Material science1 lecture 1 part 1
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A crystalline solid possesses rigid and long-range order, with atoms occupying specific positions. An amorphous solid lacks a well-defined arrangement and long-range order. A unit cell is the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid and defines the positions of atoms, molecules, or ions within the structure.
Material science1 lecture 1 part 1
- 1. A ___________________________ solid possesses rigid and long-range order. In a crystalline solid, atoms, molecules or ions occupy specific (predictable) positions. An ____________________________ solid does not possess a well-defined arrangement and long-range molecular order. A _____________________________________ is the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid. At lattice points: lattice point Molecules • Unit cells in 3 dimensions Atoms • Unit Cell • Ions
- 2. Objectives Today • • • • • • Solids/Crystal Structures Unit Cell Cubic Unit Cells Types of Solids Lattice Energy from Born-Haber Cycle Logger Pro Intro Lab
- 3. A crystalline solid possesses rigid and long-range order. In a crystalline solid, atoms, molecules or ions occupy specific (predictable) positions. An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined arrangement and long-range molecular order. A unit cell is the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid. At lattice points: lattice point Molecules • Unit cells in 3 dimensions Atoms • Unit Cell • Ions
- 8. Shared by 8 unit cells Shared by 2 unit cells
- 9. 1 atom/unit cell 2 atoms/unit cell 4 atoms/unit cell (8 x 1/8 = 1) (8 x 1/8 + 1 = 2) (8 x 1/8 + 6 x 1/2 = 4)
- 11. When silver crystallizes, it forms face-centered cubic cells. The unit cell edge length is 408.7 pm. Calculate the density of silver. d= m V V = a3 = (408.7 pm)3 = __________________ ___ atoms/unit cell in a face-centered cubic cell 1 mole Ag 107.9 g x m = 4 Ag atoms x = ___________ 23 mole Ag 6.022 x 10 atoms 7.17 x 10-22 g m = = ___________________ d= -23 3 V 6.83 x 10 cm
- 13. Extra distance = BC + CD = 2d sinθ = nλ (Bragg Equation)
- 14. X rays of wavelength 0.154 nm are diffracted from a crystal at an angle of 14.170. Assuming that n = 1, what is the distance (in pm) between layers in the crystal? nλ = 2d sin θ n=1 nλ θ = 14.170 λ = 0.154 nm = 154 pm 1 x 154 pm = d= 2 x sin14.17 2sinθ = ____________
- 15. Types of Solids ________________ Solids • Lattice points occupied by cations and anions • Held together by electrostatic attraction • Hard, brittle, high melting point • Poor conductor of heat and electricity CsCl ZnS CaF2
- 16. Types of Solids Ionic Crystals or Solids • Lattice points occupied by cations and anions • Held together by electrostatic attraction • Hard, brittle, high melting point • Poor conductor of heat and electricity CsCl ZnS CaF2
- 17. Types of Solids • • • • Solids Lattice points occupied by molecules Held together by intermolecular forces Soft, low melting point Poor conductor of heat and electricity
- 18. Types of Solids Molecular Crystals or Solids • Lattice points occupied by molecules • Held together by intermolecular forces • Soft, low melting point • Poor conductor of heat and electricity
- 19. Types of Solids _________________ Solids • Lattice points occupied by atoms • Held together by covalent bonds • Hard, high melting point • Poor conductor of heat and electricity carbon atoms diamond graphite
- 20. Types of Solids Network or covalent Crystals or Solids • Lattice points occupied by atoms • Held together by covalent bonds • Hard, high melting point • Poor conductor of heat and electricity carbon atoms diamond graphite
- 21. Types of Solids _________________ Solids • Lattice points occupied by metal atoms • Held together by metallic bond • Soft to hard, low to high melting point • Good conductor of heat and electricity Cross Section of a Metallic Crystal nucleus & inner shell emobile “sea” of e-
- 22. Types of Solids Metallic Crystals or Solids • Lattice points occupied by metal atoms • Held together by metallic bond • Soft to hard, low to high melting point • Good conductor of heat and electricity Cross Section of a Metallic Crystal nucleus & inner shell emobile “sea” of e-
- 23. Types of Crystals Types of Crystals and General Properties
- 24. An ____________________________ solid does not possess a well-defined arrangement and long-range molecular order. A _______ is an optically transparent fusion product of inorganic materials that has cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing Crystalline quartz (SiO2) Non-crystalline quartz glass
- 25. An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined arrangement and long-range molecular order. A glass is an optically transparent fusion product of inorganic materials that has cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing Crystalline quartz (SiO2) Non-crystalline quartz glass