Manure Handling Presentation
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This document discusses manure handling and management. It covers the components of manure, factors that influence manure composition, chemical composition of solid and slurry manure, nutrient availability from manure, aspects of manure handling systems, parameters for planning handling systems, and methods of manure spreading. The document provides information on optimizing manure use and minimizing losses to improve nutrient utilization and environmental impacts.
Manure Handling Presentation
- 1. Manure handling GöranCarlson JTI - Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Gå till första sidan
- 2. Nutrient flows from agriculture Exhaust Mineral Fertilisers Plant production NH3-losses N-fixation Deposition Run-off Sewer Food Watercourse Households Field Forest Pasture Feed Animals N-fixation Deposition Mineral fertilisers Farms NH3-losses
- 3. Components in manure Faeces Urine Water Litter Manure
- 4. Water • Spilt water • Dishwater • Cleaning water • Precipitation - evaporation • Litter • Bedding material • Feed residuals
- 5. Factors influencing the distribution of components in manure Selected technical solutions Components in manure Type of animal Type of animal keeping system Production level in stables outdoors Management Feaces Yes Yes Urine Yes Yes Yes Water Spilt water Yes Yes Dishwater Yes Yes Yes Cleaning Yes Yes Yes Yes water Precipitation -evaporation Yes Litter Bedding material Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Feed residuals Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
- 6. Chemical composition of Solid and Semi-solid manure Kg/tonnes Bild diagram flyt- resp fastgödsel Total N Ammonia N Phosphorus Potassium
- 7. Chemical composition of slurry Kg/tonnes Total N Ammonia N Phosphorus Potassium
- 8. Availability and loss of N for manure from milking cows Barn 15 kg 11 kg 58 kg N/ 11 kg 5 kg 27 kg 7 kg 73 7 kg 7 kg 13 kg Storage Slurry Spreading 107 kg N/cow and year Solid manure Urine cow and year Barn Storage Spreading 107 kg N/cow and year 80 kg N/ cow and year
- 9. Aspects on manure handling systems Manure handling system Animal welfare Production efficiency Working conditions Conditions for nutrient utilisation Invest ment needs Education needs Cost efficiency Sustain-ability In barns Good Good Good Good Good Yes large Yes Could be high Probable Bad Bad Low Bad Bad Yes Yes Could be low No Storage Good Good Could be good Good Yes, large Yes Depends Probable Bad Could be bad Bad Could be bad Bad Yes Yes Depends No Spreading Good Good Good Good Yes, large Yes Depends Probable Bad Could be bad Bad Bad Yes Yes Depends No
- 10. Basic rules for planning manure handling systems Analyse and discuss the situation on each farm in order to select a suitable manure handling system which: • Optimises utilisation of nutrients • Supports good animal welfare to achieve high production • Create good and safe working conditions
- 11. Basic rules for planning manure handling systems, cont. The most suitable manure handling system for an individual farm could not be selected without taking into account: • All other handling chains on the farm • The farmer’s knowledge and future plans • The farmer’s economic situation
- 12. Important parameters for planning of manure handling systems Selection of handling system depends on the farmers knowledge, interests and planning horizon Parameters In barns Storage Spreading Specific situation on individual farms Economic situation Yes Yes Yes Type of animal Yes Yes Yes Number of animals Yes Yes Yes Production level Yes Yes Yes Favourable technology For large farms Available Available Available For small farms Available Hard to find Co-operation Legislation and rules Animal welfare Yes Nitrate directive/GAP Yes Yes Yes Permits for large farms Yes Yes Yes Occupational health Yes Yes Yes Construction rules Yes
- 13. Economy slurry handling, EEK Example: Pig farm (5 000/year), trailing hoses Income, EEK/tonne • Nitrogen 28,90 • Phosphorus 21,90 • Potassium * 0,90 Total 51,70 JTI - Institutet för jordbruks- och miljöteknik * Not utilised maximally Costs, EEK/tonne • Storage 30,42 • Loading 7,30 • Transportation 7,76 • Spreading 40,46 • Soil compaction 1,67 Total 87,61
- 14. Types of manure in Sweden According to Satistics Sweden 1987/88 1992/93 1998/99 100 80 60 40 20 0 Solid manure Urine Semi-solid manure Slurry
- 15. Mucking out
- 16. Why should I work for a well functioning manure handling system in my barn? • Higher production • Cleaner animals • Better animal health • Better hygienic status • Better working conditions
- 17. milk production 6 000 kg/cow and year 20 000,0 18 000,0 16 000,0 14 000,0 12 000,0 10 000,0 8 000,0 6 000,0 4 000,0 2 000,0 0,0 Amount of manure per 8 months Production of manure Slurry Solid manure Deep straw litter Rainw ater Washing w ater etc. Urine Feaces Bedding material Manure handling system
- 18. milk production 8 000 kg/cow and year 20 000,0 18 000,0 16 000,0 14 000,0 12 000,0 10 000,0 8 000,0 6 000,0 4 000,0 2 000,0 0,0 Amount of manure per 8 month Production of manure Slurry Solid manure Deep straw litter Rainw ater Washing w ater etc. Urine Feaces Bedding material Manure handling system
- 21. Manure Spreading
- 22. Spreading precision, application rate, longitudinal and transversal
- 23. Factors causing ammonia emissions Metrological factor Manure Spreading technique Application rate Soil temperature wind air humidity pH DM physical properties content of ammonia N in kg per tonnes structure, type of crop, type of soil, pH .....
- 24. Rear discharge, one-step spreader, vertical beaters
- 25. Rear discharge, one-step spreader, horizontal beaters
- 26. Rear discharge, one-step spreader, horizontal beaters
- 27. Rear discharge, two-step spreader, horizontal beaters + spreading discs
- 28. Rear discharge, two-step spreader, longitudinal augers + spreading discs, especially for semi-solid manure
- 29. Slurry spreader with splash plate
- 30. Slurry spreader with trailing hoses
- 31. Spreading technique for slurry in Sweden 1998/99 According to Statistics Sweden Entire country • 66% splash plate • 26% trailing hoses • 8 % technique unknown Southern Sweden • 43 % splash plate • 56% trailing hoses • 1% technique unknown
- 32. Advantages and disadvantages, shallow injection versus traditional technique Advantages: • Low ammonia losses • Improved feed quality • Higher N-utilisation • Low odour emissions Disadvantages: • Increased power requirement • Increased spreading costs • Risk for damage in ley
- 33. Harvested winter wheat after broadcast and band spreading of slurry at different occasions Relative harvest; 100 = 4570 kg/ha Spring Crop height 15 cm Time for spreading 240 220 200 180 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 kg N/ha, mineral fertilizer Unfertilized 160 Just before heading Open slot+injector Open slot+injector Open slot+injector c/c 25cm c/c 37.5cm c/c 37 cm + harrow Splash plate Band spreading c/c 25cm Band spreading c/c 37,5cm
- 34. Hygienic risks in grassland cropping