Mineral-biochemistry of minerals .slidesharare
- 2. ZINC
- 3. ZINC Total Zinc contents of body ranges from 1.3 to 1.4 gm • 10% (mg/100gm) in skin and prostate • 90% in bones and teeth
- 4. SOURCES (a) Animals Sources Liver, milk dairy products and eggs are good sources (b) Vegetables Sources Cereals, legumes, pulses and various vegetables
- 5. ZINC
- 6. • ABSORPTION Only a small percentages of dietary Zn is absorbed and occurs mainly from duodenum and ileum. Its absorption is increased by amino acids and peptides, and is decreased by fibers, Phosphate, Ca+2, Cu+2 • BLOOD LEVEL Whole blood contain 650 – 680 g/100mL. It is present in R.B.C & Carbonic anhydrase
- 7. • FUNCTIONS 1. Role in Enzyme Activity:- Carbonic anhydrase, Superoxide dismutase Carboxy peptidase “A” of Pancreatic Juice. Specific examples are RNA Polymerases, Glucocorticoids receptors Uricase, Lactate dehydrogenase, Alkaline phasphatase and Alcohol dehydrogenase 2. Role in Vitamin A Metabolism:- It stimulates release of Vitamin–A from liver & its utilization in Rhodopsin synthesis
- 8. 3. Role in Insulin Secretion:- Various insulin preparation such as Protamine Zinc Insulin, Globin Zinc Insulin contain Zn+2 for its functioning. There is some role of Zn+2 in storage and secretion of insulin. Zinc contents of Pancreas is decrease in D. M. 4. Role in Growth & Reproduction Deficiency may causes “Dwarfism”, “Hypogonadism” and Anemia. Essential for normal Spermatogenesis, normal embryonic development and for normal cell division and differentiation 5. Role in Wound Healing Deficiency delays wound healing
- 9. 6. Role in Biosynthesis of Mononucleotides Biosynthesis of mononucleotides and their incorporation into Nucleic Acids is impaired in Zn+2 deficiency 7. Zinc Deficiency Acrodermatitis Enteropathica Autosomal recessive disorder in which there is defect in Zn+2 absorption. There is Dermal /eye /G.I.T/Psych. manifestations
- 11. Zinc Toxicity may develop in welders and in those receiving excessive oral and i/v intake. Its salient features are fever, excessive salivation, cough and Leukocytosis
- 12. FLOURINE
- 13. • SOURCES:- Mainly derived from drinking Water. About one part of Fluorine in one million parts of Drinking Water seem to serve the daily requirement. Maize is the rich source of fluorine
- 14. FUNCTIONS:- 1. Role in teeth development & Dental Health It prevent Dental Caries (Decay & Cavity Formation) by forming calcium flouride 2. Role in Bone Development Although present in trace amount in bones it promotes normal bone development, Increase retention of Ca+2, PO4 -3, & prevents Osteoporosis Excessive Fluoride causes Toxicity called Fluorosis in which there is:-
- 15. Mottling and discoloration of teeth Damage to Mitochondria Dec. activities of some Enzymes Dec. in protein Synthesis Dec. in Steroid Production Collagen content is found to be reduced Florosis is more prevalent where maize is a staple diet .
- 16. MAGNESIUM
- 17. • It is an important Intracellular Cation SOURCES:- * Widely distributed in vegetables, Nuts, Legumes, and whole grains are very good sources and * In almost all Animal Cells
- 18. DISTRIBUTION:- Total body Mg+2 approx. 2400 m Eq. 2/3 in Bone 1% in E.C.Fs & remainder in soft tissues
- 19. FUNCTIONS: 1. Cofactor of many enzymes e.g., Peptidases, Ribonucleases & carboxylation reactions 2. Have effects like Ca+2 on N. M. Irritability i.e., decreases neuromuscular irritability 3. As constituent of Bones & Teeth
- 20. Effect of High Serum Mg+2: Experimentally a Mg+2 level of 8 mmol/L produces immediate & profound anesthesia & paralysis of voluntary muscles. The effects can be reversed by an intravenous injection of a corresponding amount of Ca+2 Serum Mg+2 tends to rise in Renal Failure
- 21. Signs & Symptoms of Hypomagnesaemia: i) Central Nervous System Disorders ii) Neuromuscular disorder
- 22. SULPHUR
- 23. SOURCES: Sulphur is made available to body by proteins containing Methionine, Cystine or Cysteine. These amino acids contain Sulphur Also available from S-containing Vitamin , Coenzymes-A, Lipoic acid, Biotin. Certain Sulpholipids and Glycolipids also provide ‘Sulphur’ Rich sources are meat, fish, legumes, eggs, liver and cereals etc.
- 24. METABOLIC FUNCTIONS: 1. Formation of “Active Sulphate” which participates in several Transulfuration reactions 2. Involves in the formation of protein such as Keratin, Chondro-protein, and other compounds like Glutathione, Heparin, Insulin, Oxytocin, Vesopressin & Taurine etc. 3. It forms –S–S– linkage between two “SH” group of Cysteine form Secondary & Tertiary structures of proteins.
- 25. 4. “Sulphur” containing vitamins e.g Biotin, Panthothenic acid, and Thiamin act as Coenzyme. 6. Conjugation of Sulphate with various toxic compounds formed in the body e.g Indoxyl, Phenol 7. S–adenosyl methionine (SAM) acts as initiation in Protein Synthesis
- 26. SELENIUM