![Washers are used for multiple purposes when mechanical parts are assembled. Here
are some usages:
1. Some washers have a special design that attempts to help keep the nut and/or
bolt from coming loose. Known as a lock washer these may be a split ring
type, star type, wavy or any one of a number of other designs. A lock washer
will be used with the part of the assembly that most likely could turn such as
the nut. It could be used under the bolt head in instances where the bolt
screws into threads in one part of the assembly.
2. A washer is sometimes used to protect the surface of the assembled parts. A
nut or bolt head being turned during the tightening process can mar the part
surface around the hole and a washer can be used to take the abuse as opposed
to the part. This may be particularly applicable when the parts are a softer
material such as plastic, brass or aluminum and a washer made of a harder
material is used.
Many times washers will play a role that is a combination of the above
usages. One common example is to see a lock washer used along with a larger
diameter flat washer.
T-nut
A T-nut, T nut, or tee nut (also known as a
blind nut,[1] which can however also refer to
a rivet nut or an insert nut) is a type of nut
used to fasten a wood, particle or composite
materials workpiece, leaving a flush surface.
It has a long, thin body and a flange at one
end, resembling a T in profile. The flanges of
T-nuts often have hooks or serrations on the
prongs that dig into a wooden work piece as
the bolt is tightened from the opposite side of
the piece, providing better retention.
In 1969, the first four-prong T-nut with the eight-sided base was patented.
Unlike the standard round base T-nuts, the eight-sided T-nuts can be fed
efficiently and reliably via machine. The eight-sided T-nut base has become
the standard configuration for T-nuts inserted by machine.
Applications
Tee nuts can be used to fasten materials such as wood, plastic or composite
material in such a manner that it will leave a flush surface. This makes it ideal](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ubolts-180404030352/85/MECHANICAL-COMPONENTS-4-320.jpg)
MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
- 1. EDR MICRO-PROJECT MECHANICAL COMPONENTS MADE BY; 17151-REHAN SHAIKH 17154-SAQUIB SURA 17156-TANVI 17158-MUNEEB ULDE 17160-ABDURRAHMAAN KAZI
- 2. U Bolts U bolts available in a range of sizes and finishes to support different loads, torque requirements and environments. U Bolts usually available from stock. A U-bolt is an industrial fastener in the shape of the letter U with two threaded arms (or legs) extending from a curved base. U bolts are typically used to support pipework or to attach a part to a pole, beam or wall, where the “u” shape keeps it firmly in place, adding stability to the support. Applications U bolts are often used as framing fasteners and anchors for foundations and roofs, pipe and conduit holders and bolts for motor and engine shaft components. Coil spring A coil spring, also known as a helical spring, is a mechanical device which is typically used to store energy and subsequently release it, to absorb shock, or to maintain a force between contacting surfaces. They are made of an elastic material formed into the shape of a helix which returns to its natural length when unloaded. Under tension or compression, the material (wire) of a coil spring undergoes torsion. The spring characteristics therefore depend on the shear modulus, not Young's Modulus. A coil spring may also be used as a torsion spring: in this case the spring as a whole is subjected to torsion about its helical axis. The material of the spring is thereby subjected to a bending moment, either reducing or increasing the helical radius. In this mode, it is the Young's Modulus of the material that determines the spring characteristics. Metal coil springs are made by winding a wire around a shaped former - a cylinder is used to form cylindrical coil springs. Applications
- 3. Coil springs have many applications; notable ones include: Buckling springs in computer keyboards Mattress coils in innerspring mattresses Upholstery coil springs in upholstery Split pin A split pin, also known in the United States as a cotter pin or cotter key, is a metal fastener with two tines that are bent during installation, similar to a staple or rivet. Typically made of thick wire with a half-circular cross section, split pins come in multiple sizes and types. The British definition of "cotter pin" is equivalent to U.S. term "cotter", which can be a cause for confusion when companies of both countries work together. There are signs that manufacturers and stockiest are increasingly listing both names together to avoid confusion; this led to the term split cotter sometimes being used for a split pin Applications Split pins are frequently used to secure other fasteners, e.g. clevis pins, as well as being used in combination with hardboard discs as a traditional joining technique for teddy bears. A common application of this is when used to secure a castellated nut. Split pins may be used in some applications as low-tech shear pins Washer A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-shaped) with a hole (typically in the middle) that is normally used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener, such as a screw or nut. Other uses are as a spacer, spring (Belleville, wave washer), wear pad, preload indicating device, locking device, and to reduce vibration (rubber washer). Washers often have an outer diameter (OD) about twice their inner diameter (ID), but this can vary quite widely. Applications
- 4. Washers are used for multiple purposes when mechanical parts are assembled. Here are some usages: 1. Some washers have a special design that attempts to help keep the nut and/or bolt from coming loose. Known as a lock washer these may be a split ring type, star type, wavy or any one of a number of other designs. A lock washer will be used with the part of the assembly that most likely could turn such as the nut. It could be used under the bolt head in instances where the bolt screws into threads in one part of the assembly. 2. A washer is sometimes used to protect the surface of the assembled parts. A nut or bolt head being turned during the tightening process can mar the part surface around the hole and a washer can be used to take the abuse as opposed to the part. This may be particularly applicable when the parts are a softer material such as plastic, brass or aluminum and a washer made of a harder material is used. Many times washers will play a role that is a combination of the above usages. One common example is to see a lock washer used along with a larger diameter flat washer. T-nut A T-nut, T nut, or tee nut (also known as a blind nut,[1] which can however also refer to a rivet nut or an insert nut) is a type of nut used to fasten a wood, particle or composite materials workpiece, leaving a flush surface. It has a long, thin body and a flange at one end, resembling a T in profile. The flanges of T-nuts often have hooks or serrations on the prongs that dig into a wooden work piece as the bolt is tightened from the opposite side of the piece, providing better retention. In 1969, the first four-prong T-nut with the eight-sided base was patented. Unlike the standard round base T-nuts, the eight-sided T-nuts can be fed efficiently and reliably via machine. The eight-sided T-nut base has become the standard configuration for T-nuts inserted by machine. Applications Tee nuts can be used to fasten materials such as wood, plastic or composite material in such a manner that it will leave a flush surface. This makes it ideal
- 5. for all sorts of assembly, including in the manufacture of some types of toys such as slides. The tee nut has a long body and a flange in one end. When looked at in profile, it resembles a T shape, which is why it has this name. The flange on the tee nut typically has hooks that grab into the material being fastened, which gives the joint more strength and retention. Nyloc nut A nyloc nut, also referred to as a nylon-insert lock nut, polymer-insert lock nut, or elastic stop nut, is a kind of locknut with a nylon collar ins ert that resists turning. The plastic insert is placed at the end of the nut, with an inner diameter (ID) slightly smaller than the major diameter of the screw. The insert deforms elastically over the threads of the screw, without having threads in turn cut into it. The nylon insert locks the nut by friction against the screw under the applied radial compressive force. Nyloc nuts retain their locking ability up to 250 °F (121 °C). Applications A nyloc nut, also referred to as a nylon-insert lock nut, polymer-insert lock nut, or elastic stop nut, is a kind of locknut with a nylon collar insert that resists turning. Sprocket A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, or cogs, that mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material. The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which radial projections engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth. Applications
- 6. Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and other machinery either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are unsuitable or to impart linear motion to a track, tape etc. Perhaps the most common form of sprocket may be found in the bicycle, in which the pedal shaft carries a large sprocket-wheel, which drives a chain, which, in turn, drives a small sprocket on the axle of the rear wheel. Early automobiles were also largely driven by sprocket and chain mechanism, a practice largely copied from bicycles. Chain drive Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles. Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive chain or transmission chain, passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the gear meshing with the holes in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this pulls the chain putting mechanical force into the system. Another type of drive chain is the Morse chain, invented by the Morse Chain Company of Ithaca, New York, United States. This has inverted teeth. Applications Sometimes the power is output by simply rotating the chain, which can be used to lift or drag objects. In other situations, a second gear is placed and the power is recovered by attaching shafts or hubs to this gear. Though drive chains are often simple oval loops, they can also go around corners by placing more than two gears along the chain; gears that do not put power into the system or transmit it out are generally known as idler-wheels. By varying the diameter of the input and output gears with respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered. For example, when the bicycle pedals' gear rotate once, it causes the gear that drives the wheels to rotate more than one revolution.
- 7. Coupling nut A coupling nut, also known as extension nut, is a threaded fastener for joining two male threads, most commonly a threaded rod, but also pipes. The outside of the fastener is usually a hex so a wrench can hold it. Variations include reducing coupling nuts, for joining two different size threads; sight hole coupling nuts, which have a sight hole for observing the amount of engagement; and coupling nuts with left- handed threads. Applications These are used to make up long rod assemblies from shorter lengths of rods. The rods are threaded into the coupling nut for a certain distance. Coupling nut dimensions are described by the Industrial Fasteners Institute in standard IFI-128. It is given a plain finish. It is either cold drawn or hot rolled depending on the bar stock used. Coupling nuts threaded with two different thread sizes and profiles are called reducing coupling nuts. Coupling nuts can be used to tighten a rod assembly inward or to press a rod assembly outward. Square nut A square nut is a four-sided nut. Compared to standard hex nuts, square nuts have a greater surface in contact with the part being fastened, and therefore provide greater resistance to loosening (though also greater resistance to ti ghtening). They are also much less likely to become rounded-off after repeated loosening/tightening cycles. Square nuts are typically mated with square-headed bolts. Square nuts are used along with flat washers in order to avoid damage from its sharp edges and helps to increase the strength of the fastener. Square nuts can have standard, fine or coarse threading with plating of zinc yellow, plain, zinc clear, tin and cadmium, among others.
- 8. Applications Commonly used in furniture as a blind nut, they are also used in rail channels in order to prevent turning of rail when pressure is applied. They are also used to make perfect foundation in metal channels for hidden fasteners. Bolt (fastener) A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread. Bolts are closely related to, and often confused with, screws. Applications Many screws use a screwdriver head fitting, rather than an external wrench. Screwdrivers are applied in-line with the fastener, rather than from the side. These are smaller than most wrench heads and cannot usually apply the same amount of torque. It is sometimes assumed that screwdriver heads imply a screw and wrenches imply a bolt, although this is incorrect. Coach screws are large square-headed screws with a tapered wood screw thread, used for attaching ironwork to timber. Head designs that overlap both are the Allen or Torx heads; hexagonal or splined sockets. These modern designs span a large range of sizes and can carry a considerable torque. Nut A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used in conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. The two partners are kept together by a combination of their threads' friction (with slight elastic deformation), a slight stretching of the bolt, and compression of the parts to be held together.
- 9. Applications In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking mechanisms may be employed: lock washers, jam nuts, specialist adhesive thread- locking fluid such as Loctite, safety pins (split pins) or lock wire in conjunction with castellated nuts, nylon inserts (nyloc nut), or slightly oval-shaped threads. Bearing A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for example, provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction. Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed, or to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts Applications Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure supporting it. The simplest form of bearing, the plain bearing, consists of a shaft rotating in a hole. Lubrication is often used to reduce friction. In the ball bearing and roller bearing, to prevent sliding friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability and performance.