MS-95 JAN JUNE 2016 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
- 1. Sample Assignment MS-95 JAN JUNE 2016 Course Code MS - 95 Course Title Research Methodology for Management Decisions Assignment Code MS-95/TMA/SEM - I/2016 Assignment Coverage All Blocks MBA Help Material Provided by Unique Tech Publication Unauthorized copying, selling and redistribution of the content is prohibited. This Material is provided for your reference only. The utility of this content will be lost by sharing. Please do not share this material with others. To know price of this assignment & For more inquiry visit: http://ignousolvedassignmentsmba.blogspot.in/ Dharmendra Kumar Singh ignousolvedassignmentsmba@gmail.com Also mail us- ignou4you@gmail.com School of Management Studies INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY MAIDAN GARHI, NEW DELHI – 110 068
- 2. This is sample copy, Only for viewing. You cannot copy or take print of this copy. 1. Explain briefly why data collection and data analysis should not be separated at the planning stage of any research project. Data collection is the process -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ and honest collection remains the same. Analysis of data is a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of discovering useful information, suggesting ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and approaches, -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, science, and social science domains. A systematic approach ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------is crucial. Planning and organisation are part of this systematic approach with a lot of emphasis given to the interdependence of the various steps. While planning, one of the very common mistakes that is committed is the separation of data collection and data analysis. First we ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------as to what kind of analysis will be required for the project which will satisfy the needs of the decision maker. Data collection looks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------be introduced in the analysis phase, but the data must be generated in the collection phase, In parallel combinations, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------, as shown in Figure below.
- 3. . For example, a team evaluating ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------the same question, the findings could be triangulated. If they were intended to answer different questions, then the results would be combined, or synthesized, in the evaluation report. Data collection looks forward to data ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------be generated in the collection phase. The collection phase must consider the --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------inadequately administered lead to invalid results just as much as ill-conceived procedures do. Analysis refers to breaking a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------for decision-making by users. Data is collected and analyzed to answer questions, test hypotheses or disprove theories. Analyzing information involves ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------evaluation, is to get an accurate assessment in order to better understand your work and its effects on those you’re concerned with, or in order to better understand the overall situation. There are two kinds of data you’re -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------, or are considered more valuable or informative if left as narratives. As you might expect, quantitative and qualitative information needs to be analyzed differently.
- 4. Research process involves the five important steps-problem definition, research design, data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of results. Thus based on above discussion we can say that it is important to use data collection and data analysis together in planning stage of any -------------------------------------------------------------------- analysis is used for analysing that data. To get relevant data it is ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- data analysis together one by one in planning stage of research project. 2. What do you understand by stratification of a population? Why is it said that stratified sampling improve precision? Population stratification (also called population admixture) refers to differences in allele frequencies between cases, and controls due to systematic ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ethnic subgroups in an association study group this can result in false positive or false negative associations. For example, a false positive result -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------unlinked genetic markers. The basic cause of population -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------. In some parts of the globe (e.g., in Europe), population structure is best modelled by isolation-by- distance, in which allele frequencies tend to vary smoothly with location. Population stratification --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------if the locus is less prevalent in the population where the case subjects are chosen. For this reason, it was common in the 1990s to use family-based data where the effect of population stratification can easily be controlled for using methods such as the TDT. But if the structure is known or a putative structure is found, there are a number of possible ways to implement this structure in the association studies and thus compensate for any population bias. Most contemporary genome- wide association studies take the view that the problem of population stratification is manageable, and that the logistic advantages of using unrelated cases and controls make these studies preferable to family-based association studies. The two most widely used approaches to ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------used structured association method is Eigenstrat, developed by Alkes Price and colleagues.
- 5. An example of population stratification in --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------obtained when looking at the relation between 10 unlinked genetic markers and prostate cancer. (This genomic adjustment approach to addressing population stratification is discussed further below.) This correction resulted in theCYP3A4-prostate cancer P increasing to 0.254, suggesting that population stratification may have led to the initial positive result. Of course, there remain some questions surrounding this genomic control approach, such as the type and number of unlinked markers. Stratified random sampling is a probabilistic sampling option. The first step in stratified random sampling is to split the population into strata, i.e. sections or segments. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ relevant to the research interest. Stratified random sampling is a type of probability sampling technique [see our article Probability sampling if you do not know what probability sampling is. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- are interested in particular strata (meaning groups) within the population (e.g., males vs. females; houses vs. apartments, etc.) With the stratified random ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ a particular stratum (group) of the population when creating the sample. For example, if interested in school -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------one stratum), and no population element can be excluded in the construction of strata. Stratified random sampling is used instead of simple random sampling when the categories of the strata are thought to be too distinct and too important to the research interest, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -costs associated with collecting information from a sample. Stratified sampling is a probability sampling ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- into different subgroups or strata, then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata. The stratification should be performed in such a manner that the strata are homogeneous within themselves with respect to the characteristic under study. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------in rural, urban or hilly areas. These may be considered as separate stratum from the point of view of management.
- 6. Allocation of' Sample Size in Different Strata In stratified sampling, the sample to different strata is allocated on the basis of three considerations. The total ---------------------------------------- stratum size The ----------------------------------------------- stratum The cost of ----------------------------------------------------------------------------. From the point of view of management the most effective utilisation of the resources will be achieved if the variance of the estimator is -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. In practice, however, two different types of allocation are mostly prevalent. Proportional Allocation This procedure of allocation is very ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- to the ith stratum is proportional to the number of units in the population. Symbolically According to ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- if (i) the stratum size is larger (ii) the stratum has larger variability and (iii) the sampling cost in the stratum is lower. When the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -. This procedure known as stratified sampling which improves the precision of the estimator. 3. Define Dichotomous data. Mention two reasons which make Guttman scale an impractical tool for the measurements of attitudes. Dichotomous data are data from outcomes that can be divided into two categories (e.g. dead or alive, pregnant or not pregnant), where each participant must be in one or other category, and cannot be in both.
- 7. Dichotomous Data are nominal variables which have only two categories or levels. For example------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. This is an example of a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Another example might be if we ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- example, if type of property had been classified as either residential or commercial then "type of property" would be a dichotomous variable. Dichotomous (binary) outcome data arise when the outcome for every participant is one of two possibilities, for example, ----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The most commonly encountered effect measures used in clinical trials with dichotomous data are: the risk ------------------------------------------; --------------------------------------------- (OR); the risk ---------------------------------------------- the absolute risk reduction); and --------------------------------------------------- to treat (NNT). In the deterministic attitude ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------of the following: Guttman scaling is also -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------score for the respondent. For example, imagine a ten-item cumulative scale. If the respondent scores a four, it should mean that he/she --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------cumulativeness. Usually a person who answers YES to 1, would have a high probability of answering as YES to the subsequent statements. Any person who does not answer as YES to 1 but does answer as YES to 2 would have a high probability of answering YES to the later items. Any set of items that produces a pattern of responses as we have described here is called a Guttman Scale. Guttman scale ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- agree or disagree, etc. However, a number of reasons have made the Guttman scale and impractical tool for the measurement of attitudes.
- 8. First, the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- that may fit the model. Since such scales seldom have more than eight items, they can make only rather gross distinctions among respondents. The concept of Guttman scale likewise applies to series of items in other kinds of tests, such as achievement tests, that have binary outcomes. For example, a test ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------scale to reduce the duration of the test. By designing surveys and tests such that they contain Guttman scales, researchers can simplify the analysis of the outcome of surveys and increase the robustness. Guttman scales also make it possible to detect and discard randomized answer patterns, as may be given by uncooperative respondents. A hypothetical, perfect Guttman scale consists of a unidimensional set of items that are ranked in order of difficulty from least extreme to most extreme position. For example, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------deterministic. A well-known example of a -----------------------------------------------------------------------------. Another example is the original ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- waves = NO". 4. Two different varieties of mushroom were grown on 6 and 7 plots of the same size. At the end of the crop run, the following quantities of yield were observed for the two varieties: Variety I 16 12 11 13 15 17 Variety II 11 11 10 15 14 16 10 Using the Mann-Whitney U test, verify at 0.05 level of significance whether the two varieties of mushroom produce the same yield. Solution- -------------------------------- Rank Variety I ----------- Variety I -------------- -------------------- ------------ 16 -------- 11 ----------- 3.5 ------------
- 9. ---------- -------- 12 ------------- 4 1.5 11 10 13 ----------- ------------ ---------- 13 -------- ------------ 11 7.5 3.5 -------- -------- 16 ----------- ------------- 6 17 --------- 17 ------ -------- -------- ------- -------- 16 ------ ----------- ∑R2--------- ----------------, n2= 7, -------------- Ranks= ------------- = ----------- = 13 X 14/2 ------- = --------- ------------- = 37.5 + --------------- = ---------------- Test statics for Mann Whitney U ---------------------------------------------- of U1 and U2 defined below- U1 = n1 X -------------- + n1 ( ---------------)/2 - ------------- = ------------------ + 6 ( ---------------)/2 - -------------------- = 42 + -------------------- - 37.5 = ---------------- + 21 - -------------------- = ------------------------------ U2 = -------------------- + n2 ( ------------------)/2 - R2 = 6 X 7 + 7 ( ---------------)/2 - --------------- = 42 + --------------------- - -------------------- = -------------------- + 28 - ---------------------- = --------------------------- Step 1- ----------------------------------- level of significance ------------------------------------ are equal versus H1 : The ----------------------------------------------
- 10. Step 2- The critical value --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------) = 13 and two sided level of ----------------------------------------------------------- and decisions rules re follow. Step 3- Conclusion : ------------------------------------------------------------------------ to calculate that the treatment groups differ group of mashroom. ----------------------------- (Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test) A popular nonparametric test to ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------medians between the two populations. Recall that the parametric test compares the means (H0: μ1=μ2) between independent groups. In contrast, the null and two-sided research hypotheses for the nonparametric test are stated as follows: H0: The two populations are equal versus H1: The two populations are not equal. This test is often performed as a two---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of which sample each observation comes from, and then ranking lowest to highest from 1 to n1+n2, respectively. In addition, the sample size is ------------------------------------------------------------------------. The hypothesis is given below, and we run the test at the 7% level of significance (i.e., α=0.05). H0: The two --------------------------------------- ----------------------------- are not equal. Note that if the null hypothesis is true (i.e., ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------of a statistically significant difference in populations. 5. Yours is a consulting organization which undertakes business research studies. A prospective client visits your organization and wants to know the types of job your organization undertakes. What sort of pre-presentation handouts would you prepare before making a presentation to him? In any organization, managers at all levels need accurate and timely information for managerial decision making. Whether the decisions made are at technical, tactical, or strategic levels, good, accurate, and timely information always leads to a better decision. Gathering of information is done through a sound and scientific research process. Each year organizations spend
- 11. enormous amounts of money for research and development in order to maintain their competitive edge. Accurate information obtained through research leads to enormous benefits. Any research ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- is dynamic and the process may change as the research progresses. The steps involved in most research endeavors are shown in Figure below. THE RESEARCH QUESTION Managers' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, the easier it will be to answer the research questions. There might be hypotheses that could be tested scientifically. Once the questions to be answered are clearly defined then the value of the research must be assessed. Clearly, if the costs of performing the research project exceed the value that the research will provide, then the project should not be continued. THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL Research endeavors require a proposal that explains the problem to be address and the procedure by which the questions will be answered. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----the research will create a proposal that indicates to that company how the question will be addressed and what specific information the company will have at the end of the research process. The proposal may indicate, for example, ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------questions. RESEARCH DESIGN Once the proposal is approved, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------. The two major non-experimental designs are field studies and surveys. Field studies combine literature review and possibly analysis of some case studies. For example, if one is interested in determining the effectiveness of total quality management (TQM), there will be a thorough literature search -------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------among the variables. Non-experimental designs are primarily exploratory in nature and provide descriptive measures and can also be used for predictive purposes.
- 12. There are two broad categories of experimental designs: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- Team composition could also be studied in a laboratory in which the researchers had complete control over more variables. To study team effectiveness in a laboratory setting, individuals would be placed in teams using different criteria, then asked to perform a series of tasks specially designed to measure team interactions and performance. This laboratory setting would allow the researcher more control, because the types of individuals involved could be chosen, rather than using only the employees available in a field setting; by designing tasks specific to the study, rather than using existing work tasks; and by having more ability to watch and measure team performance without hindering organizational performance. ---------------------------------------------------- Data collection is the process of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------- or secondary data, survey design, sampling, survey administration, and increasing response rates. PRIMARY DATA -------------------------------------------------. Data can be primary or secondary, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------or data collected for another organizational activity (e.g., performance information for individuals from the company's annual performance appraisal). While secondary data can be used for background information about specific research, it may also answer some specific research questions. However, because secondary data was collected for another purpose, it may not adequately --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------, and through the Internet. Primary data is that which is collected by the researcher to address the current research question. Types of primary data include subject demographics, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------are aware of these things, events, or ideas. Intentions generally refer to a respondent's planned future behavior. Motivations describe the reasons behind a respondent's behavior. Behavior is related to what respondents do. SURVEY DESIGN Survey design is of major ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------characteristics of the questionnaire, and, finally, pre-testing the questionnaire. Some items for certain areas of interest already exist. For instance, there are existing surveys that measure employees' satisfaction with pay and benefits. If survey items do not already exist in the published literature, the researchers must create their own items, based on their review of the existing literature and their own expertise. Often, a focus group of experts can also help to create items. For example, if a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------refers to whether the instrument is measuring. One concern when designing a survey is how to word the items. One of the most popular ways to measure attitudes on a survey is by using the Likert scale. This method presents a series of statements to respondents for which they are asked to indicate the degree to which they agree with the statements. An example of a statement might be "------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 13. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAMPLING When administering a ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------receives the questionnaire. When selecting individuals for a sample, either a probability approach or a nonprobability approach can be used. Probability samples are those where each element of the population has a known probability of being selected. A random sample, for example, is the case where each element has the same probability of being selected. There are some specific types of nonprobability samples: convenience samples, judgment samples, and quota samples. Convenience samples are chosen at the convenience of the researcher. For example, a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------study where quotas are set for specific groups of people, which are generally selected on the basis of demographic characteristics. The chief advantage of a probability sample over a nonprobability sample is the ability to assess the reliability and the amount of sampling error in the results. For example, if----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ assessment of the estimate. This could not be accomplished with a nonprobability sample. SURVEY ADMINISTRATION. After the survey has -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------, including timing, quality control, and standardization. Personal interviews are -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------questions that they feel are sensitive or invasive. The mail questionnaire is usually -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------Questionnaires can be circulated using various methods, such as post, electronic mail, and fax. The telephone interview is associated with relatively low cost and higher response rates, and is one of the fastest methods of data collection. While there are methods to address the problem, unlisted numbers make it more difficult to obtain representative samples. Establishing rapport is also more difficult in telephone interviewing than in the personal interview. One survey administration method ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------by the web survey software. DATA ANALYSIS Research provides data, and it is the task of the researcher to transform the collected data into useful information for management. The first step in data analysis is preparing the data by editing it for several factors, including:
- 14. --------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- so that answers will be coded correctly comprehensibility—--------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- uniformity—checking to see that responses are recorded in the same manner Once the data is edited it is ready for ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------, advance statistical techniques could be applied. RESEARCH REPORT The research report can be as simple as a short report of a few pages giving the overall findings of the research, or it can be a long report with numerous parts. The degree of formality required by management dictates the type of report to prepare. PREFATORY SECTION In this part of the report, first --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------of the research report are the next items included in the report. Include a table of contents followed by an executive summary. The executive summary, summarizing the report's major findings, should be brief and to the point. This summary should briefly explain the conclusions. INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RESEARCH METHOD This section will provide a detailed explanation of research design and will provide answers to many questions. What type of design was used? What instruments were used for the collection of data? Were there any subjects involved in the study? What did the subjects do? How was the sample selected? What kind of statistical or non-statistical techniques were used for data analysis? Finally, in this section of the report the limitations encountered in the study should be presented. FINDINGS This section is --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ the findings. At this point, all the raw data have been analyzed and converted to meaningful information for management's use. This is the section where the original research question is answered. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS A concise yet precise summary of major findings will be included in this section, followed by any recommendations that the researcher considers important and meaningful.
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