Materials Flux Analysis @myassignmenthelp.net
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The document discusses regional environmental management, focusing on materials flux analysis (MFA) and its applications to understand pollution dynamics, resource allocation, and sustainability, particularly regarding cadmium. It outlines the methodology of MFA, the significance of monitoring emissions, and the need for anticipatory management strategies to maintain environmental quality. Conclusions emphasize the necessity for improved measurement and controls to manage anthropogenic and geogenic fluxes for sustainable development.
Materials Flux Analysis @myassignmenthelp.net
- 1. Environmental Management Materials Flux Analysis http://www.myassignmenthelp.net /engineering-assignment- help.php ht t p : / / w w w . m y a s s i g n m
- 2. Overview Review – Regional Environmental Management • Introduction • Approaches to Standard Setting • National SoE reports • Reactive v Anticipatory Environmental Management Materials Flux Analysis – Aims – System Definition – Method – Cadmium Example – Conclusions Tutorial
- 3. References Brunner PH and Rechberger H; 2004, Practical handbook of Material Flow Analysis; Lewis Publ. Brunner P and Baccini P, 1993; Regional Material Management and Environmental Protection, WM&R
- 4. Review Development of indices/measures for environmental quality – EIS – EMS • Public Environmental Reports – Corporate – Regional, State, Nation
- 5. Regional Environmental Management : Introduction Regional Environmental Management Plans – Emission standards --> project performance
- 6. Regional Environmental Management : National SoE Reports 1996
- 7. Regional Environmental Management : Reactive v Anticipatory Env. Mgt. Time scale problems with monitoring emissions and effects An alternative approach R E ENVIRONMENT ANTHROPOSPHERE Stock 2 13
- 8. Materials Flux Analysis : Aims Background : – Chemical Engineers : mass balance for reactors – Civil Engineers : water balance in regions – --> MFA : mass balance with regions as reactor Aims : – fundamental and holistic understanding of pollution problem – where to concentrate resources – predictive ability – input to human toxicology and ecotoxicology
- 9. Materials Flux Analysis : System Definition Select substance Determine goods Balance goods through processes Calculate substance balance I = o + Δ , for ΔT
- 10. Sustainability criteria: • Is the mining of non- renewable resources sustainable? Is recycling efficient enough? • Is the outflow from the economy too high compared to geogenic flows: – Volcanoes, weathering and erosion, bushfires, dissolution of minerals in groundwater. Volcano in Iceland, April 2010
- 11. Materials Flux Analysis : General Regional System Definition: Cd Example : Cd in NiCd batteries – O : Mine 1: concentrate – A: Smelter/recycler 2: Cd – B: NiCd Battery plant 3: NiCd batteries – C: household 4: Used NiCds – X: Household outside region 5: NiCds – Y: Recycler outside region 6: used NiCds – Other goods for Cd : intentional, unintentional – --> Cd balance for region system boundary O Y X goodprocess stock Legend: 1 A B C 6 52 4 3 LF
- 12. Sources of Cadmium Zinc ore – zinc and cadmium metal Phosphate rock and limestone – Cd contamination Intentional Uses – Dispersive: plating, PVC stabiliser, pigment – Concentrated: NiCd batteries Unintentional Uses – with phosphate fertilizer – contaminants in other materials
- 13. EU Environmental Problems Resource depletion ? Environmental contamination – food products – soils – aquatic ecosystems – locally around landfills Bioaccumulative – toxic What problem here? What diseases?
- 14. MFA for Cd in EU 1987 What goods? Where from? What is the geogenic flow? Is this a problem for the EU? ( +Iceland volcano 2010)
- 15. 1987 Key Cd Stocks and Flows Environmental processes Agricultural Soils ( +634T/yr) – 77% of Cd from P fertilizer and manure – 80% of ultimate origin from phosphate rock Surface waters ( +161T/yr) – 69% from industrial and sewage effluents – ultimate origin : 38% P rock, 40% zinc Landfill ( environmental compartment ?) ( +2428T/yr) – 58% from industrial wastes, 32 % from h’hold waste – ultimate origin : 9% P rock, 77% zinc and Cd
- 16. Key flows Economic processes Economic stocks ( + 6309 t/yr) – 89% Cd products – ultimate origin : 97% zinc ore and Cd import Economic stocks become wastes – unrecycled to landfill, biggest env sink Is Cd contained in landfill ? – if no, a significant environmental load – in Australia ?
- 17. EU Action Programme for Cd: What can they do?
- 18. MFA for Cd in EU post controls 9829 2094 3206 3063 29 6309 Has the problem been solved?
- 19. MFA Analysis of outcomes Transfer Cd emissions to landfill Unintentional uses ( a contaminant) continues, 10% of intentional uses Concentrated intentional uses increase - NiCd batteries now 80%, increasing demand Cd supply to economy linked to zinc demand NiCd battery recycling 15%>>, 50-60% Env stock increases at slower rate Landfill and economy stocks increase at higher rate
- 20. Cd in Switzerland 1990.. do as an exercise Is Cd use in Switzerland sustainable?
- 21. Global Cadmium Cycle Stock Variation=? 6 000t/yr Cd to Env= 11 000t/yr Geogenic Flow= 6 400t/yr Q:Is this sustainable?
- 22. 2008 Cd global situation 20 000 T/year demand for new goods (mostly NiCd batteries) Increasing recycling of Ni and Cd in NICd batteries….4000T/year Cd Primary Cd demand reduced over past 10 years from 24 000 T/year -> 16 000 T/yr Increasing demand and supply of Zinc concentrates…increased >10% over past 10 years… Where is the non-demanded Cd going??
- 23. Possible Additional Cd Controls What else can we do? • If environmental contamination still a problem : – limit regional input to : • allowed economic stock increase • allowed env emission rate – control waste outputs: • stock as future resource • or, immobilise – Cd stored at zinc refinery, future resource – Ban zinc i.e. need to recycle to Replace old goods
- 24. Cd Management in Australia Controls – Fertilizer…<300mgCd/Kg P – Mineral supplements (zinc sulphate) – point source discharge limits – some industrial NiCd battery recycling, voluntary consumer NiCd battery recycling. Environmental contamination: – 10%(92/93) and 2% ( 93/94) inland river (NSW) contamination – 6-10% of seafood in NSW with above 0.2mg/kg allow level – 5 of 2236 wheat samples above allow level – Acid Sulphate Soils – 1997 review report
- 26. MFA for Cd in Australia MFA for Cd in Australia – do not follow other region’s rules – include Australian economy Test a range of Cd controls – use MFA to test outcomes of CP strategies Examine fate of Cd in landfills, other sinks – what is fate of Cd in environment ? • long term issues For NiCd batteries : – now 80% of intentional use of Cd – How should NiCd batteries be collected – How should NiCd batteries be recycled
- 34. Conclusions " A complete understanding of the metabolism of the anthroposphere is essential for the welfare of humans and the biosphere“ " first analysis indicates dynamics of material flow are not under sufficient control to secure resources and environmental quality" The method of material flux analysis an indispensable tool in understanding the metabolism of the anthroposphere Materials flux analysis enables / facilitates the setting of limits (carrying capacity) - compare geogenic + anthropogenic fluxes - ( less often) ----> ecotoxicology study Material flux analysis should be applied to account for regional materials fluxes and to control them
- 35. Civilizations that have developed improved measurement and controls in their economies have succeeded: Egypt Venice…. Now: - 1930s money crisis ---> economic models / control - 1960s energy crisis ---> energy audits and control - annual material flux analysis integration of economics and environment Sustainability?
- 36. MFA Example : Lead in a Region Is lead use in the region sustainable? If no, what should be done? What is the stock variation in Pb in household, why? What is stock variation in PBL; Soils; River; ARA; Landfill; Industry; Sewer Is the Pb in the landfill a problem? Or an opportunity?
- 37. MFA Tutorial : Lead in a Region Is lead use in the region sustainable?
- 38. Thank you Incase you need help in any assignment: Visit: http://www.myassignmenthelp.net/engine ering-assignment-help.php