Melinda: Methods and tools for Web Data Interlinking
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This document presents a framework for interlinking web datasets. It discusses publishing principles for datasets on the web, including using URIs to identify resources and including links to other datasets. It introduces tools for interlinking datasets through explicit links, implicit ontology alignment, or by matching datasets that share a common ontology. Six specific interlinking tools are analyzed based on their degree of automation, matching techniques used, ability to handle ontologies, and output. The document concludes by providing an example of applying a link specification to interlink datasets between DBPedia and Geo.
![Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions
Application
The alignment implicitely contained in the link specication.
align:map [ :map2 a align:Cell;
align:entity1 [ a align:Property;
edoal:and dbpedia:populationTotal.
:dbp-geo a align:Alignment; edoal:and [ a edoal:PropertyDomainRestriction;
align:onto1 http://dbpedia.org/ontology/; edoal:domain dbpedia:City.
align:onto2 http://www.geonames.org/ontology#; ];
align:map [ :map1 a align:Cell; align:entity2 [ a align:Property;
align:entity1 dbpedia:City; edoal:and gn:population;
align:entity2 gn:P; edoal:and [ a edoal:PropertyDomainRestriction;
align:relation align:subsumedBy. edoal:domain gn:P. ];
]; align:relation align:equivalent.
align:map [ :map2 a align:Cell; ];
align:entity1 dbpedia:populationTotal; align:map [ :map2 a align:Cell;
align:entity2 gn:population; align:entity1 [ a align:Property;
align:relation align:equivalent. edoal:and rdfs:label.
]; edoal:and [ a edoal:PropertyDomainRestriction;
align:map [ :map3 a align:Cell; edoal:domain dbpedia:City.
align:entity1 rdfs:label; ];
align:entity2 gn:name; align:entity2 [ a align:Property;
align:relation align:equivalent. edoal:and gn:name;
]. edoal:and [ a edoal:PropertyDomainRestriction;
edoal:domain gn:P. ];
align:relation align:equivalent.
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Melinda: Methods and tools for Web Data Interlinking
- 1. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Melinda Methods and tools for Web data Interlinking François Schare December @ STI Innsbruck
- 2. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions 1 Introduction 2 Framework 3 Tools 4 Application 5 Conclusions
- 3. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Publishing datasets on the Web Four publication principles 1 Resources are identied by URIs. 2 URIs are dereferenceable. 3 When a URI is dereferenced, a description of the identied resource should be returned, ideally adapted through content negotiation. 4 Published Web datasets must contain links to other Web datasets.
- 4. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Interlinking datasets Links are contained in specic datasets http://www.example.org/linkset/DBPedia-MB a void:Linkset ; void:target http://www.dpbedia.org; void:target http://www.musicbrainz.org; http://www.example.org/linkset/DBPedia-MB http://www.dbpedia.org/resource/ Johann_Sebastian_Bach owl:sameAs http://www.musicbrainz.org/artist/ 24f1766e-9635-4d58-a4d4-9413f9f98a4c .
- 5. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Web Data Cloud
- 6. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Goodie : Open Data's coming up data.gov, US Data Act data.gov.co.uk, Sir TBL on the track Other intitiatives around : from the EU, Open Data intitiatives
- 7. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions What do we do ? We propose a framework capturing the various data interlinking methods We study existing tools and position them in the framework We propose an architecture allowing to articulate ontology alignment and interlinking tools
- 8. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions General approach owl :sameAs URI1 URI2 Data interlinking Fig.: The data interlinking problem.
- 9. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Manual resource alignement owl :sameAs URI1 URI2 URI transformation Fig.: URI transformation.
- 10. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Matching identiers - Exemple owl:sameAs http://www.lastfm.fr/music/ http://dbpedia.org/resource/ Johann+Sebastian+Bach Johann_Sebastian_Bach URI alignment Fig.: URI transformation exemple
- 11. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Datasets sharing a common ontology owl :sameAs Resource URI1 matching of URI2 datasets described by the same ontology O1 Fig.: Matching two datasets described according to the same ontology.
- 12. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Datasets sharing a common ontology - Exemple mo:MusicArtist type type DBPedia Musicbrainz URI1 URI2 first last first last Johann- Jean- Sebastian Bach Sébastien Bach Resource matching algorithm, datasets described according to a common ontology Fig.: Matching data sharing a common ontology
- 13. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Matching datasets having heterogeneous ontologies owl :sameAs Resource URI1 matching of URI2 datasets described by dierent ontologies O1 Implicit alignment O2 Fig.: Two datasets matched using an implicit alignment.
- 14. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Exemple OpenCyc Musicbrainz Classical Music Performer mo:MusicArtist type type URI1 URI2 English ID givenname Jean-Sébastien Johann Sebastian name Bach Bach
- 15. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions General interlinking framework owl :sameAs URI1 URI2 Data interlinking O1 Alignment O2 Ontology matching Fig.: General framework for data interlinking involving ontology matching.
- 16. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Processes and specications process result instance link specication linkset class matcher alignment Tab.: Matching process, interlinks, and their results.
- 17. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Analysis criterion Degree of Automation Is the tool completely automatic ? Does the tool need to be parametrized by the user ? What kind of parameters (data matching techniques, ontology alignment) ? Used matching techniques String matching ? External functions (values conversion, data transformations) ? Similarity propagation ? Other techniques ? Domain : Is the tool specic for a given domain ?
- 18. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Analysis criterion Ontologies Does the tool take into account ontologies associated to the datasets ? Does the tool allow to interlink datasets described according to dierent ontologies ? In the case the ontologies dier, does the tool perform ontology alignment ? Output What does the tool produce in output ? Does the tool propose to merge the two input datasets ? Postprocessing Does the tool perform any post-processing operations ?
- 19. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Six interlinking tools RKB-CRS Coreference resolution service of the RKB RDF Knowledge Base. LD-mapper Interlinking tool for the music ontology MO. ODD Linker Interlinking tool based on SQL record matching. RDF-AI Interlinking and data fusion tool. Silk et Silk LSL Interlinking tool and link specication language. Knofuss architecture Outil Interlinking and data fusion tool with ontology alignment.
- 20. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Six interlinking tools owl:sameAs URI 1 URI 2 Resource comparison method LD-Mapper ODD-Linker RKB-CRS Implicit Explicit O1 Alignment Alignment O2 Silk RDF-AI Knofuss Ontology Matching System Fig.: Tools positioned in the dened framework
- 21. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Application Let us consider a link specication between DBPedia and Geonames : Interlink id=cities Silk LinkTypeowl:sameAs/LinkType Prefix id=rdfs namespace= SourceDataset dataSource=dbpedia var=a http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# / RestrictTo Prefix id=dbpedia namespace= ?a rdf:type dbpedia:City http://dbpedia.org/ontology/ / /RestrictTo Prefix id=gn namespace= /SourceDataset http://www.geonames.org/ontology# / TargetDataset dataSource=geonames var=b RestrictTo DataSource id=dbpedia ?b rdf:type gn:P EndpointURIhttp://demo_sparql_server1/sparql /RestrictTo /EndpointURI /TargetDataset Graphhttp://dbpedia.org/Graph LinkCondition /DataSource AVG Compare metric=jaroSimilarity DataSource id=geonames Param name=str1 path=?a/rdfs:label / EndpointURIhttp://demo_sparql_server2/sparql Param name=str2 path=?b/gn:name / /EndpointURI /Compare Graphhttp://sws.geonames.org//Graph Compare metric=numSimilarity /DataSource Param name=num1 path=?a/dbpedia:populationTotal / Thresholds accept=0.9 verify=0.7 / Param name=num2 path=?b/gn:population / Output acceptedLinks=accepted_links.n3 /Compare verifyLinks=verify_links.n3 /AVG mode=truncate / /LinkCondition /Interlink /Silk
- 22. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Application The alignment implicitely contained in the link specication. align:map [ :map2 a align:Cell; align:entity1 [ a align:Property; edoal:and dbpedia:populationTotal. :dbp-geo a align:Alignment; edoal:and [ a edoal:PropertyDomainRestriction; align:onto1 http://dbpedia.org/ontology/; edoal:domain dbpedia:City. align:onto2 http://www.geonames.org/ontology#; ]; align:map [ :map1 a align:Cell; align:entity2 [ a align:Property; align:entity1 dbpedia:City; edoal:and gn:population; align:entity2 gn:P; edoal:and [ a edoal:PropertyDomainRestriction; align:relation align:subsumedBy. edoal:domain gn:P. ]; ]; align:relation align:equivalent. align:map [ :map2 a align:Cell; ]; align:entity1 dbpedia:populationTotal; align:map [ :map2 a align:Cell; align:entity2 gn:population; align:entity1 [ a align:Property; align:relation align:equivalent. edoal:and rdfs:label. ]; edoal:and [ a edoal:PropertyDomainRestriction; align:map [ :map3 a align:Cell; edoal:domain dbpedia:City. align:entity1 rdfs:label; ]; align:entity2 gn:name; align:entity2 [ a align:Property; align:relation align:equivalent. edoal:and gn:name; ]. edoal:and [ a edoal:PropertyDomainRestriction; edoal:domain gn:P. ]; align:relation align:equivalent. ].
- 23. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Application Using the alignment, the link specication can be simplied. UseAlignment rdf:resource=#dbp-geo / Interlink id=cities LinkTypeowl:sameAs/LinkType LinkCell rdf:resource=#map1 / LinkCondition AVG Compare metric=jaroSimilarity CellParam rdf:resource=#map2 / /Compare Compare metric=numSimilarity CellParam rdf:resource=#map3 / /Compare /AVG /LinkCondition Thresholds accept=0.9 verify=0.7 / Output acceptedLinks=accepted_links.n3 verifyLinks=verify_links.n3 mode=truncate / /Interlink
- 24. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions Conclusions We propose a framework for data interlinking on the Web of data. We have presented existing tools and positioned them wrt the framework. We propose a simplication of the interlinking task and demonstrate it on an example. Our current work goes towards more interoperability for link specications : Is it possible to construct more generic link specications ? ie attached to datasets or ontologies Is it possible to automatically nd out the key properties allowing to identify matching pairs ?
- 25. Introduction Framework Tools Application Conclusions For more http://melinda.inrialpes.fr François Schare et Jérôme Euzenat. Linked data meets ontology matching : enhancing data interlinking through ontology alignments. (submitted WWW'2010).