![The other techniques – State of Polarisation (SoP)
DWDM
Optical
Transponder
Fibre optic Submarine telecom cable
Stokes Parameter By Emma Alexander - [1], CC BY 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=116390426
Stokes Parameter
Carrier phase and polarization can be
recovered from the DSP outputs.
DWDM
Optical
Transponder
Normal telecoms traffic
Stokes Parameter](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/monitoringoceans-230605083936-118e6c38/85/Monitoring-Oceans-Chris-Atherton-SRD23-34-320.jpg)
Monitoring Oceans - Chris Atherton - SRD23
- 1. www.submerse.eu Monitoring Oceans Chris Atherton, GÉANT 23/05/23 SURF Research Day 2023
- 3. By U.S. Navy photo by Photographer's Mate 2nd Class Philip A. McDaniel - This image was released by the United States Navy with the ID 050102-N-9593M-040 (next), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=824 1767
- 4. By NOAA - http://www.magazine.noaa.gov/stories/images/dart_tsunamicover.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24516204
- 5. How Tsunamis are monitored and reported Up-Stream Measurement, Analysis, Decision Sensor Systems - Seismometer - cGPS - Tide Gauge - Bouy System - Others Warning Centre - Processing - Simulation - Decision-Support - Warning Message Down-Stream Awareness, Preparedness, Reaction Local Administration Local Communities Dissemination Time Earth Quake / Event Lauterjung, J., Letz, H. (Eds.) (2017): 10 Years Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System: Experiences, Lessons Learned and Outlook, Potsdam: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 68 p. DOI: http://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.7.1.2017.001
- 6. g = 9.81 d = Depth of water 1000 meters water depth = 713 Km/s 4000 meters water depth = 198 m/s
- 7. Tsunami travel speed map Map contours: 1-hour intervals: Red: 1-4 hour arrival times Yellow: 5-6 hour arrival times Green: 7-14 hour arrival times Blue: 15-21 hour arrival times https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ hazard/tsu_travel_time_even ts.shtml
- 8. Where are Ocean Tsunami Buoys most effective? NOAA National Data Buoy Centre: NOAA/NDBC | Esri , GEBCO, IHO-IOC GEBCO, NGS | …
- 9. 2 x tsunami strikes in 2018 Warning sent but it wasn’t accurate as the tsunami was triggered by a volcano landslide. The installed tidal gauges weren’t able to distinguish the tsunami from the high tide and the deep water buoys weren’t monitoring. By Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB) - https://twitter.com/sutopo_pn/status/1077092955389812736, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75301355
- 10. Map contours: 1-hour intervals: Red: 1-4 hour arrival times Yellow: 5-6 hour arrival times Green: 7-14 hour arrival times Blue: 15-21 hour arrival times Tsunami’s in Europe https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ hazard/tsu_travel_time_even ts.shtml
- 11. Another societal challenge from lack of deep ocean observations Photo by Rob Curran on Unsplash
- 12. Global Deep Ocean Temperature Credit: Imagery processed by the NASA Earth Observations (NEO) team in collaboration with Gene Feldman and Norman Kuring, NASA OceanColor Group.
- 13. We need more data! Long term data sets for: • Climate modelling • Weather forecasting • AI and all that Photo by Snowscat on Unsplash
- 14. What about dedicated infrastructure? By John Whitehead - Ocean Instruments, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15663716
- 17. Who pays? Photo by Ibrahim Boran on Unsplash
- 18. Who is responsible? Photo by Frederic Köberl on Unsplash
- 19. There have been dedicated cables and infrastructure installed!
- 20. What about Space? Photo by NASA on Unsplash
- 21. This isn’t just a theoretical problem
- 23. Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications
- 24. SMART Cable concept Howe et al., (2019, August 2). Smart cables for observing the Global Ocean: Science and implementation. SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation. Retrieved June 10, 2022, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00424/full
- 25. Is there another way? Photo by Beth Macdonald on Unsplash
- 26. Wet vs Dry Sensing Dry Wet SMART
- 27. Dry Optical sensing techniques Source: M. Cantono et al., Seismic Sensing in Submarine Fiber Cables, Source: ASN website Source: Kristina Shizuka Yamase Skarvang
- 28. With thanks to Prof Martin Landrø, NTNU • Whales • Storms • Ships • Earthquakes • And more What can DAS detect?
- 29. With thanks to Prof Martin Landrø, NTNU
- 30. Source: Martin Landrø et al., Sensing whales, storms, ships and earthquakes using an Arctic fibre optic cable, Nature Published: 10 November 2022, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-23606-x Field test 2022: Svalbard
- 31. Baleen whale vocalizations detected over the 120 km of the Svalbard underwater distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) array Source: Le´ a Bouffaut et al. , Eavesdropping at the Speed of Light: Distributed Acoustic Sensing of Baleen Whales in the Arctic, Frontiers in Marine Science, July 2022
- 32. With thanks to Prof Martin Landrø, NTNU
- 34. The other techniques – State of Polarisation (SoP) DWDM Optical Transponder Fibre optic Submarine telecom cable Stokes Parameter By Emma Alexander - [1], CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=116390426 Stokes Parameter Carrier phase and polarization can be recovered from the DSP outputs. DWDM Optical Transponder Normal telecoms traffic Stokes Parameter
- 35. Using submarine cables in a different way Fibre Bragg Grating Credit: UNESCO 2017, Bruce Howe and Kate Panayotou
- 36. SOP OTDR
- 37. SOP OFDR FRM-20X-R-EC 1-A-1 SYSTEM 1-4 SYSTEM 5-8 SYSTEM 9-12 SYSTEM 13-16 SYSTEM 17-20 WSS WSS LOW GAIN MPO MPO MPO MPO MPO LINE EXPN / OTDR IRM-B-ECH1 1-A-1 OSA SYSTEM LINE OSA EXPN / OTDR IRM-B-ECH1 1-A-1 OSA SYSTEM LINE OSA EXPN / OTDR IAM-B-ECH2 1-A-1 OSA SYSTEM LINE OSA EXPN / OTDR RU 1 XT-3300-L 6 Wave ITU Gr id RU 1 XT-3300-L 6 Wave ITU Gr id RU 1 XT-3300-L 6 Wave ITU Gr id ~80km G.652 Fiber Spool C-Band Traffic – Minimum 1 ScH OSA OSA FRM-20X-R-EC 1-A-1 SYSTEM 1-4 SYSTEM 5-8 SYSTEM 9-12 SYSTEM 13-16 SYSTEM 17-20 WSS WSS LOW GAIN MPO MPO MPO MPO MPO LINE EXPN / OTDR IRM-B-ECH1 1-A-1 OSA SYSTEM LINE OSA EXPN / OTDR IRM-B-ECH1 1-A-1 OSA SYSTEM LINE OSA EXPN / OTDR IAM-B-ECH2 1-A-1 OSA SYSTEM LINE OSA EXPN / OTDR FRM-20X-R-EC 1-A-1 SYSTEM 1-4 SYSTEM 5-8 SYSTEM 9-12 SYSTEM 13-16 SYSTEM 17-20 WSS WSS HIGH GAIN MPO MPO MPO MPO MPO LINE EXPN / OTDR RU 1 XT-3300-L 6 Wave ITU Gr id XT-3300-L 6 RU 1 XT-3300-L 6 Wave ITU Gr id RU 1 XT-3300-L 6 Wave ITU Gr id ~80km G.652 Fiber Spool ~80km G.652 Fiber Spool (Less if need to close span) C-Band Traffic – Minimum 1 ScH OSA OSA OSA OSA 1.5 Ghz Narrow band filter Interferometer Coherent Transponder ROADM ROADM Repeater Repeater Submarine cable Storage/ processing SoP data from DSP Optical phase and polarization changes can be recorded across individual cable spans (the cable spans between repeaters) based on the frequency difference between the laser source and repeater units. C-band Figure adapted from Marra, G. et al., 2022. 1561 nm
- 39. AIM Investigate utilising existing telecommunication systems, rather than dedicated submarine fibre, for monitoring the earth and oceans, without disrupting telecoms traffic.
- 40. Objectives Define a standardised concept architecture to integrate sensing technologies (DAS, SOP, SOP OTDR, SOP OFDR) into a single telecoms submarine cable system. Complement existing infrastructures, datasets, and SMART cable concepts by developing a scalable data dissemination system from the new instruments to existing research infrastructures and communities. Deploy a standardised prototype research instrument in at least 3 geographically diverse locations. Scientifically validate and calibrate the instruments deployed Produce open, machine readable, long-term datasets. Develop the concept in collaboration with research communities, research infrastructures, Government institutions and industry. Defining training and capacity building which allows for enhancing the collection, interpretation, processing and reuse of the data generated by the research instruments Developing a roadmap and strategy to implement a sustainable research instrument and datasets from more countries
- 42. Consortium Members Research Organisations NRENs Commercial organisations
- 44. 44 |
- 45. Field test: Svalbard • Polarimeter (PM1000, Novoptel) connected to a live DWDM link • DAS (OptoDAS, ASN) interrogators connected to two dedicated fibers in each cable DAS DWDM DWDM Signal multiplexed with other communication traffic Dedicated Fiber Ny-Ålesund Longyearbyen DAS SFP 1542.94 nm EDFA Polarimeter EDFA Tx Tx 𝜆1 𝜆2 … Rx Rx 𝜆1 𝜆2 … 100 Gbps per 𝜆 250 km Raman Pump 125 km 125 km DAS Dedicated Fiber DAS
- 46. Earthquake analysis with two DAS interrogators Two interrogators more fibre length and more data to analyse. It will gives a more precise detection of epicentre.(left) Future study will investigate the localization of depth of epicentre. Noise area. Far away from interrogators P Wave S Wave One interrogator at LYB Two interrogatora at both ends of different cables
- 47. SOP earthquake detection DAS Results (M2.70 Earthquake) Longyearbyen Ny-Ålesund Earthquake: M2.70 NORSAR seismometer Extract the timing the seismic waves hits the cable from DAS data -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 SOP variation corresponds with the timing of the Earthquake hitting the cable Source: Kristina Shizuka Yamase Skarvang et al., Observation of Local Small Magnitude Earthquakes using State Of Polarization Monitoring in a 250km Passive Arctic Submarine Communication Cable, OFC 2023
- 48. Coexistence of DWDM and DAS have been tested with four main scenarios • co-propagating without Raman • co-propagating with Raman • counter-propagating without Raman • counter-propagating with Raman Coexistence of DWDM and DAS DAS with different operational power range have been tested with running DWDM channels with a variety of modulation format, Symbol rate and bitrate