Methodology slides
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This document outlines several different approaches to teaching English: Audiolingualism, Total Physical Response, The Silent Way, The Natural Approach, Suggestopedia, and Communicative Language Teaching. It summarizes the key theories, objectives, teaching methods, teacher and material roles for each approach.
Methodology slides
- 3. Audiolingual Theory of language: language is a system of rule-governed structures hierarchically arranged. Theory of learning: habit formation; skills are learned more effectivelly if oral precedes written; analogy, not analysis. Objectives: Control of structures of sound, form, and order, mastery over symbols of the language; goal: native-speaker mastery.
- 4. Audiolingual Syllabus: graded syllabus of phonology, morphology and syntax. Contrastive analysis. Activity types: dialogues and drills, repetition and memorization pattern practice. Teacher roles: central and active teacherdominated method. Provides model, controls direction and pace. Roles of materials: Primarily teacher-oriented. Tapes and visuals, language lab often used.
- 5. Total Physical Response Theory of language: basically a structuralist, grammar-based view of language. Objectives: teach oral proficiency to produce learners who can communicate uninhibitedly and intelligibly with native speakers. Syllabus: sentence-based syllabus with grammatical and lexical criteria being primary but focus on meaning, not form.
- 6. Total Physical Response Activity types: imperative drills to elicit physical actions. Teacher roles: active and direct role; ”the director of a stage play” with students as actors. Roles of materials: no basic text; materials and media have an important role later. Initially voice, action, and gestures are sufficient.
- 7. The Silent Way Theory of language: each language is composed of elements that give it a unique rhythm and spirit. Functional vocabulary are key to the spirit of the language. Objectives: near-native fluency, correct pronunciation, basic practical knowledge of the grammar.
- 8. The Silent Way Syllabus: basically structural lessons planned around grammatical items and related vocabulary. Items are introduced according to their grammatical complexity. Activity types: learner responses to commands, questions, and visual clues. Activities encourage and shape oral responses without a grammatical explanation or modeling by a teacher.
- 9. The Silent Way Teacher roles: teacher must (a) teach (b) test (c) get out of the way. Remain impassive. Resist temptation to model, remodel, assist, direct, exhort. Roles of materials: unique materials: colored rods, color-coded pronunciation and vocabulary charts.
- 10. The Natural Approach Theory of language: the essence of language is meaning. Vocabulary, not grammar is the heart of language. Objectives: designed to give beginners and intermediate learners basic communicative skills. Four broad areas; basic personal communicative skills (oral/written); academic (oral/written).
- 11. The Natural Approach Syllabus: based on selection of communicative activities and topics derived from learner needs. Activity types: activities allowing comprehensive input, about things in the here-and-now. Focus on meaning, not form. Roles of materials: materials come from realia rather than textbooks. Primary aim is to promote comprehension and communication.
- 12. Suggestopedia Theory of language: rather conventional although memorization of whole meaningful texts is recommended. Objectives: to deliver advanced conversational competence quickly. Learners are required to master prodigious lists of vocabulary pairs, although the goal is understanding, not memorization. Syllabus: ten unit courses consisting of 1,200word dialogues graded by vocabulary and grammar.
- 13. Suggestopedia Activity types: initiatives, question and answer, role-play, listening exercises under deep relaxation. Teacher roles: to create situations in which the learner is most suggestible and present material in a way most likely to encourage positive reception and retention. Must exude authority and confidence. Roles of materials: consists of texts, tapes, classroom fixtures and music. Texts should have force, literary quality, and interesting characters.
- 14. Communicative Language Teaching Theory of language: language is a system for expression of meaning; primary function – interaction and communication. Theory of learning: activities involving real communication; carrying out meaning meaningful tasks; and using language which is meaningful to the learner promote learning. Objectives: will reflect the needs of the learner; they’ll include functional skills as well as linguistic objectives.
- 15. Communicative Language Teaching Syllabus: will include some/all of the following: structures, functions, notions, themes, tasks. Ordering will be guided by learner needs. Activity types: engage learners in communication, involve processes such as information sharing, negotiation of meaning, and interaction.
- 16. Communicative Language Teaching Teacher roles: facilitator of the communication process, participants’ tasks, and texts; needs analyst, counselor, process manager Roles of materials: primary role in promoting communicative language use; task-based materials; authentic.