![Oikommo is within the hofo,[451]
With our tribe there is Oikommo,
And whence cometh Oikommo,
And from where does he come?
He comes from the clouds,
From the clouds he comes;
And why does he come so far?
And why does he come?
In his land are no bread and few women
In his land is no bread;
And what is the name of the stranger,
And what is his name?
His name is Whiffena Ri-e-i,[452]
His name is Whiff-en-a,
And partly his name is Itoma,[453]
Itoma is also his name;
And what is he called by his man friends.
And what is his other name?
His privy name is Ei-fo-ke,[454]
Ei-fo-ke is his privy name;[455]
And why is he called Ei-fo-ke?](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/26119-250308094340-a6c554c1/85/Measurement-Instrumentation-and-Sensors-Handbook-Two-Volume-Set-2nd-Edition-John-G-Webster-Editor-46-320.jpg)
![FOOTNOTES
[1] My arrival in England was postponed to some months later
through an attack of beriberi.
[2] It was unknown to me till afterwards that Dr. Koch-
Grünberg of Berlin had, in 1904, ascended the Uaupes to, I
believe, 71° west longitude.
[3] A rifle, where possessed, is never used against an animal
but kept for use against the white man.
[4] Turtle eggs are, curiously enough, not considered fœtal.
[5] For my share I had the honour to receive, through the
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the thanks of the French
Government.
[6] Steamers have been on the Amazon since 1853, and
navigation is continuous throughout the year (cf. Brazilian Year-
Book).
[7] I never saw the Andes actually from these districts, but the
suggestion is always there, they are seen in the mind’s eye; an
ultimate, if invisible, limit to what would otherwise seem more
than illimitable.
[8] Wallace, p. 246.
[9] Spruce, ii. 379-380.
[10] Robuchon’s estimate of distances is 471 geographical
miles from Iquitos to the mouth of the Issa; thence to the
Cotuhe, which he places at 2° 53′ 12″ S. and 69° 41′ 10″ W., 150
geographical miles. From the Cotuhe to the Igara Parana, 252
miles, a total distance of 873 geographical miles from Iquitos to
the Igara Parana.
[11] Robuchon gives latitude 1° 43′ 9″ S., longitude 71° 53′
36″ W.
[12] Spruce, i. 7, ii. 100.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/26119-250308094340-a6c554c1/85/Measurement-Instrumentation-and-Sensors-Handbook-Two-Volume-Set-2nd-Edition-John-G-Webster-Editor-47-320.jpg)
![[13] September to January is the hottest portion of the year,
the heat being at its worst in December. 90° would be extreme
heat, and 70° the lowest the mercury would probably reach; the
average being from 75° to 85°. Robuchon is responsible for the
statement that the temperature at the mouth of the Cotuhe in
September was 43° Cent. in the shade, but that after a brisk
shower it fell to 31°. The water of the Amazon has a temperature
of 81°; the Japura is a warmer river and reaches 85°. Wallace
gives the mean temperature of the Rio Negro water in September
—that is, during the hot season—as 86°, and the corresponding
temperature of the air as from 76° to 92.5°. The water, he
considers, is probably never less than 80° at any time. The
temperature of the Uaupes has been noted as invariably 76° at
three to six feet below the surface (Geo. Journ., 1910, p. 683).
[14] The Amazon at its mouth is 158 miles across from bank to
bank.
[15] This I take to be the Yacitara mentioned by Spruce, i. 30.
[16] Wallace noted a butterfly frequenting “the dung of some
carnivorous animal” in Malacca, and remarks that many tropical
butterflies suck liquid from muddy places, “and are generally so
intent upon their meal that they can be easily approached and
captured” (Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, pp. 29, 114).
[17] Spruce, ii. 366.
[18] Bates, ii. 262.
[19] Spruce, i. 49.
[20] One tree is reputed to be so poisonous that no Indian will
touch it. See Maw, p. 294.
[21] These tribal houses differ from the communal long-houses
of the Fly Delta, British New Guinea, not only in shape, but in that
there are no platforms and no divisions for each family; the whole
interior is open. For description of Kiwai and Daudai long-houses
see Expedition to Torres Straits, iv. 112-117.
[22] Maloka = Indian lodge or tribal house (lingoa-geral).
[23] Manicaria saccifera (cf. Spruce, i. 56).
[24] Eugene André noted that two kinds were commonly used
on the Causa, the mulato, a kind of Aroideae, and the murcielago,
which belongs to the Bignoniaceae family.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/26119-250308094340-a6c554c1/85/Measurement-Instrumentation-and-Sensors-Handbook-Two-Volume-Set-2nd-Edition-John-G-Webster-Editor-48-320.jpg)
![[25] Several kinds of palm-leaves are used for this purpose,
and whichever was most easily procurable in the district where
the house was built would be used by the tribe. Hardenburg
mentions the leaves of the Phytelephas macrocarpa, the
vegetable ivory-tree, as in use among the Witoto, and the Bactris
ciliata or Chonta palm for the posts and rafters (p. 135). The
leaves of the Bussu palm, Manicaria saccifera, will make a thatch
that lasts for ten or twelve years, by some accounts (cf.
Waterton, p. 479).
[26] Wallace, p. 341.
[27] This is architecturally interesting in view of Foucart’s
theory of the evolution of the Egyptian grooved stone pillar from
wooden originals, bundles of reeds.
[28] Simson mentions such a “door,” p. 237.
[29] Wallace, p. 341.
[30] Among the Jivaro one partitioned half of the house is kept
for the women (Orton, p. 171). There is no such distinction
among the Issa-Japura tribes.
[31] Cf. Wallace, p. 354.
[32] Crevaux has described the process. He watched an Indian
“qui fait du feu en roulant vivement un roseau dans une cavité
creusée dans une tige de roncon” (Voyage dans l’Amérique du
sud, p. 214). Wallace mentions this method among the Kuretu,
op. cit. 355.
[33] If a jigger is removed at once with a needle it will not
hurt, and scarcely makes a puncture.
[34] Vampires in this country are few and far between, but
Simson mentions them as a plague at Agnano (Simson, p. 131).
[35] Bates, i. 246. For the taming of a full-grown Coita see p.
247. Another pet mentioned by Bates, a “strange kind of wood-
cricket,” is also unknown to me as a pet, and though I have often
heard loud-voiced insects of the cricket class they have never
been in captivity (cf. Bates, i. 250).
[36] Cf. Martius, P.R.G.S. ii. 192.
[37] See Appendix.
[38] Deniker, p. 552.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/26119-250308094340-a6c554c1/85/Measurement-Instrumentation-and-Sensors-Handbook-Two-Volume-Set-2nd-Edition-John-G-Webster-Editor-49-320.jpg)
![[39] Marriage by capture was a Carib custom (Westermarck, p.
383). It is unknown nowadays to the tribes south of the Japura.
[40] Partial couvade is found also among tribes in the north of
America, that is to say, certain things are tabu to the father after
the child’s birth. Cf. Dorsey, Siouan Cults, p. 511; Venegas, i. 94;
Tylor, pp. 294-7.
[41] im Thurn, p. 173. Joyce locates the original Caribs on the
upper Xingu, from whence, he considers, they spread over Guiana
and the lesser Antilles (South American Archæology, p. 256).
Rodway, on the authority of Spanish chronicled Arawak
information, suggests they were the original inhabitants of the
north-west coast, migrant from Mexico (Guiana, pp. 41, 45).
[42] Ibid. pp. 171-2.
[43] Crevaux, Fleuves de l’Amérique du Sud, Yapura, F. 5 et 7.
[44] Crevaux, Vocabulaire français-roucouyenne.
[45] Koch-Grünberg, Journal de la Société des Américainistes
de Paris, tome iii. No. 2 (1906).
[46] Koch-Grünberg, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxxviii, 189.
[47] It must be remembered that I came to all these people
from the Witoto country.
[48] Crevaux, Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud, p. 368.
[49] Martius, Beiträge, ii. 340.
[50] The Inca were called Orejones by the Spaniards on
account of the large studs they wore in the lobes of their ears.
See Joyce, p. 110; Ratzel, ii. 172.
[51] Simson, p. 210.
[52] Koch-Grünberg, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxxviii. 188
(1906).
[53] Cd. 6266, pp. 9, 10, 12, 25, 26.
[54] Rice, p. 690.
[55] Wallace, p. 354.
[56] See Appendix.
[57] Hardenburg, Man, p. 134.
[58] This combination is of so exceptional a character that it is
hardly to be recognised as a definite trait of organisation, and it](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/26119-250308094340-a6c554c1/85/Measurement-Instrumentation-and-Sensors-Handbook-Two-Volume-Set-2nd-Edition-John-G-Webster-Editor-50-320.jpg)
![follows that though such exceptional cases may point to a
possible past unity of clans as a tribe, these clans are now
practically small tribes, being incapable of combining for common
action. The expressions language-group, tribe, and tribesman are
therefore more correct than tribe, clan, and clansman would be.
[59] Cf. im Thurn, p. 185.
[60] This is exactly the reverse of the matrilocal customs
related by Sir Everard im Thurn.
[61] Or their artists and publishers.
[62] “The natives are ashamed, as they say, to be clothed”
(Humboldt, Travels, iii. 230; cf. also Wallace, p. 357). Clothes, in
fact, are often donned by savages at periods of license only. See
Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, chap. ix.
[63] There are several trees in these forests that supply the
needed fibrous bark. im Thurn suggests that the bark used is that
of the Lecythis ollaria, but Spruce states that tauari is made from
the bark of certain species of Tecoma of the Bignoniaceae order,
and tururi, a thinner bark-cloth, from various figs and Artocarps.
Naturally natives use the tree that is handiest when required (cf.
im Thurn, pp. 194, 291; Spruce, i. 27).
[64] Dr. de Lacerda in his journal for July 22, 1798, describes
just such a manufacture of bark-cloth carried on by the Muizas,
who traded this with their neighbours the Maraves. See Land of
Carembe, R.G.S., 1873, p. 71. Loin-cloths made from the bark of
the Artocarps are also found among the Semang of Kedah and
other wild tribes of the Malay Peninsula. See Skeat and Blagden,
i. 143-4, 157, 376, etc.
[65] A similar geographical progression has been noted among
the women of British New Guinea. See Williamson, The Mafulu, p.
28.
[66] Sandals known as alparagatas, with soles of plaited aloe-
fibre, are usually worn by travellers in the Amazons. These can be
cleaned and washed in the same way. See also Simson, p. 83.
[67] Wallace, p. 351.
[68] Feather ruffs are worn by Napo Indians, but not by these
tribes.
[69] im Thurn, p. 305.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/26119-250308094340-a6c554c1/85/Measurement-Instrumentation-and-Sensors-Handbook-Two-Volume-Set-2nd-Edition-John-G-Webster-Editor-51-320.jpg)
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- 11. v Contents Preface.................................................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... xv Editors....................................................................................................................xvii Contributors ...........................................................................................................xix PART I Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts 1 Measurements, Instrumentation, and Sensors..................................................1-1 Halit Eren 2 Characteristics of Instrumentation ....................................................................2-1 John R. Hansman, Jr. 3 Operational Modes of Instrumentation .............................................................3-1 Richard S. Figliola 4 Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Instrumentation................................ 4-1 Peter H. Sydenham 5 Measurement Accuracy ........................................................................................5-1 Ronald H. Dieck 6 Development of Standards .................................................................................. 6-1 Halit Eren 7 Measurement Standards .......................................................................................7-1 DeWayne B. Sharp 8 Calibrations in Instrumentation and Measurements...................................... 8-1 Halit Eren 9 Intelligent Sensors and Instruments...................................................................9-1 Halit Eren 10 Virtual Instruments ............................................................................................10-1 David Potter and Halit Eren
- 12. vi Contents 11 Fail-Safe Instruments and Devices ................................................................... 11-1 Davide Quatrini, Giuseppe Fazio, Mauro Giaconi, and Adelio Salsano 12 Dynamic Error Measurements of Force Sensors.............................................12-1 Akihiro Takita, Jin Tao, and Yusaku Fujii PART II Spatial Variables 13 Thickness Measurement .....................................................................................13-1 John C. Brasunas, G. Mark Cushman, and Brook Lakew 14 Distance Measurement .......................................................................................14-1 W. John Ballantyne 15 Altitude Measurement ........................................................................................15-1 Dimitris E. Manolakis 16 Attitude Measurement ........................................................................................16-1 Mark A. Stedham, Partha P. Banerjee, Seiji Nishifuji, and Shogo Tanaka 17 Inertial Navigation .............................................................................................. 17-1 Halit Eren 18 Level Measurement..............................................................................................18-1 Detlef Brumbi 19 Area Measurement...............................................................................................19-1 Charles B. Coulbourn and Wolfgang P. Buerner 20 Volume Measurement ........................................................................................ 20-1 René G. Aarnink and Hessel Wijkstra 21 Tilt Measurement.................................................................................................21-1 Adam Chrzanowski and James M. Secord 22 Proximity Sensing for Robotics.........................................................................22-1 Ricardo E. Saad, Ben Benhabib, A. Bonen, and K.C. Smith PART III Displacement 23 Resistive Displacement Sensors.........................................................................23-1 Keith Antonelli, James Ko, and Shyan Ku 24 Inductive Displacement Sensors....................................................................... 24-1 Halit Eren 25 Capacitive Sensors: Displacement, Humidity, Force......................................25-1 Halit Eren 26 Piezoelectric Sensors and Transducers ........................................................... 26-1 Ahmad Safari, Victor F. Janas, Amit Bandyopadhyay, and Andrei Kholkine 27 Laser Interferometer Displacement Sensor......................................................27-1 Bernhard Günther Zagar
- 13. vii Contents 28 Bore-Gaging Displacement Sensors................................................................. 28-1 Viktor P. Astakhov 29 Ultrasonic Displacement Sensors......................................................................29-1 Nils Karlsson and Ole Pedersen 30 Optical Encoder Displacement Sensors........................................................... 30-1 J.R. René Mayer 31 Magnetic Displacement Sensors........................................................................31-1 David S. Nyce 32 Synchro/Resolver Displacement Sensors..........................................................32-1 Robert M. Hyatt, Jr. and David Dayton 33 Optical Fiber Displacement Sensors .................................................................33-1 Richard O. Claus, Vikram Bhatia, and Anbo Wang 34 Optical Beam Deflection Sensors..................................................................... 34-1 Grover C. Wetsel 35 Velocity Measurement.........................................................................................35-1 Charles P. Pinney and William E. Baker PART IV Mechanical Variables 36 Acceleration, Vibration, and Shock Measurement ........................................ 36-1 Halit Eren 37 Strain Measurement ............................................................................................37-1 Christopher S. Lynch 38 Tactile Sensing .....................................................................................................38-1 Ricardo E. Saad, A. Bonen, K.C. Smith, and Ben Benhabib 39 Pressure Measurement........................................................................................39-1 Kevin H.L. Chau 40 Vacuum Measurement ....................................................................................... 40-1 Ron Goehner, Emil Drubetsky, Howard M. Brady, and William H. Bayles, Jr. 41 Force Measurement .............................................................................................41-1 M.A. Elbestawi 42 Angle Measurement ............................................................................................42-1 Robert J. Sandberg 43 Mass, Weights, and Instrumentation .............................................................. 43-1 Emil Hazarian 44 Torque and Power Measurement ...................................................................... 44-1 Ivan J. Garshelis 45 Density Measurement ........................................................................................ 45-1 Halit Eren
- 14. viii Contents 46 Fluid Viscosity Measurement ........................................................................... 46-1 R.A. Secco, M. Kostic, and J.R. deBruyn 47 Surface Tension Measurement ...........................................................................47-1 David B. Thiessen and Kin F. Man PART V Acoustics 48 Acoustic Measurement....................................................................................... 48-1 Per Rasmussen 49 Ultrasound Measurement...................................................................................49-1 Peder C. Pedersen PART VI Flow and Spot Velocity 50 Capillary-Type Mass Flow Meter..................................................................50-1 Reza Pakdaman Zangabad and Manouchehr Bahrami 51 Differential Pressure Flowmeters......................................................................51-1 Richard Thorn 52 Variable Area Flowmeters ..................................................................................52-1 Adrian Melling, Herbert Köchner, and Reinhard Haak 53 Positive Displacement Flowmeters....................................................................53-1 Zaki D. Husain and Donald J. Wass 54 Turbine and Vane Flowmeters.......................................................................... 54-1 David Wadlow 55 Impeller Flowmeters ...........................................................................................55-1 Harold M. Miller 56 Electromagnetic Flowmeters............................................................................. 56-1 Halit Eren 57 Ultrasonic Flowmeters........................................................................................57-1 Hans-Peter Vaterlaus, Thomas Hossle, Paolo Giordano, and Christophe Bruttin 58 Vortex-Shedding Flowmeters.............................................................................58-1 Wade M. Mattar and James H. Vignos 59 Thermal Anemometry ........................................................................................59-1 Jugal K. Agarwal and John G. Olin 60 Coriolis Effect Mass Flowmeters...................................................................... 60-1 Jesse Yoder 61 Drag Force Flowmeters.......................................................................................61-1 Rekha Philip-Chandy, Roger Morgan, and Patricia J. Scully
- 15. ix Contents 62 Pitot Probe Anemometer ....................................................................................62-1 John A. Kleppe 63 Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meters............................................................63-1 John G. Olin 64 Laser Anemometry ............................................................................................. 64-1 Rajan K. Menon PART VII Thermal and Temperature Measurement 65 Temperature Measurements, Scales, and Calibrations ..................................65-1 Franco Pavese 66 Thermal Conductivity Measurement .............................................................. 66-1 William A. Wakeham and Marc J. Assael 67 Heat Flux...............................................................................................................67-1 Thomas E. Diller 68 Resistive Thermometers .................................................................................... 68-1 Jim Burns 69 Thermistor Thermometers.................................................................................69-1 Rod White and Meyer Sapoff 70 Thermocouple Thermometry.............................................................................70-1 R.P. Reed 71 Semiconductor Junction Thermometers ..........................................................71-1 Randy Frank 72 Noncontact Thermometers ................................................................................72-1 Jacob Fraden 73 Pyroelectric Detectors..................................................................................73-1 Jacob Fraden 74 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers .........................................................................74-1 Rod White and J.V. Nicholas 75 Manometric Thermometers ...............................................................................75-1 Franco Pavese 76 Temperature Indicators ......................................................................................76-1 Jan Stasiek, Tolestyn Madaj, and Jaroslaw Mikielewicz 77 Fiber-Optic Thermometers ................................................................................77-1 Brian Culshaw 78 Thermal Imaging.................................................................................................78-1 Herbert M. Runciman
- 16. x Contents 79 Calorimetry Measurement .................................................................................79-1 Sander van Herwaarden and Elina Iervolino PART VIII Radiation 80 Radioactivity Measurement .............................................................................. 80-1 Bert M. Coursey 81 Radioactivity Detectors..........................................................................................81-1 Larry A. Franks, Ralph B. James, and Larry S. Darken 82 Charged-Particle Measurement.........................................................................82-1 John C. Armitage, Madhu S. Dixit, Jacques Dubeau, Hans Mes, and F. Gerald Oakham 83 Neutron Measurement ........................................................................................83-1 Steven M. Grimes 84 Dosimetry Measurement ................................................................................... 84-1 Brian L. Justus, Mark A. Miller, and Alan L. Huston PART IX Wireless Instrumentation 85 Wireless Instrumentation...................................................................................85-1 J.P. Carmo and J.H. Correria 86 Wireless Sensor Node Hardware...................................................................... 86-1 Michael Healy, Thomas Newe, and Elfed Lewis 87 Mobile Instrumentation with Wireless Design and Implementation ..........87-1 Frederick Fortson and Kenneth Johnson 88 Powering Autonomous Sensors ........................................................................ 88-1 Manel Gasulla, Maria Teresa Penella, and Oscar Lopez-Lapeña 89 Wireless Sensing Technology.............................................................................89-1 Gregory C. Willden, Ben A. Abbott, and Ronald T. Green 90 Telemetry ............................................................................................................. 90-1 Albert Lozano-Nieto PART X Control and Human Factors 91 PID Control .................................................................................................. 91-1 F. Greg Shinskey 92 Optimal Control and the Software..............................................................92-1 Halit Eren 93 Electropneumatic and Electrohydraulic Instruments: Modeling...............93-1 M. Pachter and C.H. Houpis
- 17. xi Contents 94 Explosion-Proof Instruments ......................................................................94-1 Sam S. Khalilieh 95 Measurement and Identification of DC Brush and Brushless Stepping Motors ...........................................................................................95-1 Stuart Schweid, Robert Lofthus, and John McInroy 96 Human Factors in Displays..........................................................................96-1 Jeffrey D. Onken, Barrett S. Caldwell, and Steven A. Murray Appendix: Units and Conversions....................................................... Appendix-1 B.W. Petley Index ............................................................................................................ Index-1
- 18. Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http:/taylorandfrancis.com
- 19. xiii Preface Introduction The second edition of The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook comes in two vol- umes. This edition reflects the current state of the art in measurement, instrumentation, and sensors. In this two-volume set, all chapters have been updated, and 40 new chapters have been included to provide the finest possible reference that is both concise and useful for engineers practicing in industry, scien- tists and engineers involved in R&D, designers, college and university personnel and students, as well as managers, together with many others who are involved in instrumentation and measurement design and applications. The handbook covers an extensive range of topics that comprise the subject of measurement, instru- mentation, and sensors. It describes the use of instruments and techniques for practical measurements required in engineering, physics, chemistry, environmental science, and the life sciences. It also explains sensors, techniques, hardware, and the associated software. The handbook includes information pro- cessing systems, automatic data acquisition, reduction and analysis, operation characteristics, accuracy, errors, calibrations, standards, and their incorporation for control purposes. Emphasis is given on mod- ern intelligent instruments and techniques, wireless network operations, human factors, and modern display methods, as well as virtual instruments. The chapters include descriptive information for professionals, students, and workers interested in measurement. They include equations to assist engineers and scientists who seek to discover applica- tions and solve problems that arise in fields not in their specialty. They also include specialized informa- tion needed by informed specialists who seek to learn advanced applications of the subject, evaluative opinions, and possible areas for future study. Thus, the handbook serves the reference needs of the broadest group of users—from the advanced high-school science student to industrial and university professionals. Organization In this edition, the first volume has 10 parts, each having several chapters, for a total of 96 chapters written by experts in their areas. It concentrates on concepts in instrumentation and measurements, spatial variable measurement, displacement measurement, mechanical variable measurement, acous- tics, flow and spot velocity, thermal and temperature measurement, and radiation. It reflects recent trends in instrumentation and measurements with the addition of a new part on wireless instrumenta- tion. Concepts in control systems and human factors are given as a separate part. The second volume has 10 parts, each having several chapters, for a total of 96 chapters written by experts in their areas as in volume 1. It concentrates on sensors and sensor technology, electric variable measurement, electromagnetic variables, time and frequency, optical measurement, chemical variables,
- 20. xiv Preface medical, biomedical and health, and environmental measurement. Signal processing, and displays and recorders constitute the last two parts of this volume. Locating Your Topic To find out how to measure a given variable, skim the table of contents, turn to that section, and find the chapters that describe different methods of making the measurement. Consider the alternative methods of making the measurement and each of their advantages and disadvantages. Select a method, sensor, and signal processing method. Many chapters list a number of vendors to contact for more information. You can also visit http://www.globalspec.com/ to obtain a list of vendors. For more detailed information, consult the index, since certain principles of measurement may appear in more than one chapter. MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. For product information, please contact: The MathWorks, Inc. 3 Apple Hill Drive Natick, MA 01760-2098, USA Tel.: 508-647-7000 Fax: 508-647-7001 E-mail: info@mathworks.com Web: www.mathworks.com John G. Webster and Halit Eren Co-Editors
- 21. xv Acknowledgments We would like to thank all the authors for their valuable contribution toward this two-volume set book. We appreciate the time and effort devoted by all our new authors and those authors who went an extra mile to revise and update their chapters. We are grateful to the CRC Press team for their encouragement to prepare this second edition. The publication of this book would not have been possible without their tireless dedication in putting it together. Last but not least, we would like to thank all our readers in selecting this book for advancing their knowledge and technical skills. John G. Webster and Halit Eren Co-Editors
- 22. Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http:/taylorandfrancis.com
- 23. xvii Editors John G. Webster received his BEE from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, in 1953, and his MSEE and PhD from the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, in 1965 and 1967, respectively. He is professor emeritus of biomedical engineering at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is a highly cited researcher at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In the field of medical instrumentation, he teaches undergraduate and graduate courses and does research on intracranial pressure monitors, ECG dry electrodes, and tactile vibrators. Dr. Webster is the author of Transducers and Sensors, an IEEE/EAB Individual Learning Program (Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 1989). He is the coauthor, with B. Jacobson, of Medicine and Clinical Engineering (EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1977)and,withR.Pallas-Areny,of SensorsandSignalConditioning, Second Edition (New York: Wiley, 2001), and Analog Signal Conditioning (New York: Wiley, 1999). He is the editor of Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, Second Edition (New York: Wiley, 2006), Tactile Sensors for Robotics and Medicine (New York: Wiley, 1988), Electrical Impedance Tomography (Bristol, U.K.: Adam Hilger, 1990), Teaching Design in Electrical Engineering (Piscataway, NJ: Educational Activities Board, IEEE, 1990), Prevention of Pressure Sores: Engineering and Clinical Aspects (Bristol, U.K.: Adam Hilger, 1991), Design of Cardiac Pacemakers (Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1995), Design of Pulse Oximeters (Bristol, U.K.: IOP Publishing, 1997), Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Fourth Edition (Hoboken NJ: Wiley, 2010), Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (New York, Wiley, 1999), Minimally Invasive Medical Technology (Bristol, U.K.: IOP Publishing, 2001), and Bioinstrumentation (Hoboken NJ: Wiley, 2004). He is the coeditor, with A. M. Cook, of Clinical Engineering: Principles and Practices (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979) and Therapeutic Medical Devices: Application and Design (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982), with W. J. Tompkins of Design of Microcomputer-Based Medical Instrumentation (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981) and Interfacing Sensors to the IBM PC (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988), and, with A. M. Cook, W J. Tompkins, and G. C. Vanderheiden, of Electronic Devices for Rehabilitation (London, U.K.: Chapman & Hall, 1985). Dr. Webster has been a member of the IEEE-EMBS Administrative Committee and the NIH Surgery and Bioengineering Study Section. He is a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the Instrument Society of America, the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, the Biomedical Engineering Society, and the Institute of Physics. He is the recipient of the IEEE EMBS Career Achievement Award. Halit Eren received his BEng in 1973, MEng in 1975, and PhD in 1978 from the University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. He obtained an MBA from Curtin University in 1999. After his graduation, Dr. Eren worked in Etibank (a mining and metallurgy company in Turkey) as an instrumentation engineer for two years. He was an assistant professor at Hacettepe University in 1980–1981 and Middle East Technical University in 1982. He has been at Curtin University since
- 24. xviii Editors 1983, researching and teaching primarily in the areas of control systems, instrumentation, and engineering management. Dr. Eren was appointed as visiting associate professor at the Polytechnic University in Hong Kong in 2004 and is currently a visiting professor at the University of Wisconsin, USA. He is a senior member of IEEE, taking roles in Region 10 activities, various committees for organizing conferences, and as a mem- ber of editorship in transactions. Dr. Eren has over 180 publications in conference proceedings, books, and transactions. He is the author of Electronic Portable Instruments—Design and Applications (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2004) and Wireless Sensors and Instruments—Networks, Design and Applications (BocaRaton,FL:CRCPress,2006).Hehascoedited,withBelaLiptak,InstrumentsEngineers’Handbook— Process Software and Digital Networks, Vol. 3, edn. 4 (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011). He is involved in writing a number of books in the field of instrumentation and measurement. Dr. Eren is active in researching and publishing on intelligent sensors, wireless instrumentation, wireless sensor networks, automation and control systems, and very large control systems.
- 25. xix René G. Aarnink University Hospital Nijmegen Nijmegen, the Netherlands Ben A. Abbott Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas Jugal K. Agarwal TSI, Inc. Shoreview, Minnesota Keith Antonelli Kinetic Sciences, Inc. Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada John C. Armitage Ottawa–Carleton Institute for Physics Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Marc J. Assael Faculty of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece Viktor P. Astakhov Astakhov Tool Service Rochester Hills, Michigan Manouchehr Bahrami University of Tabriz Tabriz, Iran William E. Baker Department of Mechanical Engineering University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico W. John Ballantyne Department of Systems Engineering Spar Aerospace Ltd. Brampton, Ontario, Canada Amit Bandyopadhyay Department of Ceramic Science and Engineering Rutgers University Piscataway, New Jersey Partha P. Banerjee Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alabama at Huntsville Huntsville, Alabama William H. Bayles, Jr. The Fredericks Company Huntington Valley, Pennsylvania Ben Benhabib Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Vikram Bhatia Virginia Tech Blacksburg, Virginia A. Bonen University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Contributors
- 26. Other documents randomly have different content
- 27. Face Uyeko Feet Elba, epa Finger Onoko Flesh Jukua Hair Ifoterai Hair (body) Heinektere (!), heineitere Hair (face) Eimago Hair (pubic) Hueke Hand Ono Head Ifo Heart Komeke Limbs Rueisi, reesi Mouth Fue Nails Onokobi, onopeko Nails (toe) Ekobe Navel Modda Neck Kimo Nose Dofo Penis Hechina Pudenda Jana Semen Uke Skull Ifoku Teeth Isido, isife Testicles Hinyergo Tongue Hufe Urine Poji Vagina Berirafo Ague Fuibuiko Diarrhœa Nuimuisa, Jui, chui Illness Duide, tuike Small-pox Guiyoko, tutuko Bark cloth Vinei Beads Sirie Breech cloth Mokoto, makuto iroi, hinoi-giroi Clothes (general) Uiniroi Cord (belt) Kirige
- 28. Feather head ornaments Eniago Necklace, dance Chikai Necklace of seeds Imaidu Necklace, of teeth Efoke Slippers, boots Epa iko Socks Epa iko (see Feet and Cap) White man’s cap Ifoigiko, ifoiko, iko White man’s shirt Kaifofero Baking-pan Sipe Cassava Tano Firewood Rege Hammock Kunei House Hofo House, large Ejo hofo Hut Hiochupe Light (artificial) Maha Lighted torch Maha Mat Duriei Pot Inogo, ichuki Thatch Ereije Tobacco-pot Kuruke Torch Rekekawdo, rekeketo, recheki Axe Chovema Blow-pipe Obidiake Fish-hook Fakawasi Knife Chovefa, chovetera Drum Hugwe Drum mallet Quaki Pan pipes Piabami Sword Chovega Trap, animal Iregi Weapons, stones, shot Chowefi, jowefi, chowefei Signal-drum Ware Afternoon Nawipe Morning Wiremoni
- 29. Morning, early Monanyeno Night Nagona Night, last Nago, hahe nago Night before last Beinawife To-day Beiruido To-morrow Wiremonei (see Morning) To-morrow, day after Dawire Twilight Naruide, nagona-yakate Yesterday Nawire Yesterday, day before Beinawire All Nana Before Fuere Before (position) Uikota Before (long time) Heiyei Behind Moina Behind (position) Moina Enough Asirete Farther Beife For Mero Full, carefully, good measure Einue Full Moniteidi, monite Here Benomo How many? Nigama? How much? Niga? Much Eijo Much, enough Monome Nobody Buna Now Monokoi Only Dama Then, afterwards Achue There Batinomo This Pie Together Fofona (?) Well? Mei? What? Nifote? Where? Ninomo?
- 30. Who? Bu? Why? Nibaji, nibeiji? No Damaita Not Inyete Yes Huhh, U (ventral) I Kwe Thou O He, she, him Afima We Koko You Omei They, them Afimaki Bad Figonigete Big Eijue Bitter Neimenete Black Ituide Cold Rosirete Cool Maneide Dark Hitirite Dead Teide Deeper Nane efarite Dry Daherede Good Figora Hard Agarrite Heavy Merete Hot Usirete Light (sun) Hite Light (weight) Fekote Long Are Red Larede Short Hiannare Small, little Yewrete Soft Itieide Straight Huchinyete Strong Agarrite Thick Herie
- 31. Thin Henite Twisted Huchite Well (in health) Gagritte White Userede Early, soon Ono Slowly Puiya Soon Reiri To bathe Noise To bring Ate To carry Ui To come down Anabi To come up Kifobi To cool Rosirete To cry Ede To dry Nokitenyete, nohipuinyete To eat Oko, gunyo To go down Anahei To go quickly Reiri maka To go up Kifohei To hear, listen, understand Kekate To heat Usirete To hurt Isirete To like, love, desire (persons) Dwere-uite To like, love, desire (things) Oyakate To know Onote To make Nenyo, fuiho To rain Nokitede, nokipuite To sit down Anarana To sleep Mei-ine To speak Naitode To stay Fuipire To take Gweipi To urinate Chowei, pochite To wait Anafue To wash Hokoa To work Biefono
- 32. I am Iti kwe Thou art Iti-o He is Afima ite We are Iti koko You are Iti omoi They are Afimaki ite I was Kwe ia Thou wert Ia o He was Afima ia We were Koko ia You were Ia omoi They were Afimaki ia One Dahe Two Mena Three Dahe-amene Four Menahere Five Dapekwiro Ten Nagapekwiro Ask me Kwemohikka Give me Kweme Give me food Eka A few days ago Tika irue It is dark Nawite It is going to rain Teyakate Puiyakate What tribe do you belong to? O Komweine? O Memeka bu? Move along! Hei! Ifo! Come! Bi! It is very far Hikka Ite
- 33. Hikka Are It is near Hiannare It is very near Hikka-iannare It is very much farther Hikka-fe Be quick Reiri Be slow Pwia hei Pwia ifo You do not want me Kwena dueruenyeteo I am about to punish you O feitakkwe What do you want? Nifote oyakateo How much do you want? Niga oyakateo I want to see Eroi yakatekwe I want to eat Okoyakatekwe I want to sleep Iniyakatekwe I do not want to sleep Iniyakanyetekwe Let us sleep Meikoko ini Let us walk Manyakoko maketchi Let us bathe Manya koko noi Go and wash Hokorise What are you doing? Nefoteo nia? What are they doing? Nefoteo nietimeke? What have you done? Nefoteo nieteo? What have you others done? Nefoteo omoi nieteo? Are you sick? O seicha? Tuiko teiteo? What is the matter with you? Neisoi o icha? What pains you? O nino isiritte? He is dead Ei e teide He is well again Ei e hichoet Put water to boil Heinoi kokoita We are nearly there Duki-eikateki We have not arrived Duki nieteke It is a long way yet Nia areiti It is a very long way Nia are are are It is very short Wei iannare
- 34. Put on more wood Nane rege honne Fill it full Nue oruita Be careful not to break it Chitesai Remove the leaves Rape honne Open it carefully Nue ekonotta Cook only manioc and plantains Dama seteo meika ogoto Eat the skins Igore ine Take some crushed maize Pechato tuta hisano ui How many women are there? Niga rinyona hisa ite? From what cause has your brother died? Nipeiche tio teide? Why did you leave the child outside? It will be eaten by the dogs Nipeiche hito hino o fuaka ia daria Go soon and guard the women Mei rieri rinyona hofona ipeise Do not do it again Mene amanyete omoi An unmoral Indian woman Rinyo Rei-irage An immoral Indian woman Rinyo Kachirete With whom have you been having intercourse? Bu tika beriteo? How many husbands have you had? Nigama bettora-o? Are you (a virgin) married? Nia rutanyega-o? Who ravished you? Bu-o rutaka? You are blind (a fool) O ui nirite Do not delay Fwepi neri Give me something Feka Do not give anything Fekanyete Walk Mekkate Do not walk Mekanyete I do not understand Kehanyete That’s my business (common expression without intention of rudeness) Pia My body aches Kwe apui isirete Let me go Kwe-mosueta Hold me Kwe-mojeno Turn round Jireno Do not move Weihoi Why do you shout? Nipeiche kicheteyo?
- 35. It is big Ei ichwe It is small Hurete Eichonyete It is not good Fogonyete Do you like it? Kimmarueteo? Do you not like it? Kimmaruenyeteo? You are pretty Nuen otego You are ugly Nuenonyeteo You are dirty Oapwi gagrette I want you Ona dueruetckwe I do not want you Ona dueruenetckwe Tie well (the cross poles) Nue kwina Tie higher Keifofe kwina Take care not to break Titeise Well done, you thatch well Mei omoi ita Is everything clean? Nana ganino fuinore? That is dirty, I shall punish you Vie gagrette a kioiteo o feitikwe It is very sweet Eicho nimerettega I do not like it hot Usirete ittinyetekwe I like it warm Chiei maneide ittitekwe Look well in front of you Nue oroi The plantation is a good one Nue akafo icha The plantation is a bad one Akafo fogonyete Let us go and build a house Manya ofo koko fuinoche There are not sufficient palisades Nia amena nana inyete All of you bring timber Omoi amena atiche You make the thatches Are niite omoi These boys will bring canes Bie hettanitino are gweichi These others will bring palm leaves Bimeke ererite Those will make holes Bimeichino iffweirakte I do not want it there Batinomo ittinyetekwe Open it here Benomo ekkono Send me the small boy Urettema kwemo hito Go and throw away that water Mei ba i heinoi dota Wash it well Nue hokorii Do not delay Are enyeno bi You are dirty Nia gagrette
- 36. Put it there Batinomo honne Put it here Benomo honne Put it yonder One honne Do not put it over there Batinomo honne nieno Why are you sad? Nipeiche sure iteo? Who hurt you? Bu o faga? When did you come? Nirueteo viteo? When did you go? Nirueteo heito? It is so firm I cannot move it Are agagrette ekkononyette Bring the wood Itofie nue omoi ire Do not throw them away Oni tinyeno nue ofitare I am going to see A chimitekwe If you do not bring them, I shall punish you Omoi pweya fachiomoi Plant them carefully Nue omoi haire Go and clean up Mei omoi reitiseiri Place all the sticks together Reitekinyo nue omoi ofitare You have left the plantation untidy Akkafo gagritte omoi fueka Why don’t you bring it? Nipeiche atinyeta omoi? Make enough cassava Eichwe tano fuinore Let it be good Nuere finoiche Bring a little Yewre atitomoi Not enough Dutenyete It is soft Itieide What are you doing? Nifote niecomoi? What are you eating? Nifote okoteomoi? Where are they—the rest of you? Ninomo iteomoi? Why have they (the others) gone without telling me? Nipeiche kwe jonyeno heite omoi? Bring it to the light Useritenomo ate To-morrow go and see the tribe and then return here together Weirimoni dama komweine hoke teiteo nana fofona orerire Split it with the knife Chovefa do ekkono Take out the cane early Monanyano kononwe ono It is rich Kei maritte Wash the pot well before boiling water in it I chiko nue hoko heinowei hoku- itechi
- 37. Do not put much fruit in it Eicho rie dotenyino It is very inconvenient Y otirette I am unable Kwe mona Hitinyete I shall carry it Diuitikwe Do not carry it Uinyetekwe I am tired Aeeiontekwe You are going to carry manioc Meika omoi ui BORO Brother Tanyabe Chief Abihibya Chief’s wife Abihilya Child Chemene Father Iero Fellow-tribesman Miamuina Husband Tahe Liar Aliraje Man Gwapime Medicine-man Chekobe Mother Gwaro People Akime Sister Tanyali Sluggard Ubeye Son Chukije Wife Tapa Woman Gwame Abdomen Mebigwa Arm Menejeko Back Meatche Belly Epae Blood Tibune Body Kepe Bone Pukene Bosom Neghpane
- 38. Buttocks Medehe Cheek Mekwa Ear Menimeo Eye Ajike Finger Utsigwako, mechiko Flesh Iyame Foot Tia Hair Nikwako Hand Meuche Head Nikwa Heart Meebe Knee Mimoko Leg Take Mouth Mehe Navel Icheba Neck Metchke Nose Metiko Penis Nomeo Testicles Domiba Thigh Kibaje Tongue Menigwa Tooth Igwahe Vagina Elyapo, diugwa Ague Chinabe Prickly heat Nikemoi Smallpox Maraipa Tick Chichihe Wound Pepene Dance Machiba Falsehood Achipe Fear Apichune Grief Abiyene Ill Chemei Remedy (in general) Tabota Smell Tukine Truth Imiane
- 39. Agouti Bute Anaconda Bua Ant-eater Ehe Armadillo Tie Bird Karaha Capybara Uba Deer Nibigwa Fish Amome Flea Ikookwa Frog Nihagwa Hawk Ane Head-louse Knawni Jigger-flea Mipahe Land crab Nekwalige Monkey Kemuime Mosquito Nee Paca Tahe Parrot Yabe Pig Mene Tapir Ukahe Tiger, wild dog Wipe Tucan Neiche Turkey-buzzard Pikahe Wild turkey Imiko Cane Imuepa Cassava Mao Cassava (cake) Topohe Coca Ipe Fruit Kome Grain Tsokome Guarana fruit Inye Guava Tuche Gum Makhine Leaf (letter) Gwahake-ane Lemon Teheba Maize Ihio
- 40. Manioc (flour) Chobéma Manioc (Poisonous) Pika Manioc (Sweet) Baheri Millet Matsaka Palm needle Aneto Peppers Dio Pine-apple Kitsea Plantain Uhiko Plantation Emiye Stinging-herb Ate Twig Katine Withe Ahéba, mo Yam Kate Basket Minyeba Baulks of timber Imei Comb Pidogwa Cooking pot Iguanye Door Cheugwa Drinking gourd Jirijo Firewood Kuba Grater Chilye Hammock Gwapa House Ha-a Manioc squeezer Buahe Mirror Mekeme Oil Diripa Platter Patahe Salt Kanama Small timber Igwa Soap Nishtie, tagwa Spoon Daihigwa Tobacco Banye Tobacco stick-match Kugwao Torch Diripa Water jar Ijo Arrow Beremehe
- 41. Arrow-poison Bakua Boat, canoe Kihikwame Blowpipe Dodike Dance rattle Tekie Fish-net Tsene Gun Anihe Head feathers Aboka Knife, sword Nitsikwa Mallet Imepachura Paddle Bodugwa Rope (vegetable cable) Igwanye Signalling drum Kimwe Sword Pitoho Whip Gwachike Beads Ichkabe Clothes Kwaiame (loin-cloth) Garment Kameha Head ornament Gwatako Loin-cloth Ike, pakehe, kwaiame Man’s bracelet Manyame Metal Tsitsi Bush, the Bahe Dawn Tsitsibeko Death Tsihibeko Devil Navena Dust Anijio Fire Kihigwa God Neva Good Spirit Neva Gunpowder Anijio Morning Neva Night Beko Plantation Emie Rain Nihava Shadow Nave Star Mikirigwa
- 42. Stream Te-e Sun Neva Thunder Tsitsi Water Nepakio Now Ikuka To-morrow Pekore Yesterday Aiupe Yes Eh No Cha To call attention of a man Mupe! To call attention of a woman Muije! All Bemere Enough, much Lirane Other Chipe Same Tedere Slowly Tsikene Quickly Chukure Far Chiejene Far away Kamine Here Iji Near Perine There Eji What Itsebane, ina When Mukoka Where Kia Why Ivekie Angry Kaiyupa Bad Nemine, imitine Black Kiribebe Cold Tsigore Good Imine High Kame
- 43. Higher Kame-kame Lazy Urenere Little Neku Long, big Kameme Low Paa Lower Paa-paa Old Kieme Purple Chepanye Small Chuchine Strong Kupene Thin Arenegwe Warm Kogore White Alijimuinya Young Balyika I O Me We Us, Mine Ours You Di Yours My Ta One Tsanere, tsape Two Mieke Three Tsape-mieke Four Mieke-mieke Five Sause One-half Tiamie To advance Ikeyi To bathe Maboigete To beat flat Kihigwa To bind, sew Tsiko To break wind Nepo To bring Tsate
- 44. To call Pibwa To catch hold Dekeba To come Dichabe To crush Megwasako To cut, shorten Gwatairo To drink Mado To eat Macho To go Opeko To go away Gwadipe To hang Nehigwa To make, do Mene To move Chinye To open Paiyeke To rain Nihaba To rest Paribe To run away Imiba To scratch Medonakons To search Neku To see Aktime To speak Dibaje To strike Kaboko To throw Wago To tie Chichi To wait Ubi To wash Nitie To work Wakimei Where are you going? Kia bwipe ite? Where do you come from? Kia-te itse? Minekwe? Do not go away Tsa petine Stand still Tachure Sit down Takebe Bring here Chibahe Let us go Mahu Mepei Leave me alone Ubiédere Give me Okedake
- 45. Where (is it?) Kia Whose (is this?) Mu There is none Tsa ikatine I do not know Ureta Tsa quaha Kétine How many? Muitemeko? What is the matter? Ina ichabie? What is hurting you? What are you called? Muipa dimene? Are you willing? Imeje? Cover it up Gwatako Hold your tongue Kéktere It is well Imine Good-bye Opeko APPENDIX VIII
- 46. Oikommo is within the hofo,[451] With our tribe there is Oikommo, And whence cometh Oikommo, And from where does he come? He comes from the clouds, From the clouds he comes; And why does he come so far? And why does he come? In his land are no bread and few women In his land is no bread; And what is the name of the stranger, And what is his name? His name is Whiffena Ri-e-i,[452] His name is Whiff-en-a, And partly his name is Itoma,[453] Itoma is also his name; And what is he called by his man friends. And what is his other name? His privy name is Ei-fo-ke,[454] Ei-fo-ke is his privy name;[455] And why is he called Ei-fo-ke?
- 47. FOOTNOTES [1] My arrival in England was postponed to some months later through an attack of beriberi. [2] It was unknown to me till afterwards that Dr. Koch- Grünberg of Berlin had, in 1904, ascended the Uaupes to, I believe, 71° west longitude. [3] A rifle, where possessed, is never used against an animal but kept for use against the white man. [4] Turtle eggs are, curiously enough, not considered fœtal. [5] For my share I had the honour to receive, through the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the thanks of the French Government. [6] Steamers have been on the Amazon since 1853, and navigation is continuous throughout the year (cf. Brazilian Year- Book). [7] I never saw the Andes actually from these districts, but the suggestion is always there, they are seen in the mind’s eye; an ultimate, if invisible, limit to what would otherwise seem more than illimitable. [8] Wallace, p. 246. [9] Spruce, ii. 379-380. [10] Robuchon’s estimate of distances is 471 geographical miles from Iquitos to the mouth of the Issa; thence to the Cotuhe, which he places at 2° 53′ 12″ S. and 69° 41′ 10″ W., 150 geographical miles. From the Cotuhe to the Igara Parana, 252 miles, a total distance of 873 geographical miles from Iquitos to the Igara Parana. [11] Robuchon gives latitude 1° 43′ 9″ S., longitude 71° 53′ 36″ W. [12] Spruce, i. 7, ii. 100.
- 48. [13] September to January is the hottest portion of the year, the heat being at its worst in December. 90° would be extreme heat, and 70° the lowest the mercury would probably reach; the average being from 75° to 85°. Robuchon is responsible for the statement that the temperature at the mouth of the Cotuhe in September was 43° Cent. in the shade, but that after a brisk shower it fell to 31°. The water of the Amazon has a temperature of 81°; the Japura is a warmer river and reaches 85°. Wallace gives the mean temperature of the Rio Negro water in September —that is, during the hot season—as 86°, and the corresponding temperature of the air as from 76° to 92.5°. The water, he considers, is probably never less than 80° at any time. The temperature of the Uaupes has been noted as invariably 76° at three to six feet below the surface (Geo. Journ., 1910, p. 683). [14] The Amazon at its mouth is 158 miles across from bank to bank. [15] This I take to be the Yacitara mentioned by Spruce, i. 30. [16] Wallace noted a butterfly frequenting “the dung of some carnivorous animal” in Malacca, and remarks that many tropical butterflies suck liquid from muddy places, “and are generally so intent upon their meal that they can be easily approached and captured” (Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, pp. 29, 114). [17] Spruce, ii. 366. [18] Bates, ii. 262. [19] Spruce, i. 49. [20] One tree is reputed to be so poisonous that no Indian will touch it. See Maw, p. 294. [21] These tribal houses differ from the communal long-houses of the Fly Delta, British New Guinea, not only in shape, but in that there are no platforms and no divisions for each family; the whole interior is open. For description of Kiwai and Daudai long-houses see Expedition to Torres Straits, iv. 112-117. [22] Maloka = Indian lodge or tribal house (lingoa-geral). [23] Manicaria saccifera (cf. Spruce, i. 56). [24] Eugene André noted that two kinds were commonly used on the Causa, the mulato, a kind of Aroideae, and the murcielago, which belongs to the Bignoniaceae family.
- 49. [25] Several kinds of palm-leaves are used for this purpose, and whichever was most easily procurable in the district where the house was built would be used by the tribe. Hardenburg mentions the leaves of the Phytelephas macrocarpa, the vegetable ivory-tree, as in use among the Witoto, and the Bactris ciliata or Chonta palm for the posts and rafters (p. 135). The leaves of the Bussu palm, Manicaria saccifera, will make a thatch that lasts for ten or twelve years, by some accounts (cf. Waterton, p. 479). [26] Wallace, p. 341. [27] This is architecturally interesting in view of Foucart’s theory of the evolution of the Egyptian grooved stone pillar from wooden originals, bundles of reeds. [28] Simson mentions such a “door,” p. 237. [29] Wallace, p. 341. [30] Among the Jivaro one partitioned half of the house is kept for the women (Orton, p. 171). There is no such distinction among the Issa-Japura tribes. [31] Cf. Wallace, p. 354. [32] Crevaux has described the process. He watched an Indian “qui fait du feu en roulant vivement un roseau dans une cavité creusée dans une tige de roncon” (Voyage dans l’Amérique du sud, p. 214). Wallace mentions this method among the Kuretu, op. cit. 355. [33] If a jigger is removed at once with a needle it will not hurt, and scarcely makes a puncture. [34] Vampires in this country are few and far between, but Simson mentions them as a plague at Agnano (Simson, p. 131). [35] Bates, i. 246. For the taming of a full-grown Coita see p. 247. Another pet mentioned by Bates, a “strange kind of wood- cricket,” is also unknown to me as a pet, and though I have often heard loud-voiced insects of the cricket class they have never been in captivity (cf. Bates, i. 250). [36] Cf. Martius, P.R.G.S. ii. 192. [37] See Appendix. [38] Deniker, p. 552.
- 50. [39] Marriage by capture was a Carib custom (Westermarck, p. 383). It is unknown nowadays to the tribes south of the Japura. [40] Partial couvade is found also among tribes in the north of America, that is to say, certain things are tabu to the father after the child’s birth. Cf. Dorsey, Siouan Cults, p. 511; Venegas, i. 94; Tylor, pp. 294-7. [41] im Thurn, p. 173. Joyce locates the original Caribs on the upper Xingu, from whence, he considers, they spread over Guiana and the lesser Antilles (South American Archæology, p. 256). Rodway, on the authority of Spanish chronicled Arawak information, suggests they were the original inhabitants of the north-west coast, migrant from Mexico (Guiana, pp. 41, 45). [42] Ibid. pp. 171-2. [43] Crevaux, Fleuves de l’Amérique du Sud, Yapura, F. 5 et 7. [44] Crevaux, Vocabulaire français-roucouyenne. [45] Koch-Grünberg, Journal de la Société des Américainistes de Paris, tome iii. No. 2 (1906). [46] Koch-Grünberg, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxxviii, 189. [47] It must be remembered that I came to all these people from the Witoto country. [48] Crevaux, Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud, p. 368. [49] Martius, Beiträge, ii. 340. [50] The Inca were called Orejones by the Spaniards on account of the large studs they wore in the lobes of their ears. See Joyce, p. 110; Ratzel, ii. 172. [51] Simson, p. 210. [52] Koch-Grünberg, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxxviii. 188 (1906). [53] Cd. 6266, pp. 9, 10, 12, 25, 26. [54] Rice, p. 690. [55] Wallace, p. 354. [56] See Appendix. [57] Hardenburg, Man, p. 134. [58] This combination is of so exceptional a character that it is hardly to be recognised as a definite trait of organisation, and it
- 51. follows that though such exceptional cases may point to a possible past unity of clans as a tribe, these clans are now practically small tribes, being incapable of combining for common action. The expressions language-group, tribe, and tribesman are therefore more correct than tribe, clan, and clansman would be. [59] Cf. im Thurn, p. 185. [60] This is exactly the reverse of the matrilocal customs related by Sir Everard im Thurn. [61] Or their artists and publishers. [62] “The natives are ashamed, as they say, to be clothed” (Humboldt, Travels, iii. 230; cf. also Wallace, p. 357). Clothes, in fact, are often donned by savages at periods of license only. See Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, chap. ix. [63] There are several trees in these forests that supply the needed fibrous bark. im Thurn suggests that the bark used is that of the Lecythis ollaria, but Spruce states that tauari is made from the bark of certain species of Tecoma of the Bignoniaceae order, and tururi, a thinner bark-cloth, from various figs and Artocarps. Naturally natives use the tree that is handiest when required (cf. im Thurn, pp. 194, 291; Spruce, i. 27). [64] Dr. de Lacerda in his journal for July 22, 1798, describes just such a manufacture of bark-cloth carried on by the Muizas, who traded this with their neighbours the Maraves. See Land of Carembe, R.G.S., 1873, p. 71. Loin-cloths made from the bark of the Artocarps are also found among the Semang of Kedah and other wild tribes of the Malay Peninsula. See Skeat and Blagden, i. 143-4, 157, 376, etc. [65] A similar geographical progression has been noted among the women of British New Guinea. See Williamson, The Mafulu, p. 28. [66] Sandals known as alparagatas, with soles of plaited aloe- fibre, are usually worn by travellers in the Amazons. These can be cleaned and washed in the same way. See also Simson, p. 83. [67] Wallace, p. 351. [68] Feather ruffs are worn by Napo Indians, but not by these tribes. [69] im Thurn, p. 305.
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