MSc_Project_Thesis_Presentation.ppt
- 1. ARUDO E. OKARA Decentralised Rural Electrification of Health Care, Water Supply, Education and Productive Services: Selection of Small-Scale Distributed Electricity Generation Technology Options for Rural Health Centres, Water Pumping and Schools in Africa’s Great Lakes Region
- 2. AIM To evaluate the decentralised rural electrification capability and economic viability of distributed renewable energy generation technology options in supplying electricity to remote rural communities in Africa’s Great Lakes region in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- 3. OBJECTIVES To quantify distributed energy generation resources potential in Africa’s Great Lakes region. To compare small-scale distributed renewable energy generation technology options and competing choices, i.e. distributed renewables versus distributed fossil fuels generation options (diesel generator) To determine the cost-effectiveness of different renewable energy generation technology options by calculating the energy systems life-cycle cost. To select the appropriate renewable energy generation technology solutions in comparison to fossil fuel generation systems (diesel generator) for rural community services and communal centres.
- 4. AFRICA’S GREAT LAKES REGION POLITICAL MAP
- 5. PROJECT BACKGROUND DETAILS In Great Lakes region overwhelming majority (85% of 120 million) people live in rural areas. Currently less than 12% of the total population – and less than 3% of the rural population has access to grid electricity. Great Lakes region currently has the lowest per capita electricity consumption in the world, 44kWh/year. Less than 5% of the health centres, clinics and schools in rural areas have access to grid electricity or sufficient alternative power supply to meet their needs.
- 6. PROJECT BACKGROUND DETAILS – cont… World Heath Organization (WHO) estimates that about 120,000 deaths occur every year in the Great Lakes region caused by unsafe water supply ,sanitation and hygiene. Health clinics, health centers and water supply facilities provide essential primary health care services to millions of people. Most of these facilities are un-electrified. This seriously limits their effectiveness and their ability to deliver health services and medicine.
- 7. PREVIOUS WORK DONE ON THE TOPIC Several studies show that some renewables can be economically favourable over diesel generators for community services in the developing world. In India small wind systems were found to be less expensive than diesel generator systems. (Hammad,1995). Around 150,000 solar PV and wind turbine systems have been used for health clinics, water treatment and supply and other community centre facilities world wide. (World Bank, 2004).
- 8. DISTRIBUTED ENERGY POTENTIAL RESOURCES Petroleum Recently discovered in Tanzania &Uganda Natural Gas Available in Rwanda &Tanzania. Rwanda has 55-70 billion cubic metres. Solar Energy Location Mean Insolation Kenya 5.0-5.8kWh/m2/day Uganda 4.0-5.5kWh/m2/day Tanzania 4.5-8.0kWh/m2/day Rwanda 4.0-5.15kWh/m2/day
- 9. DISTRIBUTED ENERGY POTENTIAL RESOURCES-cont--- Wind Energy Hydro-Energy. Location Mean wind speed Kenya 3.0m/s-5.0m/s Uganda 3.0-4.0m/s Tanzania 2.5m/s-4.0m/s Rwanda 3.0-4.0 m/s Location Estimated Installed Kenya 28,08 MW 2,808 MW Uganda 500 MW 16.24 MW Tanzani a 4700 kW 300 MW Rwanda Identified333- sites 1 MW
- 10. Solar Insolation Radiation in Africa
- 11. SMALL-SCALE DISTRIBUTED ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS Fuel Cell Microturbine Micro- hydro Photovoltaic Wind system IC Engine Fuel Natural Gas Multiple Gas Water Sun Wind Diesel Efficiency, % 40-60 27-32 50-70 6-19 25 15- 25 Rated Seize 1 -250W 0.5-30kW 1-100kW 50-300W >300W >500W Capital Cost ($/kW) 3000-4000 700-900 1500-2000 4000-6000 1000-1500 400-600 O&M Cost ($/kW) 0.0017 0.005 0.001 0.001-0.004 0.01 0.01 Electricity cost ($/kW) 0.06-0.08 0.06-0.08 0.09-0.015 0.18-0.20 0.03-0.04 0.07-0.09 Energy Storage No No No Yes Yes No/Yes Nox (lb/BTU) -Oil None 0.17 N/A N/A N/A 3.7 Expected Life (10,000- 40,000)Hrs 40,000 Hrs 20-30 Yrs 20-25 Yrs 20-30 Yrs 40,000 Hrs Technology status Emerging Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commerci al Rural Suitability No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
- 12. Comparison of Decentralised Electricity Generation Systems Energy Solution Advantages Disadvantages Solar PV Systems -Relatively simple in design with no moving parts and very low maintenance, -Unattended operation -Low recurrent costs -Easy to install, increase capacity of system and run -Little maintenance needed -Lots of SHS available resource in the Great Lakes region -No fuel and virtually clean -Long component lifetime and reliable -Systems is modular, can be matched closely to need -Does not require a large scale installation to operate -Very suited for small loads -Expensive to compete with other sources of energy except for applications requiring small amounts of power -High capital cost of PV system, -Repairs often need skilled technicians - PV Panels susceptible to damage -Requires batteries -Inverters for AC are quite expensive -Low output in cloudy weather, however, storage batteries Small Wind Systems -Unattended operation -long life -Low recurrent costs -Easy, but regular maintenance. Less maintenance intensive than diesel generator set. -Suited to local small scale industries -No fuel requirement -High system design and project planning needs -Available only when the wind bellows. -Seasonal disadvantage -Batteries needs continuous supply -Site needs to be chosen carefully -Can be noisy/visually unattractive Micro-Hydro System -Local manufacture is possible -If enough water can be produced electricity 24 hours a day -Automatic, continuous operation requires no supervision -Low recurrent costs -High reliability -Long life, high reliability -Need base load to justify cost -Minimal environmental impacts -Require specific site conditions; hilly with year-around water source. -No enough water in dry season -Needs well maintenance & operated -Need to take into account other needs for water (i.e. irrigation) Diesel Generator Set -Easy to design system -Quick easy to install, but regular maintenance. -Moderate capital cost -Reliable and portable -Can be combined with other systems (i.e. hybrid systems) -Fuel supplies erratic and expensive -High recurrent and maintenance costs -Short life expectancy - Noise, dirt and fume problem (pollution) Conventional Hydro-Grid System -Very efficient at 90% much superior to wind, solar & gensets -clean, renewable, reliable and fairly cheap source of energy -Low operation and maintenance costs -High investment costs for off-grid sites -Construction of large reservoir required -Dam facilities disrupt river flows, alters riverside habitats and is an obstacle to fish migration.
- 13. METHODOLOGY The most complete approach used in this study is the Life Cycle Cost. For each energy system on which we are going to perform a life cycle cost analysis, we need to identify all the initial and future costs namely: Initial capital costs, Installation, Operation and maintenance over whole lifetime, Fuel (only for diesels) over whole lifetime, Replacement of components during lifetime.
- 14. Methodology of Life-Cycle Costing Analysis It is used for calculating the least cost method of achieving a particular objective, in this case a quantity of electricity generated. The inputs and outputs of the methodology are illustrated in Figure 1, overleaf. Information or assumptions are required to put numbers to: -System performance: the output of the system depending on the natural resource available. -Cost data: the up-front and future expenditure required. -Economic parameters: the factors which dictate how the future costs can be expressed in today’s money. These are combined mathematically to give economic indicators which summarise the cost-effectiveness of the system under consideration.
- 15. Life-Cycle Costing and Discounting In a life-cycle costing, the initial costs and all future costs for the entire operational life of a system are considered. . To make a meaningful comparison, all future costs and benefits have to be discounted to their equivalent value in today’s economy, called their present worth or PW. To achieve this, each future cost is multiplied by the a discount factor calculated from the discount rate. All calculations were done relative to general inflation, so that all costs are expressed in today’s money. Levelised energy (LEC) cost was used as the most useful figure for comparing energy technology options.
- 16. INPUTS OUTPUT ECONOMIC INDICATORS •Life-cycle project cost •Annualised project cost •Levelised unit cost of energy (or other output) PERFOMANCE DATA System specification Performance estimate •Net useful energy production (or other output) per year COST DATA •Capital cost •Hardware •Design overheads •Installation •Operation & maintenance cost •Component replacement cost and timescale •Salvage values ECONOMIC PARAMETERS •Period of analysis •Discount rate •Inflation Life-Cycle Costing: Outline Methodology
- 17. TEST RESULTS Economic Analysis for Renewable Energy Systems Energy Options Life-Cycle Costs Wind energy UGShs. 74,016,572 Solar energy UGShs. 101,320,082 Micro-hydro energy UGShs. 66,721,636 Diesel energy UGShs.104,586 Grid with extsn UGSh. 84,404,682 Grid without extsn UGShs.20,404,682
- 18. TEST RESULTS- cont--- LifeCycle cost/W 0 20,000,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 80,000,000 100,000,000 120,000,000 Wind energy Solar energy Grid with extension Grid without extension Micro- hydro Diesel energy Energy systems Costs UGXW LifeCycle costW
- 19. CONCLUSIONS A number of renewable energy options were proposed, for powering rural community facilities and communal centres namely: Grid extension Solar energy Wind energy Geothermal energy Biomass energy Micro-hydro energy Geothermal energy and biomass were found unsuitable as energy generation system for the GLR rural community services.
- 20. CONCLUSIONS The economic viability of renewable energy systems were considered by calculating levelised energy costs and were found to be in the following order: Grid without extension (UGShs. 2,040/W), Wind energy system (UGShs 7,402/W), Grid with extension (UGShs. 8,440/W), Micro-hydro system (UGShs. 6,672/) and finally the solar energy option at (UGShs 10,132/W). The life cycle cost of a competing diesel generator system in this instance was calculated as UGShs 104,586/W. With reasonable assumptions concerning discount rates, capacity factors, and fuel costs, the grid without extension and wind turbines have the lowest life cycle costs in locations where the resource is sufficient. A limitation to the grid system is its coverage that does not extend into most rural areas there by calling for decentralised distributed solutions.
- 21. END OF PRESENTATION Thank you ladies and gentlemen for your attention. Questions ???