M.tech ps

APPROVED SYLLABUS OF
M. TECH. COURSE
POWER SYSTEMS
(From Academic Year 2009-2010)
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
KAKINADA-533 003
1

COURSE STRUCTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
M.Tech. ( Power Systems)
I Semester L T P C
1. PS101 Microprocessors & Microcontrollers 4 - - 8
2. PS102 HVDC Transmission 4 - - 8
3. PS103 Power System Operation and Control 4 - - 8
4. PS104 Reactive Power Compensation & 4 - - 8
Management
5. PS105 Elective – I 4 - - 8
i. Electrical Distribution Systems
ii. EHVAC Transmission
iii. Power Quality
6. PS106 Elective – II 4 - - 8
i. AI Techniques
ii. Power System Security
iii. Advanced DSP
7. PS107 Power Systems Laboratory - - 4 8
II Semester
1. PS201 Power System Dynamics and Stability 4 - - 8
2. PS202 FACTS Controllers 4 - - 8
3. PS203 Real Time Control of Power Systems 4 - - 8
4. PS204 Advanced Power System Protection 4 - - 8
5. PS205 Elective – III
i. Digital Control Systems
ii. Power System Reliability
iii. PLC Controllers and its Applications 4 - - 8
6. PS206 Elective – IV
i. Voltage Stability
ii. Power System Deregulation
iii. Demandside Energy Management 4 - - 8
7. PS207 Simulation Laboratory - - 4 8
III Semester Seminar 50 marks
III & IV Semester: Thesis 24 credits
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w.e.f 2009-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY: KAKINADA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
(POWER SYSTEMS)
M. Tech- I Semester
MICROPROCESSORS & MICRO CONTROLLERS
Unit-I: Register Organization of 8086, Architecture, Signal description of 8086,
Physical memory Organization, addressing modes of 8086.
Unit-II : 8086/8088 instruction set and assembler directives, machine language
instruction formats.
Unit-III: General Bus Operation, minimum mode 8086 system and timings,
maximum mode 8086 system mode and timings
Unit–IV : Fundamental I/O considerations, Programmed I/O, Interrupt I/O, Block
transfers and DMA.
Unit-V : Introduction to stack, stack structure of 8086/8088, Interrupts and
Interrupt service routine, interrupt cycle of 8086/8088.
Unit-VI: Interfacing ROM, RAM and I/O ports to Micro Computer System, PPI
(Programmable Peripheral Interface), 8255 modes of operation, Interfacing A to
D converters, Interfacing D to A converters, Interfacing Pirnciples and stepper
motor interfacing.
Unit-VII : Programmable Interval timer 8254, Programmable Interrupt Controller
8259A, Key Board or Display Controller 8279, Programmable Communication
Interface 8251 USART.
Unit-VIII: Introduction to 8051/31 Micro Controller, PIN diagram, architecture,
Different modes of Operation of timer/counters, addressing modes of 8051 and
instruction set.
.
Reference Books:
1. Microprocessors and Interfacing : Programming and Hardware by
Douglas V. Hall, 2nd
edition, TMH, New Delhi, 1999.
2. Micro Computer Systems : The 8086/8088 family by YU-CHENG LIU,
GLENN A. GIBSON, 2nd
edition, PHI India, 2000.
3. The 8051Microcontrollers : Architecture, Programming & Applications by
Kenneth J Ayala, Second Edition, Penram International Publishing
(India).
4. Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals, Architecture Programming
and Interfacing by A.K. Ray & K.M. Bhurchandi, Forth reprint 2004, TMH.
5. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems – Mohammad Ali
Mazdi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd.,
2003.
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w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
M. Tech- I Semester
H.V.D.C. TRANSMISSION
Unit 1 :H.V.D.C. Transmission : General considerations, Power Handling
Capabilities of HVDC Lines, Basic Conversion principles, static converter
configuration.
Unit 2 : Static Power Converters : 3-pulse, 6-pulse and 12-pulse converters,
converter station and Terminal equipment, commutation process, Rectifier and
inverter operation, equivalent circuit for converter – special features of converter
transformers.
Unit 3 : Harmonics in HVDC Systems, Harmonic elimination, AC and DC filters.
Unit 4 : Control of HVDC Converters and systems : constant current, constant
extinction angle and constant Ignition angle control. Individual phase control and
equidistant firing angle control, DC power flow control.
Unit 5 : Interaction between HV AC and DC systems – Voltage interaction,
Harmonic instability problems and DC power modulation.
Unit 6 : Multi-terminal DC links and systems; series, parallel and series parallel
systems, their operation and control.
Unit 7 : Transient over voltages in HV DC systems : Over voltages due to
disturbances on DC side, over voltages due to DC and AC side line faults
Unit 8:Converter faults and protection in HVDC Systems: Converter faults, over
current protection - valve group, and DC line protection, circuit breakers. Over
voltage protection of converters, surge arresters.
Reference Books :
1. K.R.Padiyar : High Voltage Direct current Transmission, Wiley Eastern
Ltd., New Delhi – 1992.
2. E.W. Kimbark : Direct current Transmission, Wiley Inter Science –
New York.
3. J.Arillaga : H.V.D.C.Transmission Peter Peregrinus ltd., London UK 1983
4. E.Uhlman : Power Transmission by Direct Current, Springer Verlag, Berlin
Helberg – 1985.
5.
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w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
M. Tech- I Semester
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL
Unit 1 : Unit commitment problem : Introductions to UCP, thermal & Hydral
constraints in Unit commitment : Priority list scheme method, unit commitment
problem solution by priority list scheme method,
Unit 2 : Unit commitment problem solutions by Dynamic programming Approach.
Introduction, advantages of DP method over priority list scheme, Back word DP
approach, forward DP approach algorithm and their flow charts solution UCP
using Dynamic program method.
Unit 3 : Load Frequency Control-I : Necessity of keeping frequency constant.
Definition of control area, single area control, Block diagram representation of an
isolated Power System, Steady State analysis, Dynamic response-Uncontrolled
case.
Unit 4 : Proportional plus Integral control of single area and its block diagram
representation, steady state response, load frequency control and Economic
dispatch control.
Unit 5 : Load Frequency Control-II : Load frequency control of 2-area system :
uncontrolled case and controlled case, tie-time bias control.
Unit 6 : Optimal LF control-steady state representation, performance Index and
optimal parameter adjustment.
Unit 7 : Generation with limited Energy supply : Take-or-pay fuel supply
contract, composite generation production cost function. Solution by gradient
search techniques, Hard limits and slack variables, Fuel scheduling by linear
programming.
Unit 8 : Interchange Evaluation and Power Pools Economy Interchange,
Economy interchange Evaluation, Interchange Evaluation with unit commitment,
Multiple Interchange contracts. After-the-fact production costing, Transmission
Losses in transaction Evaluation, other types of Interchange, power pools.
Reference Books :
1. Electrical Energy Systems Theory - by O.I.Elgerd, Tata Mc Graw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd, 2nd
edition.
2. Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat – Tata Mc Graw Hill Publications
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3. Power Generation, Operation and Control - by A.J.Wood and
B.F.Wollenberg,John wiley & sons Inc. 1984.
4. Modern Power System Analysis - by I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari, Tata Mc
Graw-Hill Publishing Company ltd, 2nd
edition.
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
M. Tech- I Semester
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION AND MANAGEMENT
UNIT I: Load Compensation
Objectives and specifications – reactive power characteristics – inductive and
capacitive approximate biasing – Load compensator as a voltage regulator –
phase balancing and power factor correction of unsymmetrical loads- examples.
UNIT II: Steady – state reactive power compensation in transmission
system:
Uncompensated line – types of compensation – Passive shunt and series and
dynamic shunt compensation – examples
UNIT III: Transient state reactive power compensation in transmission
systems:
Characteristic time periods – passive shunt compensation – static
compensations- series capacitor compensation –compensation using
synchronous condensers – examples
UNIT-IV: Reactive power coordination:
Objective – Mathematical modeling – Operation planning – transmission benefits
– Basic concepts of quality of power supply – disturbances- steady –state
variations – effects of under voltages – frequency – Harmonics, radio frequency
and electromagnetic interferences
UNIT-V: Demand side management:
Load patterns – basic methods load shaping – power tariffs- KVAR based tariffs
penalties for voltage flickers and Harmonic voltage levels
UNIT-VI: Distribution side Reactive power Management:
System losses –loss reduction methods – examples – Reactive power planning
– objectives – Economics Planning capacitor placement – retrofitting of capacitor
banks
UNIT-VII: User side reactive power management:
KVAR requirements for domestic appliances – Purpose of using capacitors –
selection of capacitors – deciding factors – types of available capacitor,
characteristics and Limitations
UNIT-VIII: Reactive power management in electric traction systems and are
furnaces:
Typical layout of traction systems – reactive power control requirements –
distribution transformers- Electric arc furnaces – basic operations- furnaces
transformer –filter requirements – remedial measures –power factor of an arc
furnace
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Reference Books:
1. Reactive power control in Electric power systems by T.J.E.Miller, John Wiley
and sons, 1982 (Units I to IV)
2. Reactive power Management by D.M.Tagare,Tata McGraw Hill,2004.(Units V
toVIII
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
M. Tech- I Semester
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (ELECTIVE-I)
Unit 1 : General : Introduction to Distribution systems, an overview of the role of
computers in distribution system planning-Load modeling and characteristics:
definition of basic terms like demand factor, utilization factor, load factor, plant
factor, diversity factor, coincidence factor, contribution factor and loss factor-
Relationship between the load factor and loss factor - Classification of loads
(Residential, Commercial, Agricultural and Industrial) and their characteristics.
Unit 2 : Distribution Feeders and Substations : Design consideration of
Distribution feeders: Radial and loop types of primary feeders, voltage levels,
feeder-loading.
Unit 3 : Design practice of the secondary distribution system.
Location of Substations : Rating of a Distribution Substation, service area with
primary feeders. Benefits derived through optimal location of substations.
Unit 4 : System analysis : Voltage drop and power loss calculations : Derivation
for volt-drop and power loss in lines, manual methods of solution for radial
networks, three-phase balanced primary lines, non-three-phase primary lines.
Unit 5 : Protective devices and coordination : Objectives of distribution system
protection, types of common faults and procedure for fault calculation.
Unit 6 : Protective Devices: Principle of operation of fuses, circuit reclosers, line
sectionalizer and circuit breakers. Coordination of protective devices : General
coordination procedure.
Unit 7 : Capacitive compensation for power factor control: Different types of
power capacitors, shunt and series capacitors, effect of shunt capacitors (Fixed
and switched ) power factor correction, capacitor location. Economic justification.
Procedure to determine the best capacitor location.
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Unit 8 : Voltage control : Equipment for voltage control, effect of series
capacitors, effect of AVB/AVR, line drop compensation.
Reference Books :
1. “Electric Power Distribution System Engineering “ by Turan Gonen, Mc.Graw-
Hill Book Company,1986.
2. Electric Power Distribution-by A.S.Pabla, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing
Company, 4th
edition, 1997.
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
M. Tech- I Semester
EHVAC TRANSMISSION(ELECTIVE-I)
Unit 1 : E.H.V. A.C. Transmission , line trends and preliminary aspects ,standard
transmission voltages – power handling capacities and line losses –
mechanical aspects.
Unit 2 : Calculation of line resistance and inductance : resistance of conductors,
temperature rise of conductor and current carrying capacity. Properties of
bundled conductors and geometric mean radius of bundle, inductance of
two conductor lines and multi conductor lines, Maxwell’s coefficient matrix.
Unit 3 : Line capacitance calculation : capacitance of two conductor line, and
capacitance of multi conductor lines, potential coefficients for bundled conductor
lines, sequence inductances and capacitances and diagonalization.
Unit 4 : Calculation of electro static field of AC lines - Effect of high electrostatic
field on biological organisms and human beings.
Unit 5 : Surface voltage Gradient on conductors, surface gradient on two
conductor bundle and cosine law, maximum surface voltage gradient of bundle
with more than 3 sub conductors, Mangolt formula.
Unit 6 : Corona : Corona in EHV lines – corona loss formulae – attenuation of
traveling waves due to corona – Audio noise due to corona, its generation,
characteristics and limits, measurement of audio noise.
Unit 7 : Power Frequency voltage control : Problems at power frequency,
generalized constants, No load voltage conditions and charging currents,
voltage control using synchronous condenser, cascade connection of
components : Shunt and series compensation, sub synchronous resonance in
series – capacitor compensated lines
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Unit 8 : Static reactive compensating systems : Introduction, SVC schemes,
Harmonics injected into network by TCR, design of filters for suppressing
harmonics injected into the system.
Reference Books :
1. Extra High Voltage AC Transmission Engineering – Rakosh Das
Begamudre, Wiley Eastem ltd., New Delhi – 1987.
2. EHV Transmission line reference book – Edision Electric Institute (GEC)
1986.
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
M. Tech- I Semester
POWER QUALITY (ELECTIVE I)
Unit 1 : Power and Voltage Quality : General, classes of Power Quality
Problems, Power quality terms, Power frequency variations, the power quality
evaluation procedure.
Unit 2 : Voltage quality : Transients, long and short duration Voltage variations,
Voltage imbalance, waveform distortion, Voltage Flicker.
Unit 3 : Voltage sags and Interruptions : Sources of sags and Interruptions.
Estimating Voltage sag performance.
Unit 4 : Fundamental Principles of Protection. Solutions at the end-user level.
Evaluating Ride-through Alternatives. Motor-Starting Sags.
Unit 5 : Fundamentals of Harmonics : Harmonic distortion. Voltage versus
Current distortion. Harmonic indexes. Harmonic sources from commercial
loads. Harmonic sources from industrial loads. Locating Harmonic sources.
System response characteristics. Effects of Harmonic Distortion.
Unit 6 : Distributed Generation and Power Quality : Resurgence of DG. DG
Technologies. Interface to the Utility System. Power Quality Issues. Operating
Conflicts. DG on distribution Networks . Siting DG distributed Generation,
Interconnection standards.
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Unit 7 : Wiring and Grounding : Resourses, Definitions, Reasons for
Grounding, Typical wiring and grounding problems, Solution to wiring and
grounding problems.
Unit 8 : Power Quality Monitoring : Monitoring Consideration. Historical
Perspective of power quality measurement equipment. Assessment of Power
Quality.
Reference:
1. Electrical Power Systems Quality : By ROGER C.DUGAN, Electrotek
Concepts Inc. (second edition)
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
M. Tech- I Semester
AI TECHNIQUES (ELECTIVE-II)
Unit – I: Introduction to Neural Networks
Introduction, Humans and Computers, Organization of the Brain, Biological
Neuron, Biological and Artificial Neuron Models. introduction-neural network
models-architectures-knowledge representation-learning process-learning tasks.
Unit- II: Feed Forward Neural Networks
Introduction, Perceptron Models: Discrete, Continuous and Multi-
Category, Training Algorithms: Discrete and Continuous Perceptron
Networks, Perceptron Convergence theorem, Limitations of the
Perceptron Model, Applications.
Unit–III: ANN paradigm-back propagation-RBF algorithms-Hope field networkS
Unit IV : genetic algorithms-introduction-encoding-fitness function-reproduction
operators
Unit V: genetic modelling-genetic operators-cross over and mutation-
generational cycle-coveragence of genetic algorithm-
Unit – VI: Classical AND Fuzzy Sets
Introduction to classical sets - properties, Operations and relations; Fuzzy sets,
Membership, Uncertainty, Operations, properties, fuzzy relations, cardinalities,
membership functions.
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UNIT VII: Fuzzy Logic System Components
Fuzzification, Membership value assignment, development of rule base and
decision making ystem, Defuzzification to crisp sets, Defuzzification methods.
UNIT VIII: APPLICATION OF AI TECHNIQUES-load forecasting-load flow
studies-economic load dispatch-load frequencycontrol-reactive power control-
speed control of dc and ac motors
TEXT BOOK:
1. Neural Networks, Fuzzy logic, Genetic algorithms: synthesis and applications
by Rajasekharan and Rai – PHI Publication.
2. Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems - Jacek M. Zuarda, Jaico Publishing
House, 1997.
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
M. Tech- I Semester
ADVANCED DSP (ELECTIVE-II)
UNIT-I: Digital Filter Structure
Block diagram representation-Equivalent Structures-FIR and IIR digital filter
Structures All pass Filters-tunable IIR Digital Filters-IIR tapped cascaded Lattice
Structures-FIR cascaded Lattice structures-Parallel-Digital Sine-cosine
generator-Computational complexity of digital filter structures.
UNIT-II: Digital filter design
Preliminary considerations-Bilinear transformation method of IIR filter design-
design of Low pass highpass-Bandpass, and Band stop- IIR digital filters-
Spectral transformations of IIR filters- FIR filter design-based on Windowed
Fourier series- design of FIR digital filters with least –mean- Square-error-
constrained Least-square design of FIR digital filters
UNIT-III: DSP algorithm implementation
Computation of the discrete Fourier transform- Number representation-Arithmetic
operations-handling of overflow-Tunable digital filters-function approximation.
UNIT-IV Analysis of finite Word length effects
The Quantization process and errors- Quantization of fixed -point and floating
-point Numbers-Analysis of coefficient Quantization effects - Analysis of
Arithmetic Round-off errors-Dynamic range scaling-signal- to- noise ratio in Low
-order IIR filters-Low-Sensitivity Digital filters-Reduction of Product round-off
11

errors using error feedback-Limit cycles in IIR digital filters- Round-off errors in
FFT Algorithms.
UNIT V: Power Spectrum Estimation
Estimation of spectra from Finite Duration Observations signals – Non-
parametric methods for power spectrum Estimation – parametric method for
power spectrum Estimation-Estimation of spectral form-Finite duration
observation of signals-Non-parametric methods for power spectrum estimation-
Walsh methods-Blackman & torchy method.
Reference Books:
1. Digital signal processing-sanjit K. Mitra-TMH second edition
2. Discrete Time Signal Processing – Alan V.Oppenheim, Ronald W.Shafer -
PHI-1996 1st edition-9th reprint
3 Digital Signal Processing principles, algorithms and Applications – John
G.Proakis -PHI –3rd edition-2002
4 Digital Signal Processing – S.Salivahanan, A.Vallavaraj, C. Gnanapriya – TMH
- 2nd reprint-2001
5 Theory and Applications of Digital Signal Proceesing-LourensR.
Rebinar&Bernold
Digital Filter Analysis and Design-Auntonian-TMH
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
M. Tech- II Semester
POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS & STABILITY
Unit 1 : System Dynamics : Synchronous machine model in state space form ,
computer representation for excitation and governor systems –modelling of loads
and induction machines.
Unit 2 : Stability – steady state stability limit – Dynamic Stability limit – Dynamic
stability analysis.
Unit 3 : State space representation of synchronous machine connected to
infinite bus, Time response – Stability by eigen value approach.
Unit 4 : Digital Simulation of Transient Stability : Swing equation, Machine
equations
Unit 5 : Concept of Multimachine Stability, Multimachine Transient Stability
Under Different Faulted Conditions.
Unit 6 : Effect of governor action and exciter on power system stability. Effect of
saturation, saliency & automatic voltage regulators on stability.
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Unit 7 : Excitation Systems : Rotating Self-excited Exciter with direct acting
Rheostatic type, voltage regulator – Rotating main and Pilot Exciters with Indirect
Acting Rheostatic Type Voltage Regulator.
Unit 8 : Rotating Main Exciter, Rotating Amplifier and Static Voltage Regulator –
Static excitation scheme – Brushless excitation system.
Reference Books :
1. Power System Stability by Kimbark Vol. I&II, III – 1968, Dover Publication Inc,
New York 1968.
2. Power System control and stability by Anderson and Fund, Vol – I,
P.M.Arolerson & A.A.fouad, Galgotia Publications 3B/12, Uttari marg
Rajunder Nagar, New Delhi – 110060, 1981, 1 st edition.
3. Power System Dynamics Stability and Control by K.R.Padiyar, Second
edition B.S.Publications 2002.
4. Computer Applications to Power Systems–Glenn.W.Stagg &
Ahmed. H.El.Abiad
5. Power Systems Analysis & Stability – S.S.Vadhera Khanna Publishers.
6. Power System Analysis by “Hadi Saadat” – Tata McGraw Hill Publications
7. Power System Analysis by John J.Graniger William D.Stevenson. JR. – Tata
McGraw Hill Publications.
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
FACTS CONTROLLERS
Unit 1 : Transmission interconnections, power flow in an AC System, loading
capability limits, Power flow and Dynamic stability considerations, importance of
controllable parameters.
Unit 2 : Opportunities for FACTS, basic types of FACTS controllers, benefits
from FACTS controllers, Requirements and Characteristics of High Power
devices – Voltage and Current rating, losses and speed of switching, parameter
trade-off of devices.
Unit 3 : Basic concept of Voltage source converter, Single phase full wave
bridge converter, Single phase-leg (pole) operation, Square-wave voltage
harmonics for a single phase Bridge, 3 Phase full wave bridge converter.
Unit 4 : Transformer connections for 12 pulse, 24 and 48 pulse operation. Three
level voltage source converter, pulse width modulation converter, basic concept
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of current source converters, comparison of current source converters with
voltage source converters.
Unit 5 : Objectives of shunt compensation, mid point voltage regulation for line
segmentation, End of line voltage support to prevent voltage instability,
improvement of transient stability, Power oscillation damping.
Unit 6 : Methods of controllable var generation: variable impedance type static
var generators – TCR and TSR, TSC, FC-TCR, TSC-TCR, switching converter
type var generators, hybrid var generators.
Unit 7 : SVC and STATCOM : The regulation and slope transfer function and
dynamic performance, transient stability enhancement and power oscillation
damping, operating point control and summary of compensation control.
Unit 8 : Static series compensators : Concept of series capacitive compensation,
improvement of transient stability, power oscillation damping, functional
requirements. GTO thyristor controlled series capacitor (GSC), thyristor switched
series capacitor (TSSC), and thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), control
schemes for GSC, TSSC and TCSC.
Reference Book:
1. “Understanding FACTS ” N.G.Hingorani and L.Guygi, IEEE Press.
Indian Edition is available:--Standard Publications, 2001.
1. “Flexible a c transmission system (FACTS)” Edited by YONG HUE SONG and
ALLAN T JOHNS, Institution of Electrical Engineers, London.
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
REAL TIME CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS
Unit 1 : State Estimation : Different types of State Estimations, Theory of WLS
state estimation, sequential and non-sequential methods to process
measurements.
Unit 2 : Bad data Observability, Bad data detection, identification and
elimination.
Unit 3 : Security and Contingency Evaluation : Security concept, Security
Analysis and monitoring, Contingency Analysis for Generator and line outages
by iterative linear power flow method, Fast Decoupled model, and network
sensitivity methods.
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Unit 4 : Computer Control of Power Systems : Need for real time and computer
control of power systems, operating states of a power system,
Unit 5 : SCADA - Supervisory control and Data Acquisition systems
implementation considerations, energy control centres, software requirements
for implementing the above functions.
Unit 6 : Voltage Stability : What is voltage stability, voltage collapse, and voltage
security, relation of voltage stability to rotor angle stability.
Unit 7 : Voltage stability analysis Introduction to voltage stability analysis `P-V’
curves and `Q-V’ curves, voltage stability in mature power systems, long-term
voltage stability, power flow analysis for voltage stability, voltage stability static
indices and Research Areas
Unit 8 : Application of AI and ANN in Power System : Basic concepts and
definitions, algorithms for load flow, short term load forecasting, fault diagnosis
and state estimation.
Reference Books :
1. John J.Grainger and William D.Stevenson, Jr. : Power System Analysis,
McGraw-Hill, 1994, International Edition
2. Allen J.Wood and Bruce F.Wollenberg : Power Generation operation and
control, John Wiley & Sons, 1984
3. R.N.Dhar : Computer Aided Power Systems Operation and Analysis, Tata
McGraw Hill, 1982
4. L.P.Singh : Advanced Power System Analysis and Dynamics, Wiley
Eastern Ltd. 1986
5. Prabha Kundur : Power System Stability and Control -, McGraw Hill, 1994
6. P.D.Wasserman : `Neural Computing : Theory and Practice’ Van
Nostrand - Feinhold, New York.
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w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Unit 1 :CLASSIFICATION OF STATIC RELAYS : Basic construction of static
relays, Classification of protective schemes, Comparison of Static relays with
electromagnetic relays, Amplitude comparator,Phase comparator, Principle of
Duality.
UNIT 2: AMPLITUDE AND PHASE COMPARATORS(2-INPUT):
Rectifier bridge circulating and opposed Voltage type- Averaging -phase
splitting type -Sampling type of amplitude Comparison. Block spike type-
Phase splitting type- Transistor integrating type-Rectifier bridge type- Vector
product type Phase comparison.
Unit 3 : STATIC OVER CURRENT RELAYS : Instantaneous- Definite time –
Inverse time- Directional- IDMT- Very inverse Time-Extremely inverse time
over current relays. Time current characteristics of Over current relays-
applications
Unit 4 : DISTANCE PROTECTION: Impedance Relay: operating principle-
relay Characteristic-Protective Schemes-Static Impedance Relay- Static
reactance relay- static MHO relay-effect of arc resistance,effect of power
surges,effect of line length and source impedance on performance of distance
relays-Quadrilateral relay – Elliptical relay.-selection of distance relays
UNIT 5: PILOT RELAYING SCHEMES: Wire pilot protection:circulating
current scheme- balanced voltage scheme-translay scheme-half wave
comparison scheme- Carrier current protection: phase comparison type-
carrier aided distance protection-operational comparison of transfer trip and
bloking schemes-optical fibre channels
UNIT6: AC MACHINES AND BUS ZONE PROTECTION: Protection of
Alternators: stator protection-rotor protection-over voltage protection-over
speed protection-Transformer protection: earth faults in transformers-
percentage differential protection-protection against magnetic inrush current-
generator and transformer unit protection-Bus zone protection: differential
current protection-high impedance relay scheme-frame leakage protection
Unit 7 : MICROPROCESSOR BASED PROTECTIVE RELAYS:
Introduction-over current relays-Impedance relay-Directional relay-Reactance
relay.
Unit 8: PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGES: Protection of
transmission lines, stations, and substations against direct lightning strokes-
protection against travelling waves-Insulation coordination.
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Reference Books :
1.Power system protection ---by TSM Rao.
2.Power system protection and switch gear--by Badri Ram& DN
Vishwakarma.
3.Switch gear and protection---by MV Deshpande.
4.Protective relaying vol-2 ---by Warrington.
5. Power system protection and switch gear---by Ravindranath & Chandan.
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS (ELECTIVE-I)
Unit 1: Discrete data and digital Control Systems – basic elements, advantages
and disadvantages, examples, - Impulse sampling and data hold – transfer
functions of Zero order hold and First order hold.
Reconstructing original signals from sampled signals – sampling theorem, ideal
low pass filter, frequency response characteristics of the Zero order hold.
Unit 2 : The Z-transform, Z transforms of some elementary functions, Important
properties and theorems of the Z-transform, The inverse Z-transform, S-
transform method for solving difference equations, the pulse transfer function,
realization of digital controllers.
Unit 3: Mapping between the s-plane and the z-plane, the Jury stability test,
stability analysis by use of the bilinear transformation and Routh stability
criterion. Liapunov stability analysis of discrete time systems.
Unit 4: Transient response specifications, steady state error analysis. Design
based on frequency response method, Analytical design method.
Unit 5: Concept of the state space method, State space representations of
discrete time systems, solving discrete time state space equations.
Discretisation of continuous time state space equations.
Unit 6: Controllability, Observability, Principle of Duality, Design via pole
placement necessary and sufficient condition. Ackerman’s formula, Dead Beat
response.
Unit 7: State observers – necessary and sufficient condition for state
observation, full order state observer, minimum order state observer.
Unit 8: Microprocessor and DSP control : Microprocessor control of control
systems, single-board controllers with custom-designed chips, DMC – 105
17

board, digital signal processors – TMS 320 DSPs, development system and
support tools. Effects of finite word length and quantization on controllability
and closed loop pole placement. Effect of quantization – least upper bound on
quantization error.
Reference Books :
2. Discrete-time Control Systems, 2nd
edition K.OGATA, Pearson Education
Asia.
3. Digital Control Systems : 2nd
edition, B.C.KUO, Oxford University Press
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY (ELECTIVE – I)
UNIT – I Basics of Probability theory & Distribution : Basic probability
theory – rules for combining probabilities of events – Bernoulli’s trials –
probabilities density and distribution functions – binomial distribution –
expected value and standard deviation of binomial distribution.
UNIT – II Network Modelling and Reliability Analysis : Analysis of Series,
Parallel, Series-Parallel networks – complex networks – decomposition
method.
UNIT – III Reliability functions :Reliability functions f(t), F(t), R(t), h(t) and
their relationships – exponential distribution – Expected value and standard
deviation of exponential distribution – Bath tub curve – reliability analysis of
series parallel networks using exponential distribution – reliability measures
MTTF, MTTR, MTBF.
UNIT – IV Markov Modelling : Markov chains – concept of stochastic
transitional probability Matrix, Evaluation of limiting state Probabilities. – Markov
processes one component repairable system – time dependent probability
evaluation using Laplace transform approach – evaluation of limiting state
probabilities using STPM – two component repairable models.
UNIT – V Frequency & Duration Techniques : Frequency and duration
concept – Evaluation of frequency of encountering state, mean cycletime,
for one , two component repairable models – evaluation of cumulative
probability and cumulative frequency of encountering of merged states.
UNIT – VI Generation System Reliability Analysis : Reliability model of a
generation system– recursive relation for unit addition and removal – load
modeling - Merging of generation load model – evaluation of transition rates for
18

merged state model – cumulative Probability, cumulative frequency of failure
evaluation – LOLP, LOLE.
UNIT – VII Composite Systems Reliability Analysis : Decompositions
method – Reliability Indices – Weather Effects on Transmission Lines.
UNIT – VIII Distribution System and Reliability Analysis : Basic Concepts
– Evaluation of Basic and performance reliability indices of radial networks.
Reference Books :
1. Reliability Evaluation of Engg. System – R. Billinton, R.N.Allan, Plenum Press, New
York.
2. Reliability Evaluation of Power systems – R. Billinton, R.N.Allan, Pitman Advance
Publishing Program, New York.
3. An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering. Charles E.
Ebeling, TATA Mc Graw - Hill – Edition.
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
PLC CONTROLLERS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Unit 1:
PLC Basics: PLC system, I/O modules and interfacing, CPU processor,
programming equipment, programming formats, construction of PLC ladder
diagrams, devices connected to I/O modules.
Unit 2:
PLC Programming: Input instructions, outputs, operational procedures,
programming examples using contacts and coils. Drill press operation.
Unit 3:
Digital logic gates, programming in the Boolean algebra system, conversion
examples. Ladder diagrams for process control: Ladder diagrams and sequence
listings, ladder diagram construction and flow chart for spray process system.
Unit 4:
PLC Registers: Characteristics of Registers, module addressing, holding
registers, input registers, output registers.
Unit 5:
PLC Functions: Timer functions and Industrial applications, counters, counter
function industrial applications, Arithmetic functions, Number comparison
functions, number conversion functions.
19

Unit 6:
Data Handling functions: SKIP, Master control Relay, Jump, Move, FIFO, FAL,
ONS, CLR and Sweep functions and their applications.
Unit 7:
Bit Pattern and changing a bit shift register, sequence functions and applications,
controlling of two axis and three axis Robots with PLC, Matrix functions.
Unit 8:
Analog PLC operation: Analog modules and systems, Analog signal processing,
multi bit data processing, analog output application examples, PID principles,
position indicator with PID control, PID modules, PID tuning, PID functions.
Reference Books:
1. Programmable Logic Controllers – Principle and Applications by John W.
Webb and Ronald A. Reiss, Fifth Edition, PHI
2. Programmable Logic Controllers – Programming Method and Applications
by JR. Hackworth and F.D Hackworth Jr. – Pearson, 2004.
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
VOLTAGE STABILITY (ELECTIVE II)
Unit 1 : Reactive Power flow and voltage stability in power systems: Physical
relationship indicating dependency of voltage on reactive power flow - reactive
power transient stability; Q-V curve; definition of voltage stability, voltage
collapse and voltage security. Voltage collapse phenomenon, Factors of voltage
collapse, effects of voltage collapse, voltage collapse analysis.
Reasons for aggravation of the problem.
Unit 2 : Power system loads : Load characteristics that influence voltage stability
such as – Discharge lighting, Induction motor, Air conditioning and heat
pumps, Electronic power supplies, Over Head lines and cables.
Unit 3 : Reactive Power compensation : Generation and absorption of
reactive power – Reactive power compensators & voltage controllers : -
shunt capacitors, synchronous phase modifier – static VAR system – on load
tap changing transformer, booster transformers.
20

Unit 4 : Voltage stability static indices : Development of voltage collapse index –
power flow studies – singular value decomposition – minimum singular
value of voltage collapse – condition number as voltage collapse index.
Unit 5 : voltage stability margins & Improvement of voltage stability: Stability
margins, voltage stability margin of un compensated and compensated power
system . Dynamic voltage stability – voltage security , Methods of improving
voltage stability and its practical aspects.
References:
1. Performance operation and control of EHV power transmission SystemsA
chakrabarti, D.P.Kothari, A.K. Mukhopadhyay, A.H. Wheeler publishing,
1995.
2. Power system Voltage stability - C.W. Taylor , Mc. Graw Hill, 1994
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
POWER SYSTEM DEREGULATION (ELECTIVE II)
UNIT I
Need and conditions for deregulation. Introduction of Market structure, Market
Architecture, Spot market, forward markets and settlements. Review of
Conceptsmarginal
cost of generation, least-cost operation, incremental cost of generation.
Power System Operation: Old vs. New
UNIT II
Electricity sector structures and Ownership /management, the forms of
Ownership and
management. Different structure model like Monopoly model, Purchasing agency
model,
wholesale competition model, Retail competition model.
UNIT III
Framework and methods for the analysis of Bilateral and pool markets, LMP
based
markets, auction models and price formation, price based unit commitment,
country practices.
UNIT IV
Transmission network and market power. Power wheeling transactions and
marginal
costing, transmission costing. Congestion management methods- market
splitting,
counter-trading; Effect of congestion on LMPs- country practices
UNIT V
21

Ancillary Services and System Security in Deregulation. Classifications and
definitions,
AS management in various markets- country practices. Technical, economic, &
regulatory issues involved in the deregulation of the power industry.
Reference Books:
1. Power System Economics: Designing markets for electricity - S. Stoft
2. Power generation, operation and control, -J. Wood and B. F. Wollenberg
3. Operation of restructured power systems - K. Bhattacharya, M.H.J. Bollen and
J.E. Daalder
4. Market operations in electric power systems - M. Shahidehpour, H. Yamin
and Z. Li
5. Fundamentals of power system economics - S. Kirschen and G. Strbac
6. Optimization principles: Practical Applications to the Operation and Markets
of the Electric Power Industry - N. S. Rau
7. Competition and Choice in Electricity - Sally Hunt and Graham Shuttleworth
w.e.f 2009-2010
(POWER SYSTEMS)
DEMAND SIDE ENERGY MANAGEMENT (ELECTIVE-II)
Unit-1 : Energy Audit : Definitions-Need-concepts-Types of energy audit; Energy
index – cost index – pieharts – Sankey diagrams.
Unit-2 : Energy Economics: Introduction-Cost benefit risk analysis-Payback
period-Straight line depreciation-Sinking fund depreciation—Reducing
balance depreciation-Net present value method-Internal rate of return
method-Profitability index for benefit cost ratio.
Unit-3 : Energy Conservation in Electric utilities and Industry: Electrical load
management: Energy and load management devices-Conservation
strategies; conservation in electric utilities and industry: Introduction-Energy
conservation in utilities by improving load factor-Utility voltage regulation-
Energy conservation in Industries-Power factor improvement.
Unit-4 : Energy–efficient electric motors (EEMs) : Energy efficient motors-
construction and technical features-case studies of EEMs with respect to cost
effectiveness-performance characteristics; Economics of EEMs and system life
cycle-direct savings and payback analysis-efficiency factor or efficiency
evaluation factor
Unit-5 : Electric Lighting: Introduction-Need for an energy management
program-Building analysis-Modification of existing systems-Replacement of
existing systems-priorities:
Illumination requirement : Task lighting requirements-lighting levels-system
modifications-non illumination modifications-lighting for non task areas-
reflectances-space geometry ;System elements.
Unit-6 : Light sources - characteristics of families of lamps-lamp substitution in
existing systems-selection of Higher efficiency lamps for a new system-
22

Luminaries-ballasts-energy conservation in lighting. White light LED and
conducting Polymers.
Unit-7 : Space Heating ,Ventilation, Air-Conditioning(HVAC) and Water Heating:
Introduction-Heating of buildings-Transfer of Heat-Space heating methods-
Ventilation and air-conditioning-Insulation-Cooling load-Electric water
heating systems-Energy conservation methods.
Unit-8 : Co-generation and storage: Combined cycle cogeneration-energy
storage: pumped hydro schemes-compressed air energy storage(CAES)-storage
batteries-superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
References:
1.Energy management Hand book by Wayne C.Turner,John wiley and sons
publications
2.Electric Energy Utilization and Conservation by S C Tripathy,Tata McGraw
hill publiching company ltd.New Delhi
3.Energy efficient electric motors selection and application by John C.Andreas
4.Hand book on Energy Audit and Management by Amit kumar Tyagi,published
by TERI(Tata energy research Institute)
5.Energy management by Paul W.O’ Callaghan McGraw hill book company
6.Energy conversion systems by Rakosh Das Begamudre New age
international publishers
Energy Management – by W.R.Murphy & G.Mckey Butterworths.
23

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