Fundementals of MASW
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This document describes how multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) was used to map variations in bedrock and detect potential fractures at a site in Olathe, Kansas where industrial contaminants may have leaked. MASW data was acquired along linear profiles using standard seismic acquisition techniques. Analysis of surface wave dispersion characteristics generated a 2D shear wave velocity model that accurately mapped the bedrock surface between 6-23 feet deep and identified potential fracture zones in the bedrock. The high resolution shear wave velocity model provided essential information for characterizing subsurface fluid flow at the contaminated site.
![experience elevated shear-wave veloc-
ities due to loading between pillars, or,
in the case of voids, loading between
supporting sidewalls. The key to
exploiting surface waves as a site
characterization tool resides in their
sensitivity to shear-wave velocity,
compressional-wave velocity, den-
sity, and layering of the half-space.
Several key characteristics of sur-
face waves and surface-wave imaging
make application of this technique
possible in areas and at sites where
other geophysical tools have failed or
provided inadequate or questionable
results. First and probably foremost is
the ease with which surface waves can
be generated. The relative high-ampli-
tude nature of surface waves (in com-
parison to body waves) makes their
application in areas with elevated lev-
els of mechanical/acoustic noise pos-
sible. A half-space is all that is
necessary to propagate surface waves.
Surface-wave propagation does not
require the velocity to increase with
depth and/or a contrast at a bound-
ary (i.e., velocity, density, or combi-
nation [acoustic impedance]).
Conductivity of soils, electrical noise,
conductive structures, and buried
utilities all represent significant chal-
lenges to electrical or EM methods.
These have little or no impact on the
generation or propagation and gener-
ally no influence on the processing or
interpretation of surface-wave data.
This flexibility in acquisition and
insensitivity to environmental noise
allow successful use of shear-wave
velocity profiling in areas where other
geophysical methods are limited.
The Olathe case study discussed
here was designed to target an area
near the southeast corner of a build-
ing used to manufacture electronic
components (Figure 1). Industrial flu-
ids essential to the manufacturing
process were routinely used and
stored in and around this building. If
these fluids were to leak from con-
tainment vessels or plumbing, a
detailed transport and fate model
would be imperative to rapid isola-
tion and extraction of these haz-
ardous fluids. This is a scenario not
unlike thousands currently under
investigation around the country. For
the study described here, two sets of
parallel intersecting profile lines were
located as near the building as prac-
tical and in close proximity to exist-
ing borings. Existing borings and
monitor wells were drilled and com-
pleted to define bedrock and/or to
monitor groundwater. Acquisition
parameters and geometry for MASW
were selected to optimize the imag-
ing of near-surface unconsolidated
materials above bedrock, the bedrock
surface, and several feet into bedrock.
Depths of interest ranged from about
2 ft to 35 ft below the ground surface.
Improving the bedrock surface map
and delineating any potential contam-
inant pathways on or into bedrock
were the primary objective of this
survey.
Data acquisition. Data were acquired
along two pairs of intersecting orthog-
onal lines (Figure 1). Standard CMP
roll-along techniques were used to
record nominal 48-channel shot
records every 4 ft along the entire
0000 THE LEADING EDGE DECEMBER 1999 DECEMBER 1999 THE LEADING EDGE 1393
Figure 4. S-wave velocity contours at the Olathe, Kansas, site, along line (a)
1, (b) 2, (c) 3, and (d) 4.
a)
b)
c)
d)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/masw-firstpaper-140605065751-phpapp02/85/Fundementals-of-MASW-2-320.jpg)
Fundementals of MASW
- 1. In many geologic settings, topo- graphic variations and discontinuities in the surface of bedrock can influence the transport and eventual fate of con- taminants introduced at or near the ground surface. Determining the nature and location of anomalous bedrock can be an essential compo- nent of hydrologic characterization. Preliminary analysis of the hydrologic characteristics of a site in Olathe, Kansas, U.S., based primarily on bore- hole data alone, suggested that a clus- ter of fractures and/or an unmapped buried stream channel may influence fluid movement along the drill- defined bedrock surface. Accurate mapping of the bedrock surface at depths ranging from 6 ft to 23 ft and identification of potential fracture zones within bedrock were achieved at this site by integration of the shear- wave velocity field, calculated using the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method, with a sur- gical drilling program. Surface waves appearing on mul- tichannel seismic data designed to image environmental, engineering, and groundwater targets have tradi- tionally been viewed as noise.Arecent development incorporating concepts fromspectralanalysisofsurfacewaves (SASW) developed for civil engineer- ing applications with multitrace seis- mic reflection methods shows great potential for detecting and in some cases delineating anomalous subsur- face materials. Extending the common use of surface-wave analysis tech- niques from estimating 1-D shear- wave velocities to detection and/or imaging required a laterally continu- ous approach to data acquisition and processing. Integrating the MASW method with CMP-style data acquisi- tion permits generation of a laterally continuous 2-D cross-section of the shear-wave velocity field. The MASW method, as used here, requires mini- mal processing and is relatively insen- sitive to cultural interference. Mating MASW with the redundant sampling approach used in CMP data acquisi- tionprovidesanoninvasivemethodof detecting horizontal and/or vertical variations in near-surface material properties. Continuous acquisition of multi- channel surface-wave data along lin- ear transects has recently shown great promise in detecting shallow voids andtunnels,mappingthebedrocksur- face, locating remnants of under- ground mines, and delineating frac- turesystems.Cross-sectionsgenerated in this manner contain information about the horizontal and vertical con- tinuity of materials as shallow as a few inches down to depths of more than 300 ft in some settings. Subsidence-prone areas are likely targets for this type of imaging. De- creases in the shear-wave velocity related to decreases in compaction or localized increases in shear-wave velocity likely associated with the ten- sion dome surrounding subsurface cavities appear to be key indicators of either active subsidence or areas sus- ceptible to roof collapse. In situations where subsidence is active, a dramatic drop in shear-wave velocity seems characteristic of areas where earth materials have begun subsiding into voids.Thislow-velocityzoneproduces a unique signature in the shear-wave velocity field. Since the shear-wave velocity of earth materials can change when the strain on those materials becomes “large,” it is reasonable to suggest that load-bearing roof rock above mines or dissolution voids may 1392 THE LEADING EDGE DECEMBER 1999 DECEMBER 1999 THE LEADING EDGE 0000 Multichannel analysis of surface waves to map bedrock RICHARD D. MILLER, JIANGHAI XIA, CHOON B. PARK, and JULIAN M. IVANOV, Kansas Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S. Figure 2. Shot gathers of geophones with spikes (a), baseplates (b), or base- plates with weights (c). a) b) c) Figure 3. Dispersion curves (a) extracted from Figure 2 and inverted S-wave velocities (b) based on the dispersion curves. a) b) Figure 1. Site map, Olathe, Kansas, U.S.
- 2. experience elevated shear-wave veloc- ities due to loading between pillars, or, in the case of voids, loading between supporting sidewalls. The key to exploiting surface waves as a site characterization tool resides in their sensitivity to shear-wave velocity, compressional-wave velocity, den- sity, and layering of the half-space. Several key characteristics of sur- face waves and surface-wave imaging make application of this technique possible in areas and at sites where other geophysical tools have failed or provided inadequate or questionable results. First and probably foremost is the ease with which surface waves can be generated. The relative high-ampli- tude nature of surface waves (in com- parison to body waves) makes their application in areas with elevated lev- els of mechanical/acoustic noise pos- sible. A half-space is all that is necessary to propagate surface waves. Surface-wave propagation does not require the velocity to increase with depth and/or a contrast at a bound- ary (i.e., velocity, density, or combi- nation [acoustic impedance]). Conductivity of soils, electrical noise, conductive structures, and buried utilities all represent significant chal- lenges to electrical or EM methods. These have little or no impact on the generation or propagation and gener- ally no influence on the processing or interpretation of surface-wave data. This flexibility in acquisition and insensitivity to environmental noise allow successful use of shear-wave velocity profiling in areas where other geophysical methods are limited. The Olathe case study discussed here was designed to target an area near the southeast corner of a build- ing used to manufacture electronic components (Figure 1). Industrial flu- ids essential to the manufacturing process were routinely used and stored in and around this building. If these fluids were to leak from con- tainment vessels or plumbing, a detailed transport and fate model would be imperative to rapid isola- tion and extraction of these haz- ardous fluids. This is a scenario not unlike thousands currently under investigation around the country. For the study described here, two sets of parallel intersecting profile lines were located as near the building as prac- tical and in close proximity to exist- ing borings. Existing borings and monitor wells were drilled and com- pleted to define bedrock and/or to monitor groundwater. Acquisition parameters and geometry for MASW were selected to optimize the imag- ing of near-surface unconsolidated materials above bedrock, the bedrock surface, and several feet into bedrock. Depths of interest ranged from about 2 ft to 35 ft below the ground surface. Improving the bedrock surface map and delineating any potential contam- inant pathways on or into bedrock were the primary objective of this survey. Data acquisition. Data were acquired along two pairs of intersecting orthog- onal lines (Figure 1). Standard CMP roll-along techniques were used to record nominal 48-channel shot records every 4 ft along the entire 0000 THE LEADING EDGE DECEMBER 1999 DECEMBER 1999 THE LEADING EDGE 1393 Figure 4. S-wave velocity contours at the Olathe, Kansas, site, along line (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, and (d) 4. a) b) c) d)
- 3. expanse of each line. The asphalt sur- face covering most of the site necessi- tated the outfitting of the geophones with metal baseplates. About half of line 3 was in a grassy area where tra- ditional spikes were used to couple the geophones.A60-channel Geomet- rics StrataView seismograph recorded and vertically stacked four impacts of a 12-lb hammer on a 1 ft2 plate at each shot station. Single 4.5-Hz Geospace GS11D geophones spaced 2 ft apart along the profile lines responded to frequencies from 8 Hz to 60 Hz (well within the requirements of this sur- vey).Source-to-nearest-receiveroffsets werenominally8ft,makingsource-to- farthest-receiver offset around 100 ft. This recording geometry and fre- quency range provided the optimum spread and data characteristics for examining earth materials at this site between about 3 ft and 50 ft of depth. Recordingacousticdataonasphalt or cement surfaces generally comes with coupling problems, limited amounts of vertically propagating body waves, and complex high-fre- quency trapped and guided waves. Many studies have shown that receiver-ground coupling is critical for high-resolution body-wave surveys. Maximizing frequency response and recorded body waves normally requireslongerspikes,wellseatedinto competent earth. Coupling experi- ments at this site suggest that receivers require only simple ground contact to record broad-spectrum surface-wave energy. Little or no improvement is evident in response (frequency versus amplitude) when geophones are “planted” by using spikes, placed on the ground using plates, or held to the ground with sandbags (Figure 2). This observation continues to fuel research into the use of land streamers, contin- uous recording techniques, and real- time data processing. Data processing. Each 48-trace shot gather was recorded so all live receivers were within the optimum offset window for sampling the sub- surface materials between 2 ft and 50 ft below ground surface with surface waves. Multichannel records were analyzed with SurfSeis (a proprietary software package of the Kansas Geological Survey), which facilitates use of MASW with continuous profil- ing techniques. Each shot gather gen- erated one dispersion curve (Figure 3). Care was taken to ensure the spec- tral properties of the t-x data (shot gathers) were consistent with the max- imum and minimum f-vc values (vc is phase velocities of surface waves) con- tained in the dispersion curve. Each dispersion curve was individually inverted into an x-vs trace. Gathering all x-vs traces into shot station sequen- tial order results in a 2-D grid of the shear-wave velocity field. The shear- wave velocity field generated in this fashion does “smear” to a limited extent velocity anomalies and requires an understanding of the overall reso- lution to interpret accurately. Interpretation. Two-dimensional cross-sections derived as part of this study have several striking character- istics likely influencing the hydrologic characteristics of this site. Drill data acquired prior to the seismic survey helpedoptimizerecordingparameters and geometries and provided baseline groundtruthforidentifyingofbedrock on the shear-wave profiles. The bedrock surface is characterized by its high velocity gradient, correlation to boreholes, and velocity range. Data quality and characteristics across line 1 were consistent. Disper- sive ground roll possessed an opti- mum bandwidth for investigating depths from about 4 ft and 30 ft below ground surface across the entire pro- file. Bedrockonthislinewasconfirmed between 10 ft and 15 ft below ground surface by drilling. From contoured shear-wave velocities the surface of bedrock appears relatively smooth with a pronounced localized velocity high in bedrock around station 1065 (Figure 4a). Based on the elevated shear-wave velocities in this zone, this anomaly likely signifies an increased shear modulus, correlating to harder or less fractured rock. Local outcrop studies routinely encountered shale overlaying fractured limestone units composed of competent blocks that range from a few feet to hundreds of feet in horizontal extent separated by fracture systems. This higher-velocity zone is likely to be a large block of limestone bounded by fracture-sepa- rated smaller blocks. Identification of individual limestone blocks is pre- cluded by smearing that is due to the size of the receiver spread. When we contrast the southern and northern halves of this profile, bedrock mater- ial on the south appears to have the higher average shear-wave velocity. This could be related to either changes inmaterialorfracturingofsubbedrock materials. The more than 40% drop in shear-wave velocity of bedrock mate- rials across this line represents a sig- nificant change in average “stiffness.” It is possible that the limestone unit drill-confirmed to be present beneath the shale bedrock on the south end may be missing on the north end, leav- ing only shale for the first 20 ft or so below the surface of bedrock on the north end. 1394 THE LEADING EDGE DECEMBER 1999 DECEMBER 1999 THE LEADING EDGE 0000 Figure 5. Depth-to-bedrock contour map based on (a) drilling alone, (b) seismic data alone, and (c) a combination of both drilling and seismic data. a) b) c)
- 4. There are two features on line 2 with the potential to affect fluid move- ment along the surface of bedrock (Figure 4b).An extreme drop in shear- wave velocity beneath station 2050 is either a paleochannel infilled with weathered bedrock material or a frac- ture/fault zone. On the western flank of this abrupt low-velocity zone is a very localized velocity low beneath station 2040. This feature is pro- nounced and topographically the low- est point along this line on the bedrock surface. Immediately beneath station 2050 a drop in the shear-wave veloc- ity is evident from the ground surface to about 5 ft or so. This shallow low- velocity zone correlates with the known location of a sewer line buried along the eastern side of the building. The second noteworthy feature on this line is the broad channel feature on the east end of the line, defined by the gradual drop in shear-wave velocity beyond station 2140. This bedrock channel could be the result of cut-and- fill, with the infill material having dis- tinctly different properties than the low-velocity unconsolidated sedi- ments above bedrock. The shear-wave velocity profile of line 3 is characterized by several geo- logically significant changes in mate- rial properties (Figure 4c). These data correlate quite well with the four bore- holes in close proximity. This profile provides insight into the gross texture and irregular nature of the bedrock surface. The velocity high at about sta- tion 3130 may act as a hydrologic bar- rier, separating fluid introduced south of station 3140 from any north of sta- tion 3120. The deepest bedrock observed on any of the surface-wave profiles (estimated to be around 25 ft) is present at the northern end of line 3 near the loading-dock area of the manufacturing building. Pinnacle- looking bedrock structures are promi- nent on the north end of line 3. Delineating the short-wavelength undulations (pinnacle features) in the bedrock surface along the southern end of this line would not have been economical with borehole data alone. We can infer that these localized highs andlowsinthebedrocksurfacewould greatly increase the hydrologic com- plexity of fluids moving along the bedrock surface. Suggesting that these severe pinnacle-type features are rep- resentative of the true bedrock surface brings up questions of resolution and accuracy in subsurface sample point placement. In highly variable areas, smearing will be more evident and significant to the accuracy of geologic models. Some distortion will be pre- sent in all cases when using this method to delineate anomalies or to study changes in material properties. Two striking features on line 4 are candidates for breeches in the confin- ing properties of bedrock (Figure 4d). The most interesting feature on this lineislocatedbeneathstation4080and seems to be directly associated with a similar feature beneath station 2050 on line 2. Velocity contrasts associated with this channel-fault/fracture, its physicaldimensions,andrelativeloca- tion are consistent between the two profiles. A low-velocity zone extend- ing from very near the surface down to about 5 ft is the footprint of the sewer trench seen on line 2 that runs along the eastern side of the manu- facturing building. Correlation of the sewer trench with the extreme veloc- ity low in the bedrock cannot be assumed a simple coincidence. There- fore, a borehole was drilled to confirm that the lower-velocity channel in bedrock between stations 4075 and 4088 was real and not an artifact of the sewer trench and methodology. This deep channel is probably the most hydrologically significant feature related to transport and fate in prox- imity to the southeast corner of the building. Consistency in physical shape and velocity of this feature with the one interpreted on line 2 is testa- ment to the consistency in the mea- surement characteristics for unique subsurface features. This bedrock low- velocity zone will influence how fluid moves along and within shallow bedrock; it could act either as a barrier or a conduit. Bedrock seems to get shallower toward the eastern end of line 4. This observation is also consistent with interpretations of line 2. The anom- alous feature located beneath station 4140 on line 4 is difficult to correlate directly to line 2. If this fracture/fault- channel feature rapidly widens to the northeast, it would correlate with the much wider channel-looking feature on the northeast end of line 2. This fea- ture may not exist beneath line 2. Considering the variability commonly observed in outcrop, abrupt termina- tionorchangesinfracturesofthismag- nitude would not be considered unrealistic. Line 4 possesses several features that will affect transport and fate models for this site. Data resolution is an issue that must be addressed when using this technique. It is appropriate to ques- tion the unlikelihood that bedrock sur- face on line 3 possesses the extreme pinnacletopographysuggestedbythis section.Thegeneraltrendofthesedata is accurate, as verified by drilling. Outcrop studies have noted bedrock blocks scattered beneath weathered material consistent with the highs observed on this 4:1 vertically exag- gerated section. It must be kept in mind that surface-wave imaging tech- niques involve the inversion of a wave that has sampled an area nearly as wide as deep. As well, the sampling depth is generally considered to be half the wavelength. Assuming the wave is limited to the 2-D plane, the velocityvalueassignedtoasinglesam- ple point in the subsurface has been calculated using a wave that has sam- pled an area several times the square of the sample point depth. Therefore, structures observed on shear-wave cross-sections are likely smoothed, subdued, and/or a sculpted version of what really exists in the subsurface. Resolution of the drill-defined bedrock surface map improves signif- 0000 THE LEADING EDGE DECEMBER 1999 DECEMBER 1999 THE LEADING EDGE 1395 Figure 6. This 2.5-D bench representation of lines 1, 2, 3, and 4 allows delin- eation of bedrock features across this site. Bedrock has been drill-confirmed to be consistent with the 800 ft/sec contour across this entire site.
- 5. icantly after incorporation of shear- wave velocity data (Figure 5). Depth- to-bedrock contours based on drill data alone grossly defined the config- uration of bedrock in proximity to the boreholes. However, due to the spo- radic nature and nonuniformity in drill-hole spacing, drill data alone do not allow subtle and, in many cases, extremely significant bedrock features to be extended, or in some cases even detected. The bedrock contour map produced using only shear-wave data from this site lacks the necessary off- line control. Incorporating the drill data and shear-wave data greatly improved the detail and sitewide res- olution of the depth-to-bedrock map as compared to either data set indi- vidually. Adding a few more seismic lines could noticeably improve the 3-D aspects of the bedrock contours. Displayingthedataina2.5-Dfence diagram allows appraisal of the con- sistency in measured shear-wave velocity and helps to interpolate fea- turesbetweenlines(Figure6).Analysis of measurement uniqueness for a given surface location suggests that bedrock ties are quite good. However, correlation of shallow features (< 5 ft) from line to line lacks consistency at the tie points when spread orientation is changed. This observation is con- sistent with the fact that each shear- wave velocity trace is determined through simultaneous analysis of all arrivalswithinthespread.Forthisdata set each shear-wave velocity value has beeninfluencedbymaterialalonga94- ft long spread. The more abrupt and larger the velocity contrast associated with a feature, the larger the gradient on the velocity contours. Subtle changes and small (one-fourth spread length) anomalies will be difficult to confidentlydelineateusingtheMASW and continuous profiling techniques. However, abrupt, large gradient changes in velocity, such as those asso- ciated with voids or collapse features, havebeendetectedwithlateraldimen- sions as small as a few feet. Summary. High-velocity gradients within the shear-wave velocity field consistent with drill-confirmed bedrock are considered diagnostic of the bedrock surface and were used to map the top of bedrock on all four lines collected at this site. Localized lateral decreases in the shear-wave velocity below the bedrock surface wereclassifiedasfracturezonesorero- sional channels. Calculating the shear- wave velocity field from surface-wave arrivals was accomplished with a high degree of accuracy regardless of cul- turalnoise.TheinsensitivityofMASW to cultural obstacles and noise was demonstrated at this site (e.g., approx- imately 220 000 square yards asphalt parking lot, electrical and mechanical noise from nearby industrial facilities, traffic noise from the adjacent high- way, exploratory drilling on the asphalt parking lot, and aircraft noise). Depth-to-bedrock maps produced using shear-wave velocity and drill data possesses significantly higher resolution than maps produced using drilling or shear-wave velocity data individually. There is less than 1 ft of difference in the depth-to-bedrock interpreted from surface-wave data compared to the depths determined through drilling. Improved resolution on the sur- face of the bedrock provides insight intothetextureofbedrockandpermits identification and appraisal of short- wavelength variations in the bedrock surface. The goals and objectives of this survey were met. Advantages of mapping the bedrock surface with the shear-wave velocity field calculated from surface waves include the insen- sitivity of MASW to velocity inver- sions, ease of generating and propagating surface-wave energy in comparison to body-wave energy, and sensitivity to lateral changes in veloc- ity. Suggestions for further reading. “Seismic techniques to delineate disso- lution features in the upper 1000 ft at a power plant site,” and “Using MASW to mapbedrockinOlathe,Kansas,”bothby Milleretal.,SEG1999ExpandedAbstracts. “Multichannel analysis of surface waves using Vibroseis (MASWV)” by Park et al., SEG 1996 Expanded Abstracts. “Multichannel analysis of surface waves,” by Park et al., GEOPHYSICS, v. 64, n. 3. “Estimation of shear wave velocity in a compressible Gibson half-space by inverting Rayleigh wave phase veloc- ity,” by Xia et al., SEG 1997 Expanded Abstracts. “Estimation of near-surface shear-wave velocity by inversion of Rayleighwave,”byXiaetal.,GEOPHYSICS, v. 64, n. 3. “Evaluation of the MASW techniqueinunconsolidatedsediments,” and “A pitfall in shallow shear-wave refraction surveying,” both by Xia et al., SEG 1999 Expanded Abstracts. LE Acknowledgments: We appreciate the sup- portprovidedbyHardingLawsonAssociates for this applied research project. Technical assistance by David Laflen, Nathan Geier, as well as the document preparation work of Mary Brohammer and Amy Stillwell greatly contributed to this work. Corresponding author: R. Miller, rmiller@kgs.ukans.edu 1396 THE LEADING EDGE DECEMBER 1999 DECEMBER 1999 THE LEADING EDGE 0000 BOOKMARK SEG SEG search engines Site search http://seg.org/search/ Digital Cumulative Index http://seg.org/search/dci.html Member search http://seg.org/search/memsearch.html http://seg.org/about/ Constitution and Bylaws http://seg.org/about/constitution.html Code of Ethics http://seg.org/about/ethics.html SEG Foundation Museum http://seg.org/museum/ Virtual Museum http://seg.org/museum/VM/ Services http://seg.org/services/ http://seg.org/business/advertising/ Buyer’s Guide http://seg.org/business/advertising/ buyersguide Continuing Education http://seg.org/services/ce Consortia information http://seg.org/consortia/ Employment http://seg.org/services/employment/ job-list http://seg.org/services/employment/ resumes Geophysics meetings and courses http://seg.org/meetings/seg99/ http://seg.org/meetings/calendar/ http://seg.org/services/ce/disc/ http://seg.org/meetings/ EdgeNET http://edge-online.org/ GeoArchives http://seg.org/publications/geoarchive/ Geophysics Online http://geo-online.org/ Yearbook http://seg.org/publications/yearbook/ SEG help guide http://seg.org/about/moreinfo.html SEG personnel contact information http://seg.org/about/addresses.html Send SEG your comments http://seg.org/services/feedback.html SEG search engines Learn more about SEG Advertise with SEG Stay current in the field Attend meetings Read SEG journals online Let the SEG help you out