Mechanical Properties of Materials ppt fileppt
- 1. Mechanical Properties of Materials .A mechanical property deals with the behavior of materials or metals when they are subjected to the external forces or loads. It is the characteristic that indicates the variations taking place in the metal. These mechanical properties are considered while designing machine components
- 2. # The component will perform well during its use only when it is designed by considering all mechanical properties. The behavior of materials under external loads is called Mechanical Properties of Materials. • The most important and useful mechanical properties are; • 1. Stress. • 2. Strain. • 3. Elasticity. • 4. Plasticity. • 5. Strength. • 6. Toughness. • 7. Hardness. • 8. Brittleness. • 9. Malleability. • 10. Ductility.
- 3. 1. Strength. • It is the mechanical property of a metal, which provides resistance to an external force or • it is the capacity or ability to withstand various loads without deformation or breaking. • Hence, it is the highest resistance offered by the material when it is subjected to an external • load. Stronger the material, greater is the load it can withstand. • In the case of metals, strength is very important, because the metals should tolerate heavy • loads. It means that metals should not be induced with heavy stress and deform. • If the metals have high strength, they can withstand various loads. • The various loads which may act on the metal components of the machine tool are; • 1. Tensile, • 2. Compressive, • 3. Shear, • 4. Bending, • 5. Torsion etc
- 4. • and their respective strengths include; • 1. Tensile strength, • 2. Compressive strength, • 3. Shear strength. • 4. Bending strength, • 5. Torsion strength, etc. • Some metals and their alloys possess high strength per unit mass, making them useful materials for carrying heavy loads or resisting any damages due to impact loads. Depending upon the type of load applied the strength can be tensile, compressive, shear or torsional. The material can be loaded by means of heating, internal structure, loading type, etc. The maximum stress that any material will withstand before destruction is called its ultimate strength.
- 5. 3 Elasticity The property of metal and its ability to return to its shape and size after removal of load or to regain its initial position or shape and size when the applied load is removed is called elasticity. Most of the components are designed with a suitable elasticity; otherwise, the machine components will be deformed when it is subjected to loads. Most of the metals have better elasticity such as heat treated springs and coils made up of steel, copper, aluminum, etc. However, some of the metals are not elastic; they have properties like brittleness and hardness. Elasticity is a tensile property of its material. The greatest stress that a material can endure without taking up some permanent deformation is called the elastic limit
- 6. . Plasticity • It is the property of a metal that gives the ability to deform non-elastically; without • fracture, they do not regain their original shape and size when the applied load is removed. • In this case, the material undergoes some degree of permanent deformation without • failure. Plasticity is the reverse of elasticity. • In the cold and hot working of metals, the metal undergoes permanent deformation even • when the process is completed. • For example, steel will be deformed when red-hot, and it does not regain its original shape • and size. Similarly, lead, clay, etc., would be plastic at room temperature • Plasticity is useful in several mechanical processes like forming, shaping, extruding, and many other hot and cold working processes.
- 7. Toughness • It is the ability to absorb energy up to failure or fracture, or toughness is the ability of a • material to resist any deformations due to bending, twisting, torsion, etc. • It is measured by an impact test. • Steel and steel alloys such as manganese steel, wrought iron, mild steel, etc., usually, all • ductile materials are tough materials.
- 8. Hardness: The hardness of a material is the measurement of plastic deformation, and it is the • resistance to any plastic deformation. Hardness indicates the strength of the material. • It is the ability of a material to resist scratching, abrasion, indentation, or penetration. • It is directly proportional to tensile strength and is measured in special hardness testing • The different scales of hardness are Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, Vicker’s • hardness, etc. • The hardness of a metal does not directly relate to the harden-ability of the metal. Hardenability is indicative of the degree of hardness that the metal can acquire through the • hardening process. i.e., heating or quenching
- 9. Brittleness. It is the property of a material and indicates fracture without appreciable deformation, and • is opposite to toughness and ductility. • The brittle material fails or breaks very easily, even with the application of a very small • load. • Cast iron, glass, etc., are brittle materials used in the engineering applications. • The machine tool components must have zero or very less brittleness; otherwise, they will • break or fail.
- 10. Malleability. • It is the property of material or metal that represents plastic deformation under • compressive load, or it is the property of a metal which enables it to roll into thin sheets • or plates. • Metals used for manufacturing the machine tool components must have sufficient • malleability because of the metal size and shape changes during the manufacturing of the • components according to design. • Various metals, such as copper, aluminum, gold, wrought iron, steel alloys, and soft steel, • etc., are examples of good malleable materials
- 11. Ductility: • It is the property of material or metal that represents plastic deformation under tensile • load, or it enables it to be drawn into wires or elongated. Without rupture under tensile load. • The metals used for machine tools production must have considerable ductility; it is the opposite of brittleness. • Various metal such as steel, steel alloys, mild steel, copper, aluminum, tin, zinc, etc., are examples of good ductile materials. • Gold, silver, copper, aluminum, etc., can be drawn by extrusion or by pulling through a hole in a die due to the ductile property. • The ductility decreases with increase in temperature. The percent elongation and the reduction in area in tension are often used as empirical measures of ductility.
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