Mas in Orpan/Underutilized Crops.
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This document discusses marker-assisted selection for improving orphan crops. It provides examples of MAS for cassava, pearl millet, and chickpea. For cassava, markers can be used to select for resistance to cassava mosaic virus and reduce cyanide levels. In pearl millet, markers linked to drought tolerance genes can be introgressed. For chickpea, markers linked to drought tolerance quantitative trait loci and fusarium wilt resistance genes allow selection of these traits. However, limitations include a lack of resources, marker polymorphism, and integration with conventional breeding in orphan crops.
Mas in Orpan/Underutilized Crops.
- 1. MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION IN ORPHAN CROPS PRESENTED BY ASHWANI KUMAR Reg. No. – J-13-D-180-A Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu
- 2. WHAT ARE ORPHAN CROPS Orphan, abandoned, new, underutilized, neglected, lost, underused, local, minor, traditional, forgotten, alternative, promising, underdeveloped: these and other terms are often used as synonyms for Orphan crops. Orphan crops are those crops which are typically not traded internationally but which can play an important role in regional food security.
- 3. Twenty-seven orphan crops within developing countries occupy areas of between 0.5-38 million ha (Naylor et al. 2004). Three criteria to be considered underutilized or orphan crops 1. Proven food or energy value. 2. Plant has been widely cultivated in the past, or the plant is currently cultivated, in a limited geographical area. 3. Currently cultivated less than other comparable plants.
- 4. In INDIA, the network which work on orphan crops i.e. AICRN on UC Different centres which work on orphan crops: 1) Main Centres – 13 2) Cooperating Centres – 5 3) Voluntary Centres – 5
- 5. Orphan Crops A. PSEUDO-CEREALS Grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) Chenopodium (Chenopodium spp.) Job’s tear (Coix lacryma-jobi) B. FOOD LEGUMES/ PULSES Rice bean (Vigna umbellata) Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) C. OILSEEDS Perilla (Perilla frutescens) Paradise tree (Simarouba glauca) D. VEGETABLES Kankoda (Momordica dioica) Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)
- 6. FODDER CROPS Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) Salt bush (Atriplex spp.) Fodder tree species ENERGY, HYDROCARBON AND INDUSTRIAL PLANTS Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) Tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) Paradise Tree (Siimarouba glauca) Perilla (Perilla frutescens)
- 7. Some varieties released/identified at regional level in different Underutilized crops by CVRC based on their performance at multi- locations in various coordinated trials. For example: High grain yield varieties : Grain Amaranth- SKNA 21, RMA-4, RMA-7 Rice bean- VRB-3
- 8. MAJOR BOTTLENECKS IN ORPHAN CROPS Due to lack of genetic improvement, these crops produce inferior yield in terms of both quality and quantity. Poor grain yield Poor in nutrient content: Abiotic stresses Hazardous or toxic products - Cassava
- 9. LISTS OF WORLD ORPHAN CROPS (Varshney et al. 2012)Nature Biotechnology
- 10. Strategies to overcomes bottlenecks in orphan crops
- 11. CASSAVA Cassava (manioc; Manihot esculenta). Major source of carbohydrates are tuberous roots and leaves. Its strives well in marginal soils and drought prone climates. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) 2n = 2x = 36, 760bp
- 13. Push-Pull Concept in Cassava
- 14. Major problems in cassava crop are:- 1. Cassava mosaic virus (CMV) 2. Low protein content 3. Roots contain poisonous compounds called cyanogenic glycosides (CG) which liberate cyanide. 4. Konzo is a paralytic disease associated with consumption of insufficiently processed cassava.
- 15. CASE STUDY
- 16. Scheme for Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for Cassava Improvement
- 18. MAS Scheme To Improve Cassava Germplasm
- 20. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.). The major disease is downy mildew & yield loss up to an 80% Marker assisted selection in pearl millet for drought tolerance. PEARL MILLET Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) 2n=2x=22, 2,450bp
- 21. DROUGHT AFFECTED AREA IN THE WORLD The major bajra growing countries are Senegal, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan and India. 1.3 Billions people are under drought-prone areas (India/Africa)
- 22. Molecular plant breeding methods to address these long standing problems of pearl millets production Solution i) Assess genetics variation for disease resistance & drought tolerant particularly in land races, elite breeding lines & other potential donor ii) Identify molecular marker linked to specific component of disease resistance & drought tolerance iii) Use the marker directly in the breeding programme to follow the introgression of desirable region of the genome. (Howarth and Yadav, 2002)
- 23. SCHEME FOR MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION OF DESIRABLE GENES
- 25. MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION Bidinger et al. (2005)
- 26. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Diploid (2n=2×=16) crop with genome size of 740 Mb. The seeds of chickpea are rich in protein (24.6%), carbohydrate (64.6%) and vitamins. CHICKPEA
- 27. Abiotic stress: Terminal drought is a major problem causing more than 50% production losses.
- 28. Based on the evaluation- minicore collection for terminal drought tolerance- prolific root systems- identified and RILs mapping populations were developed at ICRISAT: (Annigeri x ICC 4958, ICC 4958 x ICC 1882 and ICC 283 x ICC 8261) A MABC breeding approach has been successfully deployed in chickpea for enhancing drought tolerant by introgressing “QTL-hotspot” into elite cultivars. TERMINAL DROUGHT IN CHICKPEA
- 29. Out of seven SSR markers present in the “QTL- hotspot” region (ICCM0249, NCPGR127, TAA170, NCPGR21, TR11, GA24 and STMS11), four markers (ICCM0249, TAA170, GA24 and STMS11) available at ICRISAT. “QTL-hotspot” has been successfully introgressed into the genetic background of the 3 elite varieties i.e. JG11, KAK2 and Chefe.
- 30. (Thudi et al. 2014)(Functional Plant Biology)
- 31. Biotic stresses: Fusarium wilt reduces yield up to 90% Ascochyta blight may cause total crop loss Leaf spot Black root Pod borer is the major insect pest of chickpea and it feeds on leaves and developing seeds.
- 32. Two major independent loci H1 and H2 determine the resistance to race-1 in chickpea. The dominant alleles at both H1 and H2 loci result in susceptible early wilting and recessive at any one (h1h1H2H2 or H1H1h2h2) produce susceptible late wilting and recessive at both the loci (h1h1h2h2) result in resistance. The primer CS-27F/ CS-27R, termed ASAP linked to the allele for susceptibility at H1 locus and RAPD marker A07C linked to H2 locus of susceptibility for fusarium wilt were reported. Single marker is not sufficient to identify resistant and susceptible genotypes as there are two independent loci governing resistance.
- 33. The CS27700 marker linked to H1 locus was absent in all other genotypes except JG62 and Karikadle. Other marker A07C417 linked to H2 locus was present in all genotypes except WR 315 and GBS964. The markers CS27 and A07C were present in susceptible (early wilting H1H1H2H2) genotypes i.e. JG62 and Karikadle. Absence of both the markers indicated resistant (h1h1h2h2) genotypes i.e. WR315 and GBS964. Presence of any one marker in other genotypes (K850, Bheema, Vijay, A1, BG256, KAK-2, JG-11, BGD103, ICCV-2, ICC4958 and ICCV506) indicates susceptible but late wilter. These markers can be used in MAS to speed up conventional breeding.
- 34. LOW IMPACT OF MAS IN ORPHAN CROPS Resources (equipment) not available Markers may be cost-effective Accuracy of QTL mapping studies QTL effects may depend on genetic background or be influenced by environmental conditions Lack of marker polymorphism in breeding material Poor integration of molecular genetics and conventional breeding
- 35. Most important staple crops for many developing countries Model crop species Enormous amount of research In molecular genetics and genomics which has provided enormous potential for marker development and MAS Costs of MAS are prohibitive so available funding will largely determine the extent to which markers are used in breeding FUTURE OF MAS IN ORPHAN CROPS
- 36. CONCLUSION Orphan or Understudied crops provide food for resource poor farmers and consumers in developing countries. They grow under extreme environmental conditions, many of them poorly suited to major crops of the world. Green Revolution did not benefit from the positive effects of this agricultural revolution that boosted the productivity of food crops in the world. The next Green Revolution needs to also include these locally adapted crops that are mostly known as orphan or understudied crops. Although these crops are largely unimproved, the implementation of modern improvement techniques on these crops has many advantages.