microprocessor

IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROPROCESSORIMPLEMENTATION OF MICROPROCESSOR
VINDHYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ANDVINDHYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
SCIENCESCIENCE
Session July-Dec.-2010
A Industrial training report submitted to
Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya
Bhopal (M. P.)
In partial fulfillment of awarding the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics & Communication Engineering
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY :
PROF.VISHAL SHARMA SHUBHAM GUPTA
PRASHANT
PANDEY
RAJESH RATHOR
ABHISHEK RAGHUVANSHI

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
The project represents a design and FPGAThe project represents a design and FPGA
implemenatation of 16 bit microprocessorimplemenatation of 16 bit microprocessor
core,so called “MIB-16” using VHDL.Thecore,so called “MIB-16” using VHDL.The
microprocessor can directly acess to themicroprocessor can directly acess to the
memory which consists of 16 bit wordsmemory which consists of 16 bit words
addressed by a 16 bit word adress.Instrucaddressed by a 16 bit word adress.Instruc
tions are all multiple of 16 bit words,and ations are all multiple of 16 bit words,and a
condition code store.The frequency ofcondition code store.The frequency of
microprocessor can execute 16 instructionsmicroprocessor can execute 16 instructions
such as add,sub,devide,load and store.such as add,sub,devide,load and store.

16 BIT MICROPROCESSOR16 BIT MICROPROCESSOR
16 bit A microprocessor is designed to perform16 bit A microprocessor is designed to perform
arithmetic and logic operations that make use ofarithmetic and logic operations that make use of
small number-holding areas calledsmall number-holding areas called registersregisters..
Typical microprocessor operations include adding,Typical microprocessor operations include adding,
subtracting, comparing two numbers, and fetchingsubtracting, comparing two numbers, and fetching
numbers from one area to anothernumbers from one area to another micrprocessormicrprocessor
has got 16-bit data bushas got 16-bit data bus
it has 16 bit adress bus also. in 8 bit microprocessorit has 16 bit adress bus also. in 8 bit microprocessor
the data bus is of 8 bit and address bus is of 16-bitthe data bus is of 8 bit and address bus is of 16-bit
it has 64 kb of memory.it has 64 kb of memory.

featuresfeatures
 It is a 16 bit processor.It’s ALU,internal registersIt is a 16 bit processor.It’s ALU,internal registers
works with 16 bit binary wordworks with 16 bit binary word
 Ithas 16 bit data bus.It can read or writes 16 bitsIthas 16 bit data bus.It can read or writes 16 bits
or 8 bit at timeor 8 bit at time
 It has 20 bit of address bus which means 2 toIt has 20 bit of address bus which means 2 to
the powre 20=1 MB memorythe powre 20=1 MB memory
 Frequency range is 6-10MhzFrequency range is 6-10Mhz

ConclusonConcluson
VHDL is a hardware description language for delineating digitalVHDL is a hardware description language for delineating digital
electronic systems. It arose out of the US government's Veryelectronic systems. It arose out of the US government's Very
High Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) programHigh Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) program
VHDL is now used worldwide as a tool for designing digitalVHDL is now used worldwide as a tool for designing digital
systems in many application areas. VHDL is designed to fill asystems in many application areas. VHDL is designed to fill a
number of needs in the design flownumber of needs in the design flow
A 16 bit microprocessor so called MIB 16 is designed usingA 16 bit microprocessor so called MIB 16 is designed using
VHDL and also implemented on Xilinx .Simulation andVHDL and also implemented on Xilinx .Simulation and
implementation tools used are Xilinx ISE 6.3i and model simimplementation tools used are Xilinx ISE 6.3i and model sim
6.0.There were some limitations encountered during the6.0.There were some limitations encountered during the
uploading and testing of the processor due to evolution capacityuploading and testing of the processor due to evolution capacity
and limitationand limitation

Simulation and implementationSimulation and implementation
 A SA Simulationimulation is the manipulation of a model inis the manipulation of a model in
such a way that it operates on time or space tosuch a way that it operates on time or space to
compress it, thus enabling one to perceive thecompress it, thus enabling one to perceive the
interactions that would not otherwise beinteractions that would not otherwise be
apparent because of their separation in time orapparent because of their separation in time or
space.space.
 ImplementationImplementation is the realization of anis the realization of an
application, or execution of a plan, idea, model,application, or execution of a plan, idea, model,
design, specification, standard, algorithm, ordesign, specification, standard, algorithm, or
policy.policy.

Basic procedureBasic procedure
 implementation of 16-bit microprocessor.implementation of 16-bit microprocessor.
 In this project we design 16–bit ALU and implementIn this project we design 16–bit ALU and implement
in FPGA .we use VHDL coding simulation andin FPGA .we use VHDL coding simulation and
syntheses by use of Xilinx 8.1 version. In the 16-bitsyntheses by use of Xilinx 8.1 version. In the 16-bit
microprocessor different part design such as-microprocessor different part design such as-
CPU,ALU, Control unit, comparator unit, shiftCPU,ALU, Control unit, comparator unit, shift
register ,the register ,and address register, different partregister ,the register ,and address register, different part
of 16-bit microprocessor is separately programmed,of 16-bit microprocessor is separately programmed,
simulate and synthesis, this project is also implement onsimulate and synthesis, this project is also implement on
FPGA-Field Programmable Gate Array.FPGA-Field Programmable Gate Array.

Simulating a cpuSimulating a cpu
 Simulating the CPU design is different fromSimulating the CPU design is different from
most other entities because the CPU designmost other entities because the CPU design
doesn’t need much outside stimulus. Thedoesn’t need much outside stimulus. The
memory device provides the input data for thememory device provides the input data for the
CPU much as a stimulus file would for otherCPU much as a stimulus file would for other
entities. The CPU reads its program from theentities. The CPU reads its program from the
memory device. The CPU need only have thememory device. The CPU need only have the
clk signal and reset signal stimulated properly,clk signal and reset signal stimulated properly,
and the CPU reads and executes instructionsand the CPU reads and executes instructions
from that point forwardfrom that point forward

Steps for simulatingSteps for simulating
 I step-I step-
The first step in simulating the CPU is toThe first step in simulating the CPU is to
compile all the files that make up the design intocompile all the files that make up the design into
a format that the simulator can use. Thea format that the simulator can use. The
compiled format is loaded into the simulator,compiled format is loaded into the simulator,
and the simulation is executed . The first step inand the simulation is executed . The first step in
compiling all of the files in the design is to createcompiling all of the files in the design is to create
one or more libraries to store the compiled dataone or more libraries to store the compiled data

 II STEPII STEP
 After the library has been created, the VHDL sourceAfter the library has been created, the VHDL source
files for the design can be compiled into the targetfiles for the design can be compiled into the target
library. To compile each of the files, the VCOMlibrary. To compile each of the files, the VCOM
command must be run either from the GUI (Graphicalcommand must be run either from the GUI (Graphical
User Interface) or from the command line. Most of theUser Interface) or from the command line. Most of the
operations of the simulator have a GUI method ofoperations of the simulator have a GUI method of
performing the command line command. This allowsperforming the command line command. This allows
casual users users to effectively use the simulatorcasual users users to effectively use the simulator

LOGIC OPTIMIZATIONLOGIC OPTIMIZATION
TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES
 With the advent of With the advent of logic synthesislogic synthesis, one of the biggest, one of the biggest
challenges faced by the challenges faced by the EDAEDA industry was to find the industry was to find the
best best net listnet list representation of the given design representation of the given design
descriptiondescription
 Based on circuit representationBased on circuit representation
Two-level logic optimizationTwo-level logic optimization
Multi-level logic optimizationMulti-level logic optimization
 Based on circuit characteristicsBased on circuit characteristics
Sequential logic optimizationSequential logic optimization
Combinational logic optimizationCombinational logic optimization

VHDLVHDL
Introduction to VHDLIntroduction to VHDL
VHDL is Hardware Description Language VHSICVHDL is Hardware Description Language VHSIC
stands for Very High Speed Integrated Circuits). It is astands for Very High Speed Integrated Circuits). It is a
hardware description language that can be used tohardware description language that can be used to
model a digital system at many levels of abstractionmodel a digital system at many levels of abstraction
ranging from the algorithmic level to the gate level. Theranging from the algorithmic level to the gate level. The
complexity of the digital system being modeled couldcomplexity of the digital system being modeled could
vary from that of a simple gate to a complete digitalvary from that of a simple gate to a complete digital
electronic system, or anything in between.electronic system, or anything in between.

Capabilities of VHDLCapabilities of VHDL
 1. The language can be used as an exchange medium between chip vender1. The language can be used as an exchange medium between chip vender
and CAD tool users. Different chip venders can provide VHDL descriptionand CAD tool users. Different chip venders can provide VHDL description
of their components to system designers. CAD tool users can use it toof their components to system designers. CAD tool users can use it to
capture the behavior of the design at a high level of abstraction for functionalcapture the behavior of the design at a high level of abstraction for functional
simulation.simulation.
 2. The language can also be used as a communication medium between2. The language can also be used as a communication medium between
different CAD and CAM tools.different CAD and CAM tools.
 3. The language supports hierarchy i.e. a digital system can be modeled as a3. The language supports hierarchy i.e. a digital system can be modeled as a
set of interconnected sub-components.set of interconnected sub-components.
 4. The language is not technology specific, but is capable of supporting4. The language is not technology specific, but is capable of supporting
different technologies. Idifferent technologies. I
 5. It supports both synchronous and asynchronous timing models.5. It supports both synchronous and asynchronous timing models.
 6. It is an IEEE and ANSI STANDARD; therefore, models described in this6. It is an IEEE and ANSI STANDARD; therefore, models described in this
language are portable.language are portable.

Why VHDLWhy VHDL
VHDL model cannot be implemented in real timeVHDL model cannot be implemented in real time
application directly like other proceduralapplication directly like other procedural
languages. It is simulated and synthesized usinglanguages. It is simulated and synthesized using
in built system clock. In procedural languagesin built system clock. In procedural languages
the right hand side value is assigned to the leftthe right hand side value is assigned to the left
hand side value as soon as the statement ishand side value as soon as the statement is
executed. In VHDL there is an advantage thatexecuted. In VHDL there is an advantage that
the computed value can be assigned to a signalthe computed value can be assigned to a signal
after any time delayafter any time delay

VHDL over c/c++VHDL over c/c++
 VHDL is a parallel language, while C/C++ areVHDL is a parallel language, while C/C++ are
sequential languages. Each statement occurringsequential languages. Each statement occurring
in VHDL is executed concurrently, while inin VHDL is executed concurrently, while in
C/C++ each statement is executed sequentiallyC/C++ each statement is executed sequentially
and at its own turns. In VHDL explicitand at its own turns. In VHDL explicit
constructs exist for explicit sequential steps.constructs exist for explicit sequential steps.

ProcedureProcedure
 To describe an entity, VHDL provides fiveTo describe an entity, VHDL provides five
different types of primary constructs, called"different types of primary constructs, called"
designdesign units.units. They areThey are
 1. Entity declaration1. Entity declaration
 2. Architecture body2. Architecture body
 3. Configuration declaration3. Configuration declaration
 4. Package declaration4. Package declaration
 5. Package body5. Package body

General ApplicationsGeneral Applications
 ) Traffic light controller) Traffic light controller
 Aviation for weather monitoring and control of various complex functions ofAviation for weather monitoring and control of various complex functions of
an airplane.an airplane.
 VCR's, Gaming consoles, PC, Televisions, mobiles use microprocessor forVCR's, Gaming consoles, PC, Televisions, mobiles use microprocessor for
executing complex tasks and instructions.executing complex tasks and instructions.
 Home security systems, various bank and military security services.Home security systems, various bank and military security services.
 Used in Signal processing (for e.g DSP's are microprocessors speciallyUsed in Signal processing (for e.g DSP's are microprocessors specially
designed for signal processing applications)designed for signal processing applications)
 Used in industries for controlling motors, complex manufacturing machinesUsed in industries for controlling motors, complex manufacturing machines
and processes.and processes.
 Used in Robotics (for performing various actions according to the instructionUsed in Robotics (for performing various actions according to the instruction
given)given)
 Used in calculators for performing various mathematical tasksUsed in calculators for performing various mathematical tasks

ImportenceImportence
The internal parts like registers and ALU use dataThe internal parts like registers and ALU use data
in 8-bits in a 8 nit processor and so in a 16 bitin 8-bits in a 8 nit processor and so in a 16 bit
and 32 bit processor the use 32 bit data.....theand 32 bit processor the use 32 bit data.....the
BUS which carries data from one part of aBUS which carries data from one part of a
proceesor to another has 8-lines in a 8 bitproceesor to another has 8-lines in a 8 bit
processor,16 lines in a 16 bit and 32lines ina 32processor,16 lines in a 16 bit and 32lines ina 32
bit one.....because all these bits have to bebit one.....because all these bits have to be
transmitted simultaneously.transmitted simultaneously.

Important applicationImportant application
 ApplicationApplication
 Microprocessors are typically used in eitherMicroprocessors are typically used in either reactivereactive oror
embeddedembedded systems.systems.
 Reactive systemsReactive systems are those that have an ongoing interactionare those that have an ongoing interaction
with their environment - for example, a fire-control systemwith their environment - for example, a fire-control system
that constantly reacts to buttons pressed by a pilot.that constantly reacts to buttons pressed by a pilot.
 Real-time systemsReal-time systems are those in which timeliness is asare those in which timeliness is as
important as the correctness of the outputs, althoughimportant as the correctness of the outputs, although
this does NOT mean that they have to be fast�this does NOT mean that they have to be fast�
systems .�systems .�

ConclusonConcluson
VHDL is a hardware description language for delineatingVHDL is a hardware description language for delineating
digital electronic systems. It arose out of the USdigital electronic systems. It arose out of the US
government's Very High Speed Integrated Circuitsgovernment's Very High Speed Integrated Circuits
(VHSIC) program(VHSIC) program
VHDL is now used worldwide as a tool for designingVHDL is now used worldwide as a tool for designing
digital systems in many application areas. VHDL isdigital systems in many application areas. VHDL is
designed to fill a number of needs in the design flowdesigned to fill a number of needs in the design flow
A 16 bit microprocessor so called MIB 16 is designedA 16 bit microprocessor so called MIB 16 is designed
using VHDL and also implemented on Xilinx .Simulationusing VHDL and also implemented on Xilinx .Simulation
and implementation tools used are Xilinx ISE 6.3i andand implementation tools used are Xilinx ISE 6.3i and
model siThere were some limitations encountered duringmodel siThere were some limitations encountered during
the uploading and testing of the processor due tothe uploading and testing of the processor due to
evolution capacity and limitationevolution capacity and limitation

microprocessor

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