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The Value of the 
Life Course Perspective 
for the Design of Mobile 
Technology 
Foong Pin Sym, PhD Candidate 
NUS Graduate School of Integrated Sciences and Engineering 
NUS HCI Lab 
pinsym@nus.edu.sg 
Twitter: @interfaceaddict 
Mobile HCI 2014 Workshop: 
Re-imagining commonly used mobile interfaces for older adults
Introduction and Goals 
• Interests: Ageing, health, technology, 
persuasion, end-of-life decision making 
• Goals: 
▫ Feedback and discussion on Life Course 
perspective as a research frame 
FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014
The Life Course Perspective 
• Experience of Aging is shaped by ... 
unique personal biographies + 
location in the social system + 
historical period 
Stoller and Gibson (2000) 
• ‘transitions’ 
• ‘choice points’ 
FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 
Image credit: luma photography @ flickr CC
FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 
Uses of the life course perspective 
In Gerontology In Sociology 
Image credit: osteoporosis_female @ flickr CC 
Image credit: Bev Norton @ flickr CC
• In HCI: As predictive factors of elderly technology acceptance – 
education, work-usage, cognitive ability, socio-economic status 
Image credit: Barbara Krawcowlcz @ flickr CC
HCI & Ageing Clock 
Older 
Goal: COPING II 
- pathological age-related conditions 
- cognitive orthotics 
- accessibility barrier reduction 
- Occupational Therapy 
- Physical Therapy 
-Caregiver aids 
-Telecare 
Loss of independence 
65 years old and above 
Goal: COPING I 
- normal age-related impairment 
- reminder systems 
- accessibility barrier reduction 
- social/health maintenance 
Goal: MAINTENANCE 
-Work 
-Physical Health 
-Screening 
Goal? 
- Quality of life? 
- pleasures? 
- End-of-life care? 
- CAREGIVER HELP 
GENERAL POPULATION HCI ACCESS/DISABILITY HCI 
Younger 
ACTIVE AGEING TECHNOLOGIES 
Well Unwell 
FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014
Older 
COPING I COPING II 
Transitions #2 
-Characterized by loss 
-Of independence 
- of technology 
habits? 
caregivers 
MAINTENANCE CARING 
Well Unwell 
65 years old and above 
GENERAL POPULATION HCI ACCESS/DISABILITY HCI 
Younger 
Loss of independence 
Transitions #1 
-Technology ageing with 
us? 
-Changes in social 
networking, relationships, 
activity, retirement 
caregivers 
Transitions #3 
- How can access 
technologies age with us? 
FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 
HCI & Ageing Clock
Singapore Population Demographics & Implications for 
Design Goals and Technological Acceptance 
Year of birth 
1910’s: Colonial 
1920’s: Colonial 
1930’s: Colonial 
1940’s: WWII 
1950’s: WWII 
1960’s: Ec Boom 
1970’s: Ec Boom 
1980’s: ICT 
1990’s: ICT 
2000’s: Millenials 
Older 
COPING I COPING II 
MAINTENANCE CARING 
Well Unwell 
Younger 
2050: Projected population 35% > 60 
Parental support ratio from 10: 1 (current) to 2: 1
Q: What sort of tool can accompany us through the life span?
Q: Can this tool help navigate the vagaries of the ageing 
process, including illness, disability and death?
Thank You & Questions 
FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 
• Is it useful to study the transitions? 
▫ Dis-continuity: the challenge of age-related 
limitations and ongoing technology renewal 
▫ Whose work should I be looking at? 
• Nursing home studies 
▫ Finding the balance between caregiver and elderly 
users’ needs? 
▫ ‘Toys’ for elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment 
/Dementia?
Extra Slides 
FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014
Maintenance 
FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014
Coping I 
• Acessibility 
FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 
http://app.mot.gov.sg/page_land.aspx?p=/Land_Transport/Meeting_Divers 
e_Needs/Enhancing_Accessibility.aspx
Coping II 
FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 
• http://www.myhappystroke.com/2011/03/modi 
fied-constraint-induced-movement.html
Coping II 
FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 
• Making Family Care Work: Dependence, Privacy and 
Remote Home Monitoring Telecare Systems John 
Vines, Stephen Lindsay, Gary W. Pritchard, Mabel Lie, David 
Greathead, Patrick Olivier and Katie Brittain, Culture 2 Fit 
Lab, Newcastle University Lab, Swansea University
Issue: Change over FOONG (NUS) time 
9/18/2014 
Multi-Level Linear Modelling to study mobile phone usage 
Variance of 
intercepts 휏00 
Variance of slopes 휏11 
Tech ability 
Freq of mob usage 
Time-varying variables: 
1. Dependent Variable: mob0-mob3 (frequency 
of mobile phone usage, measured at time 
0,1,2, and 3) 
2. Independent Variables: tech0-tech3 
(technological ability score, measured at 
time 0,1,2 and 3) 
Time-invariant variables: 
1. Gender: male or female 
2. Tech support (received from family/friends) 
Research Question: 
What are the growth patterns of mobile phone 
usage over time? (intra individual 
differences) 
What predicts the growth patterns of mobile 
phone usage? (inter-individual differences)
Issue: Change oveFOONrG (N USt) i9/1m8/2014 e 
Multi-Level Linear Modelling to study mobile phone usage 
Level-1 model: 
mobij = β0j + β 1jTimeij + rij 
Level-2 model: 
Intercept: 
β0j = γ00 + γ 01Genderj + γ 02Supportj + u0j 
Slope: 
β1j = γ10 + γ 11Genderj + γ 12Supportj + u1j 
Variance of 
intercepts 휏00 
Variance of slopes 휏11 
Tech ability 
Freq of mob usage
FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 
Speed of population ageing

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Mobile HCI 2014 Workshop: Reimagining Commonly User Interfaces for the Eldlerly

  • 1. The Value of the Life Course Perspective for the Design of Mobile Technology Foong Pin Sym, PhD Candidate NUS Graduate School of Integrated Sciences and Engineering NUS HCI Lab pinsym@nus.edu.sg Twitter: @interfaceaddict Mobile HCI 2014 Workshop: Re-imagining commonly used mobile interfaces for older adults
  • 2. Introduction and Goals • Interests: Ageing, health, technology, persuasion, end-of-life decision making • Goals: ▫ Feedback and discussion on Life Course perspective as a research frame FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014
  • 3. The Life Course Perspective • Experience of Aging is shaped by ... unique personal biographies + location in the social system + historical period Stoller and Gibson (2000) • ‘transitions’ • ‘choice points’ FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 Image credit: luma photography @ flickr CC
  • 4. FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 Uses of the life course perspective In Gerontology In Sociology Image credit: osteoporosis_female @ flickr CC Image credit: Bev Norton @ flickr CC
  • 5. • In HCI: As predictive factors of elderly technology acceptance – education, work-usage, cognitive ability, socio-economic status Image credit: Barbara Krawcowlcz @ flickr CC
  • 6. HCI & Ageing Clock Older Goal: COPING II - pathological age-related conditions - cognitive orthotics - accessibility barrier reduction - Occupational Therapy - Physical Therapy -Caregiver aids -Telecare Loss of independence 65 years old and above Goal: COPING I - normal age-related impairment - reminder systems - accessibility barrier reduction - social/health maintenance Goal: MAINTENANCE -Work -Physical Health -Screening Goal? - Quality of life? - pleasures? - End-of-life care? - CAREGIVER HELP GENERAL POPULATION HCI ACCESS/DISABILITY HCI Younger ACTIVE AGEING TECHNOLOGIES Well Unwell FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014
  • 7. Older COPING I COPING II Transitions #2 -Characterized by loss -Of independence - of technology habits? caregivers MAINTENANCE CARING Well Unwell 65 years old and above GENERAL POPULATION HCI ACCESS/DISABILITY HCI Younger Loss of independence Transitions #1 -Technology ageing with us? -Changes in social networking, relationships, activity, retirement caregivers Transitions #3 - How can access technologies age with us? FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 HCI & Ageing Clock
  • 8. Singapore Population Demographics & Implications for Design Goals and Technological Acceptance Year of birth 1910’s: Colonial 1920’s: Colonial 1930’s: Colonial 1940’s: WWII 1950’s: WWII 1960’s: Ec Boom 1970’s: Ec Boom 1980’s: ICT 1990’s: ICT 2000’s: Millenials Older COPING I COPING II MAINTENANCE CARING Well Unwell Younger 2050: Projected population 35% > 60 Parental support ratio from 10: 1 (current) to 2: 1
  • 9. Q: What sort of tool can accompany us through the life span?
  • 10. Q: Can this tool help navigate the vagaries of the ageing process, including illness, disability and death?
  • 11. Thank You & Questions FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 • Is it useful to study the transitions? ▫ Dis-continuity: the challenge of age-related limitations and ongoing technology renewal ▫ Whose work should I be looking at? • Nursing home studies ▫ Finding the balance between caregiver and elderly users’ needs? ▫ ‘Toys’ for elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment /Dementia?
  • 12. Extra Slides FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014
  • 14. Coping I • Acessibility FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 http://app.mot.gov.sg/page_land.aspx?p=/Land_Transport/Meeting_Divers e_Needs/Enhancing_Accessibility.aspx
  • 15. Coping II FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 • http://www.myhappystroke.com/2011/03/modi fied-constraint-induced-movement.html
  • 16. Coping II FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 • Making Family Care Work: Dependence, Privacy and Remote Home Monitoring Telecare Systems John Vines, Stephen Lindsay, Gary W. Pritchard, Mabel Lie, David Greathead, Patrick Olivier and Katie Brittain, Culture 2 Fit Lab, Newcastle University Lab, Swansea University
  • 17. Issue: Change over FOONG (NUS) time 9/18/2014 Multi-Level Linear Modelling to study mobile phone usage Variance of intercepts 휏00 Variance of slopes 휏11 Tech ability Freq of mob usage Time-varying variables: 1. Dependent Variable: mob0-mob3 (frequency of mobile phone usage, measured at time 0,1,2, and 3) 2. Independent Variables: tech0-tech3 (technological ability score, measured at time 0,1,2 and 3) Time-invariant variables: 1. Gender: male or female 2. Tech support (received from family/friends) Research Question: What are the growth patterns of mobile phone usage over time? (intra individual differences) What predicts the growth patterns of mobile phone usage? (inter-individual differences)
  • 18. Issue: Change oveFOONrG (N USt) i9/1m8/2014 e Multi-Level Linear Modelling to study mobile phone usage Level-1 model: mobij = β0j + β 1jTimeij + rij Level-2 model: Intercept: β0j = γ00 + γ 01Genderj + γ 02Supportj + u0j Slope: β1j = γ10 + γ 11Genderj + γ 12Supportj + u1j Variance of intercepts 휏00 Variance of slopes 휏11 Tech ability Freq of mob usage
  • 19. FOONG (NUS) 9/18/2014 Speed of population ageing

Editor's Notes

  • #4: Unique attributes Not a theory, but the perspective/framework that looking into historical precedence for explaining current behaviour offers. the life course perspective as one that “highlights the ways in which people’s location in the social system, the historical period in which they live, and their unique personal biographies shape the experience of old age.” Stoller and Gibson (2000)
  • #5: In medicine: Preventive measures eg. Increasing Calcium intake for women with osteoporosis risk Predictive factor eg. In sociology: Choice points For example, Elder (1974) conducted a classic study of the effects of the Great Depression on subsequent development, using archives from what is now known as the National University Singapore ©2004 SAGE Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. SAGE knowledge Page 21 of 28 Health, Illness, and Optimal Aging: Biological and Psychosocial Perspectives: Theories of Aging Intergenerational Study, which followed children born in the 1920s and 1930s through their childhood and adulthood into late life. Elder showed that the Depression influenced the life course of individuals, but how it did so was modified by social class and family resources. Not everyone was equally affected by the Depression, and there was an interaction between economic deprivation and social class. Children from working-class families that were economically deprived generally had very difficult, chaotic lives. They were less likely to finish high school than their nondeprived peers and consequently had poorer work histories, less savings, troubled marital histories, and worse relationships with their children. Curiously, though, the middle-class children who were economically deprived did better than their nondeprived peers: They were more likely to achieve higher [p. 59 ↓ ] education and had better jobs and finances, more stable marriages, and better relations with their children. The stress of economic deprivation apparently motivated them to focus and achieve more in their lives. Thus, Elder (1998) argued for an interdependent life course: How individuals weather transitions, turning points, and hard times is a function of personal choices and those of others in the immediate social context, the availability or lack of resources, and larger historical events.
  • #9: Singapore: Most rapidly ageing population in SEA, second most in Asia Contrast of France to Singapore – France – 100 years almost, USA 60 Years, Canada 40 years. Singapore about 15 years. As of 2012, about 21 per cent of Canadians were over the age of 60. By 2030, that proportion is projected to rise to about 28.5 per cent, and by 2050, 31 per cent — nearly a third of all Canadians — will be elderly. Canada went from 7-14% in about 40 years. Parental support ratio : number of people 15-64 : number of people >65 Another way to say it – WE are the elderly. What will your care environment look like?
  • #10: Go to for health records?