Formative assessment fosters student motivation and achievement through self-regulation. When students self-assess their work, figure out how close they are to their goals, and plan next steps to improve, they are actively learning. Some students need instruction on how to self-assess and use feedback effectively. Feedback affects students differently depending on their characteristics, so teachers should provide positive feedback and suggest small, achievable improvements for unmotivated students. Using learning targets keeps instruction coherent for students.