Module Four Notes Presentation
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The document discusses the Barbarian invasions of Europe between 300-700 CE. It outlines several goals related to evaluating the invasions and their impact. It then provides details on various invading tribes, including the Goths, Huns, Lombards, Franks, Angles/Saxons, Vikings, and Magyars. It discusses the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE and the political developments that followed, including the Merovingian and Carolingian Empires led by figures like Clovis, Charles Martel, and Charlemagne.
Module Four Notes Presentation
- 1. The Barbarian Invasions The Migration Period in Europe, 300-700 C.E.
- 2. Content Goals and Objectives: Goal 4 – Barbarian Invasions The student will evaluate the invasions of Europe as a force for change in medieval Europe. 4.01 Trace and evaluate the effects of the Germanic invasions during late antiquity including but not limited to the invasions of the Goths, Huns, Lombards, and Franks. 4.02 Outline the political achievements and developments of the Merovingians in early medieval Europe. 4.03 Evaluate the political developments and impact of the Carolingian Empire on medieval Europe. 4.04 Detail the Vikings invasions and assess their impact on the cultural and political development of medieval Europe. 4.05 Evaluate the role of the Islamic threat on the cultural and political developments of medieval Europe. 4.06 Summarize the influence of Magyar invasions on cultural and political developments of medieval Europe. 4.07 Assess the cultural and political results of the invasions of early medieval Europe.
- 3. The Fall of the Roman Empire Beginning of the Middle Ages Invasions of Barbarian Tribes End of the Roman emperors 476 C.E. = end of the Roman Empire “Barbarian” Germanic general Odoacer deposed the last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus Who were these barbarians who are charged with ultimately bringing down the Roman empire?
- 4. Barbarian Invasions Areas of Settlement Angles/Saxons Came from Continental Europe Settled in England Magyars Came from Central Asia Settled in Hungary Vikings Came from Scandinavia Many settled in Russia
- 5. Who were the barbarians? Barbarians – term applied by the Romans to any group they considered uncivilized From a Greek word meaning“anyone who is not Greek” Barbarians were all of the groups/tribes living in Europe Different tribes were migrating around continent For example: “Germanic tribes” describes a lot of different tribes who lived in the general area now called Germany, but they did not think of themselves as “Germans,” and went on to eventually found completely different countries, such as the Germanic Franks founding France
- 6. European Migrations First phase of migrations (circa 300-500 CE) Germanic peoples of northern Europe who settled throughout Europe (territory and border lands of Roman empire) Such as the Alamanni, Alans, Angles, Burgundians, Franks, Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths), Jutes, Langobards, Lombards, Saxons, Suebi, Vandals Second phase of migrations (circa 500-700 CE) Slavic tribes of eastern Europe Such as the Bulgars Division into phases not very important These tribes took centuries to eventually settle By the time they settled, a new migratory wave—the Viking invasions—took place starting in the 700s
- 7. This map shows the movement southward of the tribes of northern Europe. For example, the Goths originated in Scandinavia. By 150 C.E., the Goths were living on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea. By 200 C.E., the Goths were in southeastern Europe along the Black Sea. Here, the Goths split, with those living in the east called Ostrogoths, and those in the west called Visigoths.
- 8. Germanic Culture Economy Hunters and farmers War culture Tribes always fighting one another Religion Valhalla – warriors’ heaven Animal and human sacrifice Gods survive in our days of the week Gradually converted to Christianity through exposure to the Roman empire and Christian missionaries
- 9. Germanic Justice • Trial by ordeal – Innocence proven by survival of a trial – For example, retrieving an object from boiling water or walking over hot coals – If the person survived the ordeal, or healed quickly, the verdict was innocent – Modern era version: Salem Witchcraft Trials • Trial by combat – Winner of the fight is innocent of the crime, or winner of the dispute – Modern era version: Dueling • These trials survived through the Middle Ages in Europe
- 10. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes 400s Moved into Britannia as the Roman empire declined Gave the area its name England = “Angle’s land” Old English language -closely related to Frisian, a German dialect The Burgundians Late 400s to 530s Founded a kingdom in southern Gaul (modern France) in the Valley of the Rhone
- 11. The Vandals Led by Genseric (lived circa 389 CE-477 CE) Crossed Gaul, to Spain, to north Africa Established Vandal kingdom around Carthage and on islands such as Corsica and Sardinia Famously sacked Rome in 455 C.E. After murder of Emperor Valentinian III Plundered city’s riches – origin of term vandalism Kidnapped emperor’s widow and daughters Finally conquered by the Eastern Roman empire in 533 CE
- 12. The Franks Kingdom in Gaul Became known as “France” after the Franks United under King Clovis (lived circa 466-511 CE) First king of France (ruled 481-511 CE) Married Christian Burgundian princes, Clotilde Converted to Christianity
- 14. The Lombards Invaded Italy following the death of Emperor Justinian (Eastern Roman empire) in 565 CE 568 CE Under leadership of Alboin Set up a powerful kingdom in the Italian peninsula Modern Italian region of Lombardy Conquered by France’s King Charlemagne in 774
- 15. The Huns From Asia, east of the Volga River Their migration pushed Goths into Roman empire, ca. 370 CE Led by Attila the Hun (lived 406-453 CE) Campaign in Gaul Sacked various cities Finally defeated by alliance of Romans and Visigoths under General Aetius at the Battle of Chalons (451 CE) According to legend, Pope Leo I, helped by St. Peter and St. Paul, convinced Attila at the Po River to halt his advance Attila retreated and died a year later, allegedly by choking to death on his own blood (from a nosebleed) while in a drunken stupor following his wedding
- 17. The Goths split into the Visigoths (West Goths) and Ostrogoths (East Goths) around the year 200 CE.
- 18. The Visigoths (West Goths) Led by Alaric I (lived ca. 370-410 CE) Pushed into the Roman empire by the westward migration of the Huns 378 CE – Romans defeated by the Visigoths at the Battle of Adrianople Sacked Rome in 410 CE Eventually settled in Spain Visigothic kingdom in Spain lasted until Arab Muslim invaders arrived in 711 CE These Muslim rulers were not expelled until completion of the Reconquista under Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492
- 19. The Ostrogoths (East Goths) Led by Theodoric the Great (lived 454-526) Raised at the court in Constantinople as a traditional hostage, returning to the Ostrogoths at age 31 Kingdom in Italy Capital city – Ravenna Center of art and learning Conquered by Emperor Justinian (Eastern Roman empire) in 554 CE
- 20. Odoacer and the Fall of Rome 476 CE – the barbarian general, Odoacer, dethroned the last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus No one even knows which tribe he belonged to, only that he was Germanic The conquest of the Western Roman empire was a long process, and a lot of factors contributed to Rome’s decline This date (476 CE) is traditionally used for the end of the Roman empire and the beginning of the Middle Ages, circa 500-1400 (or Dark Ages, circa 500-800)
- 21. The Dark Ages (500-800 CE) Universal rule under Rome collapsed Separate barbarian kingdoms ruled in Rome’s place Economic decline Trade Infrastructure fell apart (roads and bridges) Piracy in the seas hurt trade Few coins minted Industry With limited trade, little demand for goods Fewer skilled workers trained Depopulation of cities (workers returned to farms) Culture and learning Illiteracy grew Ancient wisdom of Greece and Rome largely lost Preserved by Christian monks (Europe) and Muslim Arabs (Middle East and northern Africa)
- 22. Rise of the Germanic Peoples Ostrogoths: Italian peninsula Visigoths: modern- day Spain Angles and Saxons: modern-day Britain Franks: central Europe “Invasion of the Goths into the Roman Empire,” a 19th -century painting
- 23. Rise of the Germanic Peoples continued After the Germanic invasions, Roman influence merged with the Germanic culture and people in different ways. The Ostrogoths (in the Italian peninsula) preserved Roman governmental structure and traditions. The Visigoths, located in modern-day Spain, kept Roman traditions but installed Germanic leaders. In the British Isles, the Angles and Saxons each carved out portions to create their own kingdoms. The strongest of Germanic tribes was the Franks, located in central Europe, who gained much of their strength under Clovis and Charlemagne.
- 24. Invasions drastically change Europe 5 consequences Disruption of Trade Downfall of Cities Population Shifts Decline of Learning Loss of a common language
- 25. Disruption of Trade Merchants faced invasions from both land and sea, which led to their businesses collapsing. The breakdown of trade destroyed Europe’s cities as economic centers. Money became scarce.
- 26. Downfall of Cities With the fall of the Roman Empire, cities were abandoned as centers of administration
- 27. Population Shifts As Roman centers of trade and government collapsed, nobles retreated to the rural areas and cities were left without strong leadership. Other city dwellers also fled to the countryside, where they grew their own food. The population of western Europe became mostly rural.
- 28. Decline of Learning The Germanic invaders could not read or write and only Roman church officials continued to be literate. Knowledge of Greek was almost lost and few people could read Greek works of literature, science, and philosophy. The Germanic tribes had a rich oral tradition of songs and legends, just no written language.
- 29. Loss of a Common Language As German-speaking peoples mixed with the Roman population, Latin began to change and was no longer understood from region to region. By the 800s, French, Spanish, and other Romance languages had evolved from Latin.
- 30. Germanic Kingdoms Emerge Between 400- 600 C.E. Germanic Kingdoms replace Roman provinces Borders constantly changing Church only source of stability New concept of Government Family ties and personal loyalty most important Small communities Governed by unwritten rules and traditions
- 31. The Franks Former Roman province of Gaul (France) Clovis 496 C.E. led army against warring Germanic tribe Fearing defeat prayed to the Christian God Franks won and Clovis converted to Christianity (as well as his soldiers) The church supported Clovis 511 C.E. Clovis united the Franks into one kingdom
- 32. Germanic Christianity By 600 C.E. many Germanic people Christian Rulers and missionaries helped spread religion Spreads to England Monasteries and Convents Built to adapt to rural conditions Saint Benedict 520 C.E. Benedictine rule Benedictines most influential monastic order Most educated, preserved history Preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements Gregory I (The Great) Became Pope in 590 C.E. Broadened role of the church Became secular, involved in worldly affairs such as politics Idea of a churchly kingdom of Europe ruled by the Pope Made church administration more efficient Endorsed missionaries Supported Benedictine rule
- 34. The Frankish Empire Franks controlled largest kingdom in Europe Clovis created the Merovingian dynasty Near Paris, defeated rival groups 486-507 C.E. Successors weak rulers Charles Martel 719 C.E. Mayor of the palace More power than King Battle of Tours 732 C.E. Defeated invading Muslim army Became Christian hero Passed power to his son Pepin the Short Cooperated with Pope Fought for the church and became the King Created Carolingian Dynasty Wife “big-footed Bertha”
- 36. Charlemagne Pepin died in 768 C.E. Charlemagne (Charles the Great) Empire Greatest since Ancient Rome Conquered lands through military victory Spread Christianity through conquests Reunited Western Europe Pope Leo III crowned him Emperor in 800 C.E. He needed a strong powerful leader for Western Europe Called himself a “Roman Emperor” Linked Carolingian Monarchy with Church
- 37. Charlemagne’s Rule Government Limited authority of nobles Strengthened central authority Used Royal agents to report on countryside Regularly participated in his kingdom’s affairs Culture Roman culture was reinterpreted Encouraged learning Opened a palace school Built schools, churches and roads to unite the empire Ordered monasteries to open schools to train monks and priests Monasteries expanded their libraries
- 38. The end of an Empire Charlemagne crowned his son Louis the Pious king in 814 C.E. Religious man Ineffective ruler Louis’ heirs Three sons Fought civil war Treaty of Verdun in 843 C.E. split kingdom New system of government and landholding evolved Unifying effect of Charlemagne never died
- 39. Clovis (466–511) Established a Frankish kingdom in central Europe Conquered many competing tribes and regional Roman political leaders Converted to Christianity
- 40. Clovis continued In 486, the Franks defeated the last major Roman army in Gaul (present-day France) then subdued other tribes and minor rulers in the area to establish the first Frankish Kingdom. Clovis, the first Frankish king, had a brilliant military career and dramatically expanded the holdings of his empire through battles with both competing tribes and remaining regional Roman political leaders. During his reign, he converted to Christianity— supposedly after praying to Jesus during a battle. This helped to establish bonds with Christians now under his rule through military conquest.
- 42. Frankish Kingdom continued After the death of Clovis, Charles Martel became leader of the Franks. He continued to expand and defend the Frankish Kingdom, including the defeat of Muslim invaders in 732. After his death, his son, Pepin, asked the head of the church, Pope Zacharias, to recognize him as king. The pope agreed and Pepin became the first Frankish king to rule with papal blessing. Pepin ruled until 768. His successor, Charles, continued the relationship between the Frankish kingdom and the church and expanded it further.
- 43. Charlemagne (742–814) Pepin’s son, Charles, became leader of the largest empire since the Romans. Known as Charlemagne (Charles the Great), he was another fierce military leader who sought to expand the Frankish empire. Powerful leader, strong Christian Created the Carolingian Empire During his rise to power, Charlemagne was summoned by Pope Leo III, who crowned him the Emperor of the Romans (or Holy Roman Emperor), uniting the Roman, Christian, and Germanic cultures and traditions.
- 45. Conquests of Charlemagne Charlemagne defeated the Lombards to the south, the Saxons to the north, and the Slavs to the east. After Charlemagne’s death, his empire quickly fell apart as his grandsons fought one another for control. Powerful local nobles came to control land interests throughout Europe, leading to a decentralization of power. Adding to the disorder were constant raids carried out by Scandinavian warriors known as Vikings.
- 46. The Vikings Warrior culture from Scandinavia Raided Europe Established settlements throughout Europe and even in North America Scholars disagree about the reasons why the Vikings began to aggressively raid other cultures and settle their lands. Overcrowding in the Viking homelands may have forced them to seek new territory; crop failures or a desire to find new trade outlets may also have been factors. Viking settlers ended up as far south as the Mediterranean, as far East as modern-day Russia, and as far west as modern-day Iceland, Greenland, and even Canada. They overran a large area of northwestern France and called it Norsemanland, later known as Normandy. A Viking longboat
Editor's Notes
- #4: What has been referred to as the fall of the Roman Empire marked the beginning of the Medieval era, and it also contributed to the social and political climate of Europe for centuries afterwards. Historians note that the Roman Empire, especially the city of Rome, fell for multiple reasons; however, one of the most significant reasons was the invasion of barbarian tribes. Rome was under constant threat of invasion from all sides, including Germanic tribes from north-central Europe, the Huns from Asia, and African tribes in the south. Several barbarian tribes eventually did attack, particularly in the west. Germanic invaders from the north took lands as far south as Greece and Gaul (France). Rome itself was sacked by Visigoths in 410, the Vandals in 455, and finally, in 476, Germanic invaders overthrew the last of the Roman emperors.
- #17: Image courtesy of Wikipedia: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Attila_in_Gaul_451CE.svg/2000px-Attila_in_Gaul_451CE.svg.png
- #42: After the death of Clovis, Charles Martel became leader of the Franks. He continued to expand and defend the Frankish Kingdom, including the defeat of Muslim invaders in 732. After his death, his son, Pepin, asked the head of the church, Pope Zacharias, to recognize him as king. The pope agreed and Pepin became the first Frankish king to rule with papal blessing. Pepin ruled until 768. His successor, Charles, continued the relationship between the Frankish kingdom and the church and expanded it further.
- #48: Charlemagne’s heirs had difficulty maintaining law and order in the kingdom’s fragmented territories, and the Vikings gained footholds in many areas of the Carolingian Empire. Though they had success in the 9th century venturing into the European mainland, the Vikings eventually lost their edge as the growing kingdoms of Europe developed new, more effective ways to organize and defend themselves.