Methyl ester
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This document summarizes different methods for preparing methyl esters of fatty acids (FAME), which are used as biodiesel. It describes conventional base-catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides with excess methanol. For high free fatty acid feedstocks, an acid-catalysis followed by base-catalysis process is used. Esterification of free fatty acids or use of acidified soapstock as feedstock is also presented. Newer microwave-assisted and enzymatic routes are discussed along with supercritical methanol which requires no catalyst.
Methyl ester
- 1. PREPARATION OF METHYL ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS BY GURUPRASAD VENKATAKRISHNA RAO
- 2. REVISING THE BASICS • ESTERS OF SMALL ALCOHOLS & BIG ACIDS ( FAME ). • USES OF THESE ESTERS 3.GREEN TAGGED PRODUCTS 4.RAW MATERIALS FOR ALCOHOLS 5.LUBRICANTS 6.USED IN IDENTIFICATION OF MICROBES (SOUNDS INTERESTING !!)
- 3. FAME ACID OIL TRIGLYCERIDES SINGLE CELL FATTY OILS ACIDS
- 4. FAME BY TRIGLYCERIDES • OLDEST & COMMERCIAL METHODS • REQUIREMENT OF RAW MATERIALS 3.REFINED OIL ( POSSIBLY 100 % TG ) 4.CHEAPER ONE $$$ 5.NARROWER RANGE OF FA CHAINS. 6.CONTINOUS SUPPLY
- 5. CHEMISTRY
- 6. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Alcohol Water Water TG Ester Biodiesel Alcohol Catalyst Dryer Alcohol Wash Water Water Acid Batch Reactor Crude Glycerol Neutralized Glycerol
- 7. Air SVO Biodiesel Unit Motor SV2 P1 Design by 1tpd Capacity DCE Methanol Reactor 600 Ltrs. Vegetable Oil + Storage H2SO4 Tank 1500 Kg Settling Tank Vaccum 1000 Ltrs. SV2 Drier P3 P2 Motor SV3 Methanol + KOH Storage Tank Biodiesel P8 500 Ltrs. P7 Vaccum P6 P5 Storage Tank Drier 1000 Ltrs. Transesterification P4 Reactor, 500Lts./Charge Glycerol Storage Washing Column Separating Column Tank 500 Ltrs. 500 Ltrs./ Charge 500 Ltrs./ Charge
- 8. ABOUT THE PROCESS…… • FEED STOCK IS KEPT FREE FROM MOISTURE. • SUFFICIENT ALCOHOL IS ADDED TO MAKE UP THREE FULL EQUIVALENTS OF THE TRIGLYCERIDE, AND AN EXCESS OF USUALLY SIX PARTS ALCOHOL TO ONE PART TRIGLYCERIDE IS ADDED TO DRIVE THE REACTION TO COMPLETION
- 9. POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED • MONITOR THE LEVEL OF FFA & WATER IN INCOMING OIL. • CATALYST IS PREMIXED WITH ALCOHOL. • REACTION MIX IS KEPT AT ABOVE BP OF ALCOHOL. • FLASH EVAPOURATION IS DONE TO REMOVE ANY ALCOHOL.
- 10. CHALLENGE AHEAD……. HIGH FFA FEED STOCK • PUT EXCESS CATALYST TO FORM SOAP AND SOAPS ARE STRIPPED USING CENTRIFUGES (“CAUSTIC STRIPPING”). • ACID-CATALYSIS FOLLOWED BY BASE- CATALYSIS PROCESS. • ACID CATALYZED TRANSESTERIFICATION. •
- 11. FAME BY FATTY ACIDS • INVOLVES ACID CATALYSED ESTERIFICATION. • KINETICALLY SLOW . • ADDITIONAL STAGE IN HIGH FFA FEEDSTOCK. • MOC BECOMES EXPENSIVE. • FAME COST INCREASES BUT WITH HIGH QUALITY.
- 12. FAME BY ACID OILS • ACIDIFIED SOAPSTOCK CAN BE USED AS FEED STOCK. • THERE ARE TWO STRATEGIES INVOLVED HERE. 3.FREE OIL CAN BE CAN BE SUBJECTED TO COMPLETE HYDROLYSIS AND THEN ACID ESTERIFICATION. 4.ACID & THEN BASE CATALYSED RXN STRATEGY ALSO USED
- 13. FAME BY SCO • FUTURE LIES HERE. • MICROBES ARE ALLOWED TO FEAST ON ORGANIC MATTER OF NATURE TO PRODUCE OIL FORCEFULLY BY RDT. • OIL IS EXTRACTED BY SUITABLE SOLVENT & THEN BASE CATALYSED INTERESTERIFICATION IS DONE.
- 15. MICROWAVE ASSISTED PROCESS • Microwave irradiation helps the synthesis of methyl esters (BioDiesel)and the high conversion of triglycerides in few minutes. • The stirring process doesn’t appear to be so notable under MW irradiation as it is with conventional heating. • The energy needed for the trans-esterification under microwave irradiation is very low (ca. 0,0156 kW/kg of biodiesel) • A setting up of new catalysts such Ba(OH)2 H2O, which can prevent soap formation and be easily separated and recycled at the end of the trans esterification reaction has been investigated.
- 16. ENZYMATIC ROUTE • USE ENZYMES TO PRODUCE ESTERS FROM TRIGLYCERIDES. • RELATIVELY LONGER PERIOD OF REACTION. • EXPENSIVE TO PRODUCE BECAUSE OF THE COST OF ENZYMES. • NO COMMERCIAL PLANT USING ENZYMES TO PRODUCE BIODIESEL. • CATALYST SEPARATION ISSUE CAN BE SOLVED EASILY.
- 19. ! SUPERCRITICAL ! • INVOLVES USE OF SUPERCRITICAL METHANOL. • SUPERCRITICAL METHANOL & OIL ARE IN SINGLE PHASE. • NO CATALYST REQUIRED • HIGH PRESSURE IS THE DISADVANTAGE.
- 20. REFERENCES • FATTY ACIDS & OLEOCHEMICALS BY FRANK D GUNSTONE. • OILS & FAT TECHNOLOGY BY BRECK AND BHATIA • WWW.BAYERS.COM • WWW.GOOGLE.COM • SPECIAL THANKS TO Dr SUDHA RAMAN