Planet formation and migration - Alessandro Morbidelli
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- Planets grow through accretion of pebbles from the gas disk, allowing for rapid growth through a "runaway" process. - As planets grow larger than a certain size, they interact with the gas disk in a way that causes them to migrate inward or outward. - Small planets generally migrate inward due to interactions with the gas disk, but certain conditions like a positive surface density gradient can cause outward migration. - Larger planets are able to open gaps in the disk and migrate more slowly, and interactions between multiple giant planets can under some conditions slow or reverse their migration.
Planet formation and migration - Alessandro Morbidelli
- 1. PLANET FORMATION AND MIGRATION Alessandro Morbidelli CNRS/Obs. De la Cote d’Azur, Nice, France
- 2. Beyond the first planetesimals Once the first planetesimals are formed they still reside in a disk of gas and pebbles. Thus they can still accrete pebbles flowing by them in the disk “Pebble accretion process” (Johansen and lacerda, 2010; Ormel and Klahr, 2010; Murray- Clay et al., 2011; Lambrechts and Johansen, 2012)
- 3. Pebble accretion Bondi Radius: Accretion Rate: (if mass equally distributed at all pebble sizes: dM/dt ~ M2; runaway-growth If mass only in one pebble-size: dM/dt ~ M; threshold-growth) When rd > Hpebbles When rd > rH~ M1/3 (oligarchic-growth) headwind speed
- 4. Growth of asteroids by chondrule accretion (Johansen et al., 2015)
- 5. Reproducing both the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt SFD using pebble accretion (Lambrechts et al., in preparation)
- 6. Formidable planet growth rates in the outer solar system. Lambrechts and Johansen, 2014 Z=0.01
- 7. How many giant planet cores can be formed by pebble accretion, given the oligarchic nature of the process? Not many, due to a combination of gravitational stirring and dynamical friction (Levison et al., 2015)
- 8. 8 A brief tutorial on planet migration A planet launches a spiral density wave in the disk
- 9. 9 The outer wake trails the planet The outer wake exerts a negative torque on the planet The inner wake lead the planet The inner wake exerts a positive torque on the planet A brief tutorial on planet migration WHO WINS?
- 10. Y The outer wake wins. Because the disk is sub-keplerian, the horseshoe region is shifted inwards. Thus the perturbation is much stronger for the streamlines in the outer disk. Planets migrate inwards Their speed is proportional to their mass Y Case with no pressure support of the disk Case with pressure support of the disk Ormel , 2012 TYPE I MIGRATION
- 11. The coorbital corotation torque
- 12. In a region with a positive surface density gradient the corotation torque is positive and can dominate the negative torque from the wake
- 13. All planets stop migrating in the same place, regardless of their mass, unless they are too massive (torque saturation)
- 14. Torque saturation: the libration of fluid elements tends to make the density in the horseshoe region “uniform” (0-torque). The disk tends to restore the initial profile through its internal evolution
- 16. The planet trap mechanism is relevant where there is a positive and steep gradient of the surface density of the disk, i.e. at the inner edge or even farther out in some wind dominated disk models.
- 17. Paardekooper & Mellema (2006), Baruteau & Masset (2008), Masset & Casoli (2009) Kley and Crida, 2008 Also if the temperature gradient is steep, a positive torque arises from the horseshoe region Needs disks where gas acquires the “local” temperature slowly
- 18. Bitsch et al., 2014 Migration vs. planetary mass in a realistic disk Migrationrate InwardOutward snowlinee dM/dt=10-8Msun/y H/r
- 19. Bitsch et al., 2014 Migration vs. planetary mass in a realistic disk Migrationrate InwardOutward snowlinee dM/dt=10-8Msun/y ~ isothermal saturated
- 20. The outward migration region evolves as the disk evolves (loses mass and cools down). Inward migration is resumed for planets smaller and smaller as time passes Eventually all planets are released to migration
- 21. Massive planets and gap opening The planet accelerates the outer disk and pushes it forward and decelerates the inner disk and pushes it inwards. If the force exerted by the planet overcomes the internal disk forces, a gap opens
- 22. Massive planets and gap opening The planet accelerates the outer disk and pushes it forward and decelerates the inner disk and pushes it inwards. If the force exerted by the planet overcomes the internal disk forces, a gap opens
- 23. Not so massive planets (~ 20 Earth masses) can open a shallow gap enough to cut the flow of pebbles to the inner disk Lambrechts, Johansen and Morbidelli, 2014; Morbidelli and Nesvorny, 2012
- 25. NOT SO TRUE! When the disk is at equilibrium with the planet the planet is not at equilibrium with the disk (Dürmann and W. Kley, 2015)
- 26. Dürmann and W. Kley, 2015
- 27. In general, Type II migration is slower than Type I migration
- 28. r Type II migration can be slowed down/reversed if there are 2 planets with a good mass ratio Masset and Snellgrove, 2001 (large H/r) Morbidelli and Crida, 2007 (small H/r)
- 29. Why?
- 31. This mechanism works ONLY for a mass ratio close to Jupiter/Saturn, and if the planets are sufficiently close (relative to their masses).