Mood Disorders. different conditions related to mood and effect.
- 2. Mood disorder • A mood disorder is a mental health condition that primarily affects person emotional state. It’s a disorder in which a person experience long periods of extreme happiness, extreme sadness or both. • It’s normal for your mood to change, depending on the situation. However, for a mood disorder diagnosis, symptoms must be present for several weeks or longer. Mood disorders can cause changes in behavior and can affect person ability to perform routine activities, such as work or school.
- 3. Mood Disorders A category of mental disorders in which significant and chronic disruption in mood is the predominant symptom, causing impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning. Here are the following mood disorders • Bipolar disorder • Major depression •Seasonal Affective disorder
- 5. Major Depression ( Major depressive disorder) A major depressive episode lasts at least 2 weeks, during which the person experiences a depressed mood or loss of pleasure in nearly all activities. In addition, four of the following symptoms are present: changes in appetite & sleep decreased energy; feelings of worthlessness or guilt difficulty thinking, concentrating, recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation.
- 6. Major Depression ( Major depressive disorder) These symptoms must be present every day for 2 weeks and result in significant distress or impair social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
- 7. Symptoms of Major Depression Must Exhibit for 2 Weeks or Longer • Emotional— sadness, hopelessness, guilt, turning away from others • Behavioral— tearfulness, dejected facial expression, loss of interest in normal activities, slowed movements and gestures, withdrawal from social activities • Cognitive— difficulty thinking and concentrating, negativity, preoccupation with death/suicide • Physical— appetite and weight changes, excess or diminished sleep, loss of energy, anxiety, restlessness
- 8. Prevalence and Course of Major Depression Most common of psychological disorders. It affects about 12 million annually. Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with major depression. Untreated episodes can become recurring and more serious.
- 9. Related Disorder • Dysthymic disorder It is characterized by at least 2 years of depressed mood for more days than not with some additional, less severe symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode.
- 10. • Substance-induced mood disorder: it is characterized by a prominent and persistent disturbance in mood that is judged to be a direct physiologic consequence of ingested substances such as alcohol, other drugs, or toxins.
- 11. • Postpartum or “maternity” depression are a frequent normal experience after delivery of a baby. They are characterized by labile mood and affect, crying spells, sadness, insomnia, and anxiety. Symptoms begin approximately 1 day after delivery, usually peak in 3 to 7 days, and subside rapidly with no medical treatment. • Postpartum depression meets all the criteria for a major depressive episode, with onset within 4 weeks of delivery.
- 12. • Postpartum psychosis is a psychotic episode developing within 3 weeks of delivery and beginning with fatigue, sadness, emotional lability, poor memory, and confusion and progressing to delusions, hallucinations, poor insight and judgment, and loss of contact with reality. This medical emergency requires immediate treatment
- 13. General Medical Condition: Mood disorder due to a general medical condition is characterized by a prominent and persistent disturbance in mood that is judged to be a direct physiologic consequence of a medical condition such as degenerative neurologic conditions, cerebrovascular disease, metabolic or endocrine conditions, autoimmune disorders, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, or certain cancers.
- 14. Other disorders that involve changes in mood include the following: Seasonal affective disorder: It has further two types winter depression or fall onset SAD. People experience increased sleep, appetite and carbohydrate cravings; weight gain interpersonal conflict; irritability; and heaviness in the extremities beginning in late autumn and abating in spring and summer.
- 15. Spring-onset SAD: It is less common, with symptoms of insomnia, weight loss, and poor appetite lasting from late spring or early summer until early fall.
- 16. Etiology • Various theories for the etiology of mood disorders (Depression) exist. The most recent research focuses on chemical biologic imbalances as the cause. psychosocial stressors and interpersonal events appear to trigger certain physiologic and chemical changes in the brain, which significantly alter the balance of neurotransmitters
- 17. Treatment Must first secure the safety of the patient, given that suicide is such a high risk. pharmacotherapy includes anti- depressants. Electro-convulsive therapy is also indicated if patient is suicidal or worried about side effects from medications.
- 18. Another form of therapy is cognitive therapy, which will change the patient’s distorted thoughts about self, future, world etc.
- 21. Nursing Interventions • Providing Security The first priority is to determine if a client with depression is suicidal. If a client has suicidal ideation or hears voices commanding him or her to commit suicide, measures to provide a safe environment are necessary.
- 22. CONTI…. • If the client has a suicide plan, the nurse asks additional questions to determine the lethality of the intent and plan. The nurse reports this information to the treatment team. Health care personnel follow hospital or agency policies and procedures for instituting suicide precautions(e.g., removal of harmful items, increased supervision).
- 23. • Therapeutic Relationship: It is important to have meaningful contact with clients who have depression and to begin a therapeutic relationship regardless of the state of depression.
- 24. • Promoting Activities of Daily Living and Physical Care. The ability to perform daily activities is related to the level of psychomotor retardation. Nurse should involve patient in daily routine activities and multiple tasks.
- 25. • Using Therapeutic Communication Clients with depression are often overwhelmed by the intensity of their emotions. Talking about these feelings can be beneficial. Initially, the nurse encourages clients to describe in detail how they are feeling. Sharing the burden with another person can provide some relief. At these times, the nurse can listen attentively, encourage clients, and validate the intensity of their experience.
- 26. • Managing Medications The increased activity and improved mood that antidepressants produce can provide the energy for suicidal clients to carry out the act. Thus, the nurse must assess suicide risk even when clients are receiving antidepressants. It is also important to ensure that clients ingest the medication and are not saving it in attempt to commit suicide. As clients become ready for discharge, careful assessment of suicide potential is important because they will have a supply of antidepressant medication at home.
- 27. • Providing Client and Family Teaching Teaching clients and family about depression is important. They must understand that depression is an illness, not a lack of willpower or motivation. Learning about the beginning symptoms of relapse may assist clients to seek treatment early and avoid a lengthy recurrence. Clients and family should know that treatment outcomes are best when psychotherapy and antidepressants are combined.
- 28. Thank you