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Material I

TO BE AND TO HAVE

I TO BE
A TO BE AS A VERB
Simple Present Tense: - I am diligent

- Nancy and Jeany are quite busy with their job.

Simple Past Tense: - We were very excited.

- David was famous as a multitalented student.

Present Perfect Tense: - They have been helpful

- Jack has been tired of his assignments.

Present Future Tense: - He will be a great writer.

- Dustin and Dominic will be in Norway for a year.

B TO BE AS AN AUXILIARY

Present Continuous Tense: - She is knitting a scarf for her grandma

-Kate and Jill are baking rainbow cakes.

Past Continuous Tense : - He was climbing Matterhorn in Swiss.
- Rebecca and Grace were attending the concert.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
- You have been diving at Bunaken National Sea Park.
- Dick has been staying in Aberdeen for one year.
Present Future Continuous Tense:
- Patty will be swimming by 10 o’clock next Sunday.
- Joy and Jimmy will be discussing at the library by next
Friday morning.

C. TO BE in PASSIVE VOICE:
Present : - A letter is sent by my mother
Past : - My shoes were shined by a young shoe shiner
Perfect : - All sausages have been frozen by the maid.
Future : - The aircraft will be flown a charming pilot
Continuous: - All freshmen are being advised by the Dean.

II TO HAVE

A TO HAVE AS A VERB
Simple Present Tense: - Ruth has a small villa with a pond near waterfall.

- Mike and Michele have very cute puppies
Simple Past Tense: - Willy had a very amazing challenge
- Debby and Bob had more than four pets

Present Perfect Tense: - Patrick had had a lot of experiences in trekking

- Melissa had had a great talent in music.

B TO HAVE AS AN AUXILIARY

Present Perfect Tense:

- Robin has torn a new magazine.

- Shirley and Andrew have kept their promise.

Past Perfect Tense: - Mark had taken some photographs at the beach.

- Laura and Mary had ridden a horse at the ranch.

C MISCELLENEOUS HAVE

The carpenter has a deal with the Gede Pangrango Community.

Some passengers have a meal with fish steak.

The kindergarten students have fun together in day camp program.

The unmarried couples usually have a date at weekends.

The baby has a sleep well on its cradle.

Daniel has promise to do his best on the final exam.

Complete the following sentence using to be, have or has and construct the
negative and interrogative statements* for each sentence!

1 We _________ a dictionary book.

2 Samir is a student in our class. He __________ a red grammar book.

3 Mr. Mrs. Johnson _______ a party last night.

4 Ducks _________ feathers.

5 A year ago, my father _________ three ducks.

6 Tom and you _________ backpacks.

7 Ann __________ a dictionary.

8 Shinta ________ a sleep in Pronunciation class last meeting.

9 My father ____________ in the hospital since two days ago.

10 My sister and I __________ to Paris thrice.

*please construct yes / no question only.

Simple Present VS Present Continuous Tense
Simple Present Tense
[VERB] + s/es in third person
Examples:
• You speak English.
• Do you speak English?
• You do not speak English.
Complete List of Simple Present Forms
USE 1: Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The
action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that
often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.
Examples:
• I play tennis.
• She does not play tennis.
• Does he play tennis?
• The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
• The train does not leave at 9 AM.
• When does the train usually leave?
• She always forgets her purse.
• He never forgets his wallet.
USE 2: Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true
before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is
correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples:
• Cats like milk.
• Birds do not like milk.
• Do pigs like milk?
• California is in America.
• California is not in the United Kingdom.
• Windows are made of glass.
• Windows are not made of wood.
• New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.
USE 3: Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near
future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it
can be used with other scheduled events as well.
Examples:
• The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
• The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
• When do we board the plane?
• The party starts at 8 o'clock.
• When does class begin tomorrow?

USE 4: Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is
happening or is not happening now. This can be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and
certain Mixed Verbs.
Examples:
• I am here now.
• She is not here now.
• He needs help right now.
• He does not need help now.
•
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only,
never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
• You only speak English.

• Do you only speak English?

Present Continuous
[am/is/are + present participle]
Examples:
• You are watching TV.
• Are you watching TV?
• You are not watching TV.
Complete List of Present Continuous Forms
USE 1 Now

Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that
something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that
something is not happening now.
Examples:
• You are learning English now.
• You are not swimming now.
• Are you sleeping?
• I am sitting.
• I am not standing.
• Is he sitting or standing?
USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and
so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of
doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this
exact second.
Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)
• I am studying to become a doctor.
• I am not studying to become a dentist.
• I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
• I am not reading any books right now.
• Are you working on any special projects at work?

• Aren't you teaching at the university now?

USE 3 Near Future

Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will
not happen in the near future.
Examples:
• I am meeting some friends after work.
• I am not going to the party tonight.
• Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
• Isn't he coming with us tonight?
USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the
idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is
like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always"
or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
• She is always coming to class late.
• He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
• I don't like them because they are always complaining.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any
continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be
used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you
must use Simple Present.
Examples:
• She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct
• She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,
only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
• You are still watching TV.
• Are you still watching TV?

PRACTICE I

1 Every Monday, Sally (drive)…..her kids to football practice.

2 Usually, I (work) …….. as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study)…… French
at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.

3 Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep)……….

4 Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain)……….

5 I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always)…………

6 I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say)……… because everybody (talk)………. so
loudly.

7 Justin (write, currently)……… a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can
find a good publisher when he is finished.
A Trekking Journal

November 12, 1997

Today (be) ……. the second day of my trek around Mount Annapurna. I am exhausted
and my legs (shake)………; I just hope I am able to complete the trek. My feet (kill, really)
…….. me and my toes (bleed)……. but I (want, still) to continue.

Nepal is a fascinating country, but I have a great deal to learn. Everything (be) ….. so
different, and I (try) ……. to adapt to the new way of life here. I (learn) ……… a little bit of
the language to make communication easier; unfortunately, I (learn, not) …….. foreign
languages quickly. Although I (understand, not) …….. much yet, I believe that I (improve,
gradually) ……….

I (travel, currently)……….. with Liam, a student from Leeds University in England. He
(be)……. a nice guy, but impatient. He (walk, always) ……… ahead of me and (complain)
…… that I am too slow. I (do) …….. my best to keep up with him, but he is younger and
stronger than I am. Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself because I am getting old.

Right now, Liam (sit) ……. with the owner of the inn. They (discuss)…….the differences
between life in England and life in Nepal. I (know, not)……… the real name of the owner,
but everybody (call, just) ………. him Tam. Tam (speak) ……… English very well and he (try)
……. to teach Liam some words in Nepali. Every time Tam (say)………. a new word, Liam
(try)………. to repeat it. Unfortunately, Liam (seem, also)…….. to have difficulty learning
foreign languages. I just hope we don't get lost and have to ask for directions .

Simple Past VS Past Continuous Tense
It was raining very hard when the bus left the school. When we got home, my
Aunt Carol and Uncle Arthur were waiting for us. They told us to run into their
basement. When I looked up the road, I saw that a tornado was coming towards our
house. We all ran towards the shelter. But it was too late. The tornado was passing
over us while we were trying to get down the stairs. We were closing the door when
the wind suddenly pulled it off. The noise was as loud as a train, and it was very dark.
My uncle was holding me down when suddenly the tornado lifted him and threw him
against a wall. Everybody was screaming for help while the tornado was throwing
things on top of us. Suddenly the wind stopped. It became very quiet. My uncle and
sister were hurt, but we all survived.

Simple Past
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples:
• You called Debbie.
• Did you call Debbie?
• You did not call Debbie.
Complete List of Simple Past Forms

USE 1: Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a
specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the
specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
• I saw a movie yesterday.
• I didn't see a play yesterday.
• Did you have dinner last night?
• She washed her car.
• He didn't wash his car.

USE 2: A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These
actions occurs 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
• I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
• He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the
others at 10:00.
• Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3: Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration that starts and stops in the past.
Duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for
five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
• I lived in Brazil for two years.
• Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
• They sat at the beach all day.
• They did not stay at the party the entire time.
• We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
• A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4: Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can
have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a
habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a
child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
I studied French when I was a child.
I used to go the school by bus last year.
He played the violin.
He didn't play the piano.
Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
She worked at the movie theater after school.
They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5: Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are
no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the
expression "used to."
Examples:
• She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
• He didn't like tomatoes before.
• Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First
Clauses are groups of words that have meaning but are often not complete sentences.
Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when
class began..." These clauses are when-clauses, and they are very important. The
examples below contain when-clauses.
Examples:
• When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.
• She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.
When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are
in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her
one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I
paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence.
However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my
question, and then, I paid her one dollar.
Example:
• I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

ADVERB PLACEMENT
Examples:

• You just called Debbie.
• Did you just call Debbie?
TROUBLESOME VERBS: RAISE/RISE, SET/SIT, LAY/LIE

Raised, raised, raised: Tom raised his hands.

Set, set, set: I will set this book on the desk. Transitive Verb

Lay, laid, laid: I am lying the book on the desk.

rise, rose, risen: The sun rises on the East.

Sit, sat, sat: I sit in the front row Intransitive Verb

Lie,** lay, lain: he is lying on his bed

Lie is a regular verb (lied, lied) when it means “not tell the truth”: He lied to me about
**

his age.

Past Continuous
[was/were + present participle]
Examples:
• You were studying when she called.
• Were you studying when she called?
• You were not studying when she called.
Complete List of Past Continuous Forms

USE 1: Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was
interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember
this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
• I was watching TV when she called.
• When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
• While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
• What were you doing when the earthquake started?
• I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
• You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
• While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
• A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
B: I was snowboarding.

USE 2: Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in
the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
• Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
• At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
• Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or
finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.
Examples:
• Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.
I started eating at 6 PM.
• Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.

USE 3: Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses
the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
• I was studying while he was making dinner.
• While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
• Were you listening while he was talking?
• I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several
mistakes.

• What were you doing while you were waiting?
• Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
• They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

USE 4: Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a
particular time in the past.
Example:
• When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were
talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to
be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were
complaining to each other about the bad service.
USE 5: Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea
that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past . The concept is very
similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the
words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
• She was always coming to class late.
• He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
• I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

While vs. When
Clauses are groups of words that have meaning, but are often not complete
sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or
"when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and
"while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often
followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past
Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples
below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the
sentence.
Examples:
• I was studying when she called.
• While I was studying, she called.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any
continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be
used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you
must use Simple Past.
Examples:
• Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct
• Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT
Examples:
• You were just studying when she called.
• Were you just studying when she called?

Practice I
Simple Past / Past Continuous
1) A: What (you, do) ………….. when the accident occurred?
B: I (try) …………….. to change a light bulb that had burnt out.

2) After I (find) …………….. the wallet full of money, I (go, immediately)
……………….. to the police and (turn) ………….. it in.

3) The doctor (say) ……….. that Tom (be) …………… too sick to go to work and that
he (need) ……………… to stay at home for a couple of days.

4) Sebastian (arrive) …………… at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she
(be, not) ………….. there. She (study, at the library) …………………… for her final
examination in French.

5) Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she
(watch, also) ……………… television. That's all she ever does!

6) A: I (call) ………….. you last night after dinner, but you (be, not) ………….. there.
Where were you?
B: I (work) ………………. out at the fitness center.

7) When I (walk) …………. into the busy office, the secretary (talk) ……………….. on
the phone with a customer, several clerks (work, busily) ……………. at their desks,
and two managers (discuss, quietly) ………………………………. methods to improve
customer service.

8) I (watch) ……………….. a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out.
Now I am never going to find out how the movie ends.

9) Sharon (be) ……………. in the room when John told me what happened, but she
didn't hear anything because she (listen, not) …………………….

10) It's strange that you (call) ……………… because I (think, just) ………………….
about you.

11) The Titanic (cross) ………………… the Atlantic when it (strike) …………….. an
iceberg.

12) When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily)
………………… and (try) …………… to sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt)
……………… for souvenirs. Some young boys (lead) ………………… their donkeys
through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men (argue)
……………… over the price of a leather belt. I (walk) ……………… over to a man who
(sell) ………………. fruit and (buy) ……………… a banana.

13) The firemen (rescue) ………….. the old woman who (be) ……….. on the third
floor of the burning building.

14) She was so annoying! She (leave, always) ……………….. her dirty dishes in the
sink. I think she (expect, actually) …………………… me to do them for her.

15) Samantha (live)……………… in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she
(live) ……………. there when the Berlin Wall came down.

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