share research findings and discoveries
with the hope of improving healthcare.
 Practically –
 to get funding to get promoted to get a job
 to keep your job!

“Scientists are rated by what
they finish, not by what they
attempt”

Getting a paper published

 Competition for space in journals is intense

 Cost of publication is high, 2000Rs/page for APS

 Rejection rates vary
 AJP = 50%
 JBC = 65%
 NEJM, Science, Nature = 90%

Major reasons for rejection
 Confirmatory (not novel)
 Poor experimental design
 Poor controls
 Hypothesis not adequately tested
 Inappropriate for journal
 Poorly written

Important Tips
1.Know the journal, its editors, and why you
submitted
2.the paper there
3.Pay close attention to spelling, grammar, and
punctuation
4.Make sure references are comprehensive and
accurate
5.Avoid careless mistakes
6.Read and conform to “Instructions for Authors”

To Publish and Blerish
 Data manipulation, falsification
 Duplicate manuscripts
 Redundant publication
 Plagiarism
 Author conflicts of interest
 Animal use concerns
 Humans use concerns

What constitutes redundant
publication?
 Data in conference abstract? No
 Same data, different journal? Yes
 Data on website? Maybe
 Data included in review article? OK if later
 Expansion of published data set? Yes

What makes a good research
paper?
 Good science
 Good writing
 Publication in good journals

What constitutes good
science?
 Novel – new and not resembling something
formerly known or used (can be novel but not
important)
 Mechanistic – testing a hypothesis - determining
the fundamental processes involved in or
responsible for an action, reaction, or other
natural phenomenon
 Descriptive – describes how are things are but
does not test how things work – hypotheses are
not tested.

What constitutes a good
journal?
 Impact factor –
 average number of times published papers
are cited up to two years after publication.
 Immediacy Index –
 average number of times published papers
are cited during year of publication.

Journal Citation Report,
2003
 Journal Impact Factor Immediacy Index
 Nature 30.979 06.679
 Science 29.162 05.589

Things to be consider before
writing
 1.Time to write the paper?
 has a significant advancement been made?
 is the hypothesis straightforward?
 did the experiments test the hypothesis?
 are the controls appropriate and sufficient?
 can you describe the study in 1 or 2 minutes?
 can the key message be written in 1 or 2 sentences?
 “Those who have the most to say usually say it
with the fewest words”

Things to consider before
writing
1.Time to write the paper?
 has a significant advancement been made?
 is the hypothesis straightforward?
 did the experiments test the hypothesis?
 are the controls appropriate and sufficient?
 can you describe the study in 1 or 2 minutes?
 can the key message be written in 1 or 2 sentences?
2.Tables and figures
 must be clear and concise
 should be self-explanatory
3.Read references
 will help in choosing journal
 better insight into possible reviewers

Things to consider before
writing
4.Choose journal
 study “instructions to authors”
 think about possible reviewers
 quality of journal “impact factor”
5.Tentative title and summary
6.Choose authors

Authorship
 Guidline on a authorship:
 Each author should have participated sufficiently in the
work to take public responsibility for content.
 This participation must includes:
 A) conception or design , or analysis and interpretation of
data , or both; b) drafting the article or revising it for
critically important intellectual content; and c) final
approval of the version to be published. Participation solely
in the collection of data does not justify authorship.
 All elements of an article ( a, b, and c above ) critical to its
conclusions must be attributable to at least one author.

Writing the manuscript
 The hardest part is getting started.

Parts of a manuscript
 Title
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Acknowledgements
 References

Write in what order?
 Title
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Acknowledgements
 References

Methods and materials
 Best to begin writing when experiments still in
progress.
 Should be detailed enough so results can be
repeated by others.
 Reference published methods where
appropriate.
 Include animal/human use approval information.
 Use descriptive subheadings
 Animals

Results
 Briefly repeating protocols can be effective
 Tables and figures must be straight forward
and concise
 Present main findings referring to
tables/figures.
 Do not speculate or over discuss results.

Introduction
 Build case for why study is important/necessary
 Provide brief background
 State hypothesis / central question
 Give a one sentence summary of findings

Discussion
 First answer question posed in introduction
 Relate your conclusion to existing knowledge
 Discuss weaknesses and discrepancies
 Explain what is new without exaggerating
 Do not repeat results
 Conclusion/summary, perspectives,
implications

References
 Relevant and recent
 Be highly selective
 Read the references
 Do not misquote
 Use correct style for journal

Abstract
 Critical part of paper
 State main objective
 Summarize most important results
 State major conclusions and significance
 Avoid acronyms
 Write and rewrite until flawless

Title
 Will determine whether paper gets read
 Avoid long title (see journal rules)
 Avoid abbreviations
 Title format:
 “The effects of heat on ice”
 “Heat melts ice”
 “The role of heat in melting ice”

Words and expressions to avoid
 Jargon Preferred use
 a considerable amount of much
 on account of because
 a number of several
 Referred to as called
 In a number of cases some
 Has the capacity to can
 Fabricate make

Revise, revise and revise
 All authors should participate
 Review order of data presentation
 Polish the writing style
 Double check references
 Look for typos
 Double check spelling

Develop a good writing style
 Read well written articles
 Try to get good writers to review
 Learn from editing changes

Submission
 Read instructions carefully
 Fill out all necessary forms
 Copyright transfer Conflict of interest
 Write cover letter (suggest reviewers)
 Confirm receipt after 6 weeks

Process of Research
Completion of research
Preparation of manuscript
Submission of manuscript
Assignment and review
Decision
Rejection Rivision
Resubmission
Re-review
Acceptance Reject
Publication

Responding to reviewers
 Carefully prepare your responses Each
comment should be addressed Each change
should be stated
 Be enthusiastic
 Reviewer may be wrong
 Be tactful – thank the reviewers
 Do not respond to reviewers while upset
 Never call the editor
 Get help from other authors

Resources
 Benos, D., Reich, M. “Peer review and
publication in APS journals.”
 http://www.theaps.org/careers/careers1/EBSy
mposia/Benos
 Fischer BA, Zigmond MJ. “Components of a
research article.”survival@pitt.edu

Manish ppt on writing and publishing an article

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Manish ppt on writing and publishing an article