Multidisciplinary Research

Multidisciplinary Research
1. Multidisciplinary research can exist in four forms based on the level of interaction the group has
with one another. Name the four forms and explain the group interaction for each. Be sure to explain
how the disciplines interact and what level of collaboration occurs. The multidisciplinary research
forms are additive, non–disciplinary, integrated and synthetic. Additive: the additive
multidisciplinary research form is the lowest level of collaboration among the four forms. In fact,
this particular form of research does not require a certain degree of collaboration. Additive research
is very independent and consists on building your research base as if you were building it with Lego
blocks; which mean that there is no collaboration that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although both research forms can be performed by a team of researchers from various specialties,
interdisciplinary research can be perform as well by a single individual, who has different areas of
expertise, without compromising the final result. On multidisciplinary research, team members can
work independently borrowing from other disciplines as the research deems necessarily. While
multidisciplinary research requires a team to cover different field of expertise, such experts might
not share a common research goal, and interaction between them is not requires either, sharing
information varies according to the researchers' possibilities and technology. On the other hand,
interdisciplinary research requires a greater level of interaction between researchers, which share a
common research ideas and goals. Personally, the main difference between these forms of research
is that the approach to answer the research question differs. Multidisciplinary research questions are
based on individual disciplines and do not require other perspectives in order to be answers, whereas
Interdisciplinary questions require integration of perspective and theories from multiple
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Research Worksheet
Research Worksheet
Jesse Travis
Midwestern University Research Worksheet Questions
What hierarchy of evidence is used when making decisions about clinical interventions?
While research has long paralleled medicine, the use of strong research evidence as the basis for
clinical action is more recent (Houser, 2015). The historically accepted hierarchy of evidence
separates evidence into levels of trust, from highest to lowest (Greenhalgh, 2010):
1. Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trails
2. Randomized controlled trails
3. Controlled clinical trials
4. Observational studies (cohort studies or case–controlled studies)
5. Case studies, expert opinion, bench studies
While this structure provides a starting point for the critique ... Show more content on
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Give a brief description of each section: The IMRAD format is the most common format for
scientific papers and includes an introduction, methods, results, and discussion section (Greenhalgh,
2010). The introduction section includes a summary of the author's reasons for developing the study;
the methods section displays the author's techniques which include study design and tools for data
analysis; the results section displays the data found by the experiment; then finally, the discussion
section contains the author's interpretation and application of the results (Greenhalgh, 2010).
What is systematic bias? Systematic bias is anything that may artificially make a change to
conclusions drawn from study data and prevent direct evaluation of study groups (Greenhalgh,
2010). The aim of all good research is the comparison of changes with target groups while
controlling for as many external influences as possible to ensure reliability of results.
What are the different types of biases to check for in a randomized controlled trial? Give a brief
explanation of each. According to Greenhalgh (2010), there are four kinds of bias which must be
addressed during randomized controlled trials (p. 52):
1) Selection

Research Proposal
Research Proposal: It addresses a particular project: academic or scientific research. It also contains
extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of need for the research study being
proposed. Doctoral dissertations begin with research proposal; the proposal must be accepted by a
panel of experts (usually professors) before the actual research can begin. In addition to providing
rationale for the proposed research, the proposal must describe a detailed methodology for
conducting the research––a methodology consistent with requirements of the professional or
academic field. Other than that, it is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed
description of the proposed program. It is like an outline ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
All research is part of a larger scholarly enterprise and candidates shouldbe able to argue for the
value and positioning of their work.
CHAPTER II * Research Design:
Describe the overall research design by building upon and drawing examples from your review of
the literature. Be specific about the methodological approaches you plan to undertake to collect
information, about the techniques you will use to analyze it, and about tests of external validity to
which you commit yourself [i.e., the trustworthiness by which you can generalize from your study to
other people, places or times].
* Locate and Population:
This might include the field site description, a description of the instruments you will use, and
particularly the data that you anticipate collecting. You may need to comment on site and resource
accessibility in the time frame and budget that you have available, to demonstrate feasibility, but the
emphasis in this section should be to fully describe specifically what data you will be using in your
study. Part of the purpose of doing this is to detect flaws in the plan before they become problems in
the research.
* Data Gathering Procedure:
This section must be well–written and logically organized because you are not actually

Research Proposal
Research Proposal
Tony Franco, Anita Badejo, Annie Petroian Malhami, Brenda Baillargeon, Christina Hyett, Kenneth
Haynes
RES/351
June 11, 2012
Dr. James Gartside
University of Phoenix
Research Proposal
In recent years, the amount of media coverage surrounding assisted suicide, or euthanasia, has
increased. The term evokes a multitude of emotive responses. The Royal College of Nursing
completed research on the issue of euthanasia initiating change in their policy of opposition to
euthanasia (Robinson, Greenwood, 2009). This particular study received criticism based on the
small sample size used for the study. Research is an organized inquiry carried out to provide
information for solving problems. Solid research generates ... Show more content on
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The design of our research was qualitative seeking to obtain opinions, experiences, and situations
nurses are presented with along with particular influences affecting their actions.
Research Design
Research design gives us a layout of material at different levels that guides the operations of a study.
The collection of data and the viewpoint or perspective is an effective design. In this type of
research insight is gained through reviewing unforeseen circumstances or facts, and interpretations
on how people think. Through this design method, the collection of data will be gathered through
structured interviewing to a specific group of personnel in this case consisting of nurses in which the
same list of questions, some open–ended questions will be asked and in the same sequence.
"Standardized open–ended interviews are likely the most popular form of interviewing utilized in
research studies because of the nature of the open–ended questions, allowing the participants to fully
express their viewpoints and experiences" (Turner, 2010, p.3).
Design Instrument
The process of collecting data initially will start with a letter introducing the study followed by a
pamphlet given to all participants. A letter would initiate the participation of registered nurses
staffed in the ICU or CCU at select hospitals. The pamphlet would include information on definition
of euthanasia, patients' rights, the effects, and laws regarding euthanasia. The design of interview

Research Proposal
MOI UNIVERSITY
MAIN CAMPUS
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS.
Course: RESEARCH METHODS
Course code: ECO 217
Task: GROUP ASSIGNMENT NAMES REG. NO. SIGN 1. HUSSEIN IBRAHIM ABDIRAHMAN
ECO/201/O9 ......... 2. THIONG AGUTO GAAR ECO/1002/10 .......... 3. JACKLYNE .C.KIPTOO
ECO/137/10 ......... 4. BOWEN KEMBOI LEONARD ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this context, this study will provide way to strengthen and broaden financial sector to address
constraint practices and strategies among members.
1.4Research question
Upon the conclusion of the research, the following are the questions the researcher will have
provided answers for; 1. What are the benefits of the project? 2. Why the funding should be done to
the needy? 3. What are the factors affecting the project? 4. What are the effects of the project?
1.5Significance of this study * To provide initiatives and capacities of needy students to survive and
improve their academics and kind of support they need in the university. * This study will provide a
way to strengthen and broaden financial sector to address poverty reduction practices and strategies
among the members. * It will enlighten other associations to offer microfinance assistance to their
members.
1.6The scope of the study
The study will be carried out within ESA Moi University Main Campus to determine the factors that
will lead to success of the proposed funding project.
1.7Limitations of the study
Some of the limitations include; 1. Lack of adequate time to cover all the members of ESA. 2. The
members do not like to discuss personal issues. 3. Lack of cooperation from the members. 4. Lack
of adequate funds to carry out the research.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter we shall discuss the factors that affect the

Research Experiment
METHODS
Participants
The targeted participants for our experiment are the ones who reside and who were raised in
Arizona. The total number of participants were 30. Each experimenter is assigned six participants to
find and assess the study. These participants are generally students at the University of Arizona and
University of Arizona affiliates. The participants of the study were selected from social settings
(University libraries) and they were generally found alone sitting down.
Research Design
The experimental design consist of three independent variables which are used for manipulating
prejudice toward illegal immigrants by the use of educational means pertaining to knowledge–
enriched paragraphs. The dependent variable consist of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Likert–scale will consist of eight questions with six choices and no neutral response, in order to
minimize social desirability, the questions listed are originated from the social dominance
orientation scale. To avoid skewed data, the questions 1, 3, 4, and 6 will be scored based on their
answers, while questions 2, 5, 7, and 8 will be scored reversibly to control response bias.
Materials
The materials used for our study will include a brown envelope for random sampling, in addition we
will have two different paragraphs consisting of informative fact–based bullet points for each
condition. Random sampling will include the experimenter reaching down in the envelope and
randomly pulling out a condition for the participant to respond to.
Measures
In addition, we will provide a Likert–scale questionnaire consisting of eight questions to measure
the participants' attitude toward immigrants. Participants will take a Likert–scale survey
questionnaire where each participant will answer a series of eight questions about their feelings of
immigrants in the U.S. In numerical order, the following eight questions will be phrased: "1)
Immigrants in the United States get more from this country than they contribute, 2) the children of
immigrants in the U.S. should have the same right to

Research Methodology
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
S. Rajasekar
School of Physics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli – 620 024, Tamilnadu, India∗
P. Philominathan
Department of Physics, Sri AVVM Pushpam College, Poondi, Thanjavur – 613 503, Tamilnadu,
India
V. Chinnathambi
Department of Physics, AKGS Arts College, Srivaikundam – 628 619, Tamilnadu, India In this
manuscript various components of research are listed and briefly discussed. The topics considered in
this write–up cover a part of the research methodology paper of Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)
course and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) course. The manuscript is intended for students and
research scholars of science subjects such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, statistics, biology and
computer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(9) Social research helps find answers to social problems. They explain social phenomena and seek
solution to social problems. (10) Research leads to a new style of life and makes it delightful and
glorious . Emphasizing the importance of research Louis Pasteur said "I beseech you to take interest
in these sacred domains called laboratories. Ask that there be more and that they be adorned for
these are the temples of the future, wealth and well–being. It is here that humanity will learn to read
progress and individual harmony in the works of nature, while humanity's own works are all too
often those of babarism, fanaticism and destruction." (Louis Paster – article by S.Mahanti, Dream
2047, p.29–34 (May 2003)). In order to know what it means to do research one may read scientific
autobiographies like Richard Feynmann's "Surely you are joking, Mr.Feynmann!", Jim Watson's
"The double helix", "Science as a way of life – A biography of C.N.R. Rao" by Mohan
Sundararajan, etc.
C.
Importance of Research
Research is important both in scientific and nonscientific fields. In our life new problems, events,
phenomena and processes occur every day. Practically implementable solutions and suggestions are
required for tackling new problems that arise. Scientists have to undertake research on them and find

their causes, solutions, explanations and applications. Precisely, research assists us to understand
nature

Research Methodology For Research Methods Essay
Survey research methods are one of the most widely used research methods in education. This non–
experimental, quantitative research design is most often used to gather information about the
subject's attitude, beliefs, opinions, or similar types of information (McMillian & Schumacher,
2010). With this method, the researcher selects a sample of subjects and either administers a
questionnaire or conducts interviews to collect data from the subjects.
There are several benefits to using surveys in educational research. First of all, the researcher can
gather information from a small group of subjects (the sample), but apply the results to a larger
number of people (the population). Additionally, many educational researchers choose survey
methods because of the versatility, efficiency and generalizability that surveys provide (Schutt,
1996). Surveys are versatile, because they have been used in many different areas of educational
research. They are also very cost–efficient and, for the most part, do not require the time that most
other methods do. This makes them popular among researchers. As previously mentioned, the
researcher can gather data from a small group of subjects instead of the entire population, but
generalize the results to the population. This, in itself, is a huge benefit when sample generalizability
is a goal.
Important Considerations for Survey Research Design
Although survey research design is the most widely used in educational research, it is not the only

A Research Study On Clinical Research
1. Describe the type(s) of internship(s) you are seeking this summer.
This summer, I have been seeking clinical research internships. These include any research that is
conducted in a hospital setting and correlates to patients. I would be developing my research skills
in a laboratory setting while also developing intrapersonal skills working with patients. The research
that I have conducted at the University of Richmond has been invaluable; however, I plan on
applying to an MD/PhD program and I feel that clinical research would be a more valuable
experience for this upcoming summer.
I have applied to a clinical research internship at Stanford University that focuses on training
undergraduate students who are perusing a MD/PhD. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The internship will provide me with a challenging opportunity to develop skills pertaining to clinical
research that will further benefit me on my career path.
I have also looked into clinical research at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania through an
inquiry form outlining my interests. This has the ability to match me to various laboratories. This
was not an official application, but my information has been passed along to faculty mentors at the
Hospital.
2. Why do you want to intern this summer?
I believe the summer is the perfect opportunity to jump into something new and challenging in order
to develop one's intellect and character. My ultimate career goal is to become a physician scientist
and I feel using the summer to gain clinical skills earlier on will positively impact my career
trajectory. During my undergraduate experience, I have not had many opportunities to conduct
clinical research, but I am eager to learn new skills immerse myself in learning opportunities.
Furthermore, an internship can provide me with unique networking opportunities to learn not only
from my internship mentor, but other physician–scientists and interns as well. Currently, I do not
have the place to gain such connections but I am eager to form them.
My experience at Richmond has allowed me to hone basic research skills, volunteer in a clinical
setting, and

A Research Study On Experimental Research
Experimental research is sometimes done with risk of harming the subjects under study. In a
research study, participants could be physically and emotionally harmed. As nurses, we are
advocates for our patients. Therefore, our goal is to protect them from any harm and discomfort
when they participate in experimental treatment. Many dilemmas arise when trying to determine the
level where an experimental treatment becomes harmful. In the past, researchers conducted
unethical experiments without the subjects' informed consent. They conducted experiments on
human subjects knowing the high potential for harm. Participants received harmful substances
without their knowledge and did not receive treatment (Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2015). Researchers
coerced, misinformed, and forced human subjects to participate in experimental research. Groves et
al. (2015) reported few events from the past that displayed a breach of the participants' privacy,
confidentiality, and freedom. Rodriguez and Garcia (2013) also reported a study where American
scientists infected a specific population in Guatemala with sexually transmitted diseases such as
syphilis and gonorrhea. American researchers conducted unethical experiments on human subjects
without proper informed consent and clearly caused harm to mentally and socially vulnerable
participants. The American researchers carefully selected a segment of the Guatemalan population
based on poverty level and mental capacity. They did not inform the

A Research Study On Research
The research topic is selected, the testable research question is developed, research on the topic is
found, the literature review is completed, and a decision is made on the research design. Now, one
of the most important steps in the research process to accomplish is the collection of data.
Notwithstanding the research project and whether the method of research is whether qualitative or
quantitative, data must be collected. Data collection is essential whether the method of choice is a
mail survey, a telephone survey, an interview, an experiment, field research, or secondary data
analysis. Data collection is an important aspect of any research study. Inaccurate data can impact the
results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. During the data collection step, a significant
amount of time, energy and attention are required. In order to ensure the data collection process is
valid and successful, one should adhere to the four steps involved: (1) the construction of a
collection data form which is used to organize all data that is collected; (2) the designation of the
coding strategy used to represent data on a data collection form; (3) the collection of the actual data;
and (4) entry into the data collection form (Salkind, 2012). Once the researcher knows what
information to collect and where to find it, the first step in the data collection process is to organize
the data on a constructed collection data form. This process allows the researcher to make

Research Methodology For The Research
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
In doing the research, the methodology must be appropriate so that the analysis findings could reach
the objective. Research methodology proposed one procedure in order way to be follow to answer
all the questions in the research that want to be made. Quoted by Denzin and Lincoln (1994),
methodology is a process that related with research objective and data. In the others word, it is early
research planning that include the research scope, data collection method, data collection process
and data analysis method. For Ranjit (2005), methodology is one of crucial part in research, in order
to ensure the research can be done in the systematic way Overall, this chapter will discuss on the
research frame and the methodologies used in order to meet the research objectives. Research
process been divided into three main parts there are preliminary research part, data collection and
last one data analysis.
Research Methodologies
Research methodology is a way how the research is conducted step by step and in order. There are
two methods used for data collection which is the primary data and secondary data. These data can
be obtained and used many ways. The data is taken and analyzed in advance to produce a result that
we can use for research and future reference. This study will relate to the objective we want to
achieve and finding the answer to every objective we seek. In order to successfully achieve the
objectives we seek, we must know

A Research Paper On The Quality Research
The reason this book is being reviewed is because this was one of our textbook for our book review.
This book was for our class to understand how to write a research paper in higher standard. The
Quality Research Papers is written by Nancy Vyhmeister has forty–five years of experience in
teaching future pastors and professors throughout the world. She continues to have a global ministry
in her retirement years, mostly teaching and writing. She also has authored several books, both in
Spanish and English, including a Greek grammar for Spanish speaking students. She was editor of
Women in Ministry: Biblical and Historical Perspectives. Vyhmeister basic approach for this book
was originally written to meet the needs of South American students. She mentions the developing
research thinking, choosing a topic, through gathering and evaluating resources, and organizing and
writing the actual paper, evaluating on using internet sources and finally focuses on formatting and
explains briefly the ends and outs of presenting the final product of the research project. She goes on
in her book to describe the process of research, which she divides into three sections. In the first
section, she lays out a definition (p. 1) of research and is then followed by nine chapters on nine
different kinds of theological research (pg. 11–95): "Biblical Exegesis and Interpretation", "Literary
Research", "Descriptive Research", "Program Development", "Case Studies", "Action Research",
"Writing for

Types of Research
Research is done everyday. Research is used in the many different situations managers encounter
everyday. Research is part of the problem–solving manager do to make decisions. Research is
defined as "the process of finding solutions to problem after thorough study and analysis of the
situational factor" (Sekaran, p3, 2003). Managers use research for daily operational problem as well
as bigger problems that can require hired research consultants. Managers who use research are able
to communicate with the hired consultants because they understand the process of inquiry,
investigation, examination, and explanation. Managers are also, capable of understanding the
difference in good and bad studies, and can apply the research done to ... Show more content on
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In 1996, researchers developed the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI), used to measure
the quality of the goods and services customers experienced. The ACSI is representative of the
economy as a whole and includes more than two hundred firms from over forty industries in the
seven major consumer sectors of the economy (Fornell, 1996). This index evaluates the
organizations rather than a single transaction with one employee of that organization. "ACSI is
embedded in the system of cause and effect relationships, which makes it the centerpiece in a chain
of relationships running from the antecedents of overall customer satisfaction–expectations, quality,
value– to the consequences of overall customer satisfaction– voice and loyalty" ( Fornell, p8. 1996).
The ASCI can be used to measure customer satisfaction in many organizations in different sectors of
the economy. It is a tool that could impact all customer based services if used correctly.
Some researchers have hypothesized that there is no relationships between customer satisfactions
and loyalty. Henning states that research done on relationships between customer satisfaction and
loyalty would be weak and nonexistent. He critically examines the satisfaction–retention
relationship and investigates customer retention based on customer perception (Henning, 1998). In
Dr. Silvestro's research customer satisfaction and loyalty do

Research Mthod
Chapter 01 Research in Business Key 1. Which of the following is an example of a business
decision maker?
A. Politician 's election consultant
B. Church pastor
C. Manager of a non–profit program
D. Business manager of a consumer goods product
E. All of the above 2. The acronym, RFP, stands for _____ and refers to the document used to invite
research firms to propose ideas for addressing the research needs of the organization.
A. Request for proposal
B. Recency frequency population
C. Research firm proposal
D. Recognition of problem
E. Recently formed protocols
3. The problem or opportunity that requires a business decision on the part of the decision maker is
called a _____.
A. Management dilemma
B. Research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A. Proprietary
B. Omnibus
C. Full–service
D. Limited service
18. All of the following terms except _____ can be used to describe custom full–service business
research firms?
A. Ad hoc research
B. Custom–designed research
C. Custom researchers
D. Syndicated panel
19. What type of research firm dominates the small research firms operated by a single person or a
small staff?
A. Proprietary
B. Syndicated
C. Full–service

D. Specialty
20. Specialty firms can establish expertise in all of the following areas except _____.
A. Methodology
B. Process
C. Industry
D. Incentives
21. Researchers who study retail shoppers by tracing their footsteps and recording the amount of
time a shopper spends reading labels are conducting _____ studies.
A. Survey
B. Interviewing
C. Observation
D. Focus groups
22. Specialty research suppliers who provide the screening and recruiting of probability samples for
a wide range of survey studies are called _____.
A. Sampling specialists
B. Field business specialists
C. Headhunters
D. Screeners
23. A _____ study combines one or a few questions from several business decision makers who
need information from the same population.
A. Syndicated
B. Proprietary research
C. Omnibus
D. Sampling
24. Which of the following is an advantage of using an omnibus study?
A. Ability to reach a convenience sample of consumers
B. Cost of less than $2000

Aspects of Research
INTRODUCTION
Understanding what research is in the first place aids in the knowing what its key aspects are.
Understanding entails critically going through the various definitions of research to see some
similarities regarding what research seems to address. It must also be taken into consideration that
there are types of research that exist for example historical research, artistic research, and scientific
research (Wikipedia, 2010).
To look into the definitions of research, we would start with the recommended book for this module
– Projects in Computing and Information Systems (second edition) by Christian Dawson (2009).
The definition found in this book even though it is a definition by the Higher Education Funding
Council for England ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dawson, 2009). The difference in approach could be in the form of use of different tools,
techniques, and utilization of available data just to mention a few. With a vast number of fields of
study and quite a number of researchers investigating into those fields, originality in the form of
doing what has never been done can be of importance to world knowledge even though it seems to
be the most difficult type of research to embark on as far as originality is concerned.
Methodology or Systematic
Research is not something that is done without consideration of the existing knowledge about the
subject in question, methods of going about the research and so on. The process in which research is
done methodological therefore knowledge about how to go about it is important. A very good
example of this is the Research Methods Training which we currently undergoing in order to
understand how to go about research as far as the Dissertation module is concerned.
Contribution (Knowledge)
Knowledge is a high level of understanding of things (C. Dawson, 2009). It is the use of information
obtained from data in understanding 'why' or 'how' certain things happen. Even though it reflects a
personal interpretation of what is obtained from information, knowledge in the world can be seen in
books, journals, models, theories and concepts. Adding to

Nursing Research
HISTORICAL LANDMARKS AFFECTING NURSING RESEARCH
YEAR EVENT | 1859 Nightingale's Notes on Nursing published | 1900 American Nursing Journal
begins publication | 1923 Columbia University establishes first doctoral program for nurses |
Goldmark Report with recommendations for nursing education published | 1930s American Journal
of Nursing publishes clinical cases studies | 1948 Brown publishes report on inadequacies of nursing
education | 1952 The journal Nursing Research begins publication | 1955 Establishment of nursing
research center at Walter Reed Army Institue of Research | 1963 International Joursnal of Nursing
Studies begins publication | 1971 ANA establishes a Commission on Research | 1972 ANA
establishes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research)
* 1952– Nursing Research came into being–to meet need for a journal in which nsg.research
findings can be published * Nsg. Research took a twist not experienced by research in other
professions–
Nurses studied themselves.
––––Nursing Research in the 1960s––––
* Knowledge development through research began in earnest in 1960s * Nsg. Leaders began to
express concern about lack of research in nsg.practice * Prof'l nsg.organizations–Western Interstate
Council for Higher Education in Nsg.–
Established priorities for research investigations * Practice–oriented research on different clinical
topics began to emerge
* Period during which terms like conceptual framework, conceptual model, nsg.process, theoretical
base of
Nursing began to appear in the literature and to influence views about the role of theory in nsg.
research.
* Nsg. Research began to advance worldwide–the International Journal of Nursing Studies began
Publication in 1963; the Canadian Journal of Nursing Research was first published in 1968.
––––Nursing Research in the 1970s––––

* Growing no.of nurses conducting research studies and the discussions of theoretical & contextual
issues surrounding nursing research

Research Methods And Methods Of Research
Studying research method was not a new experience since I have studied about it in my under
graduate school. In comparison from the previous one I had, ULMS 515 Applied Research Methods
Module has enhanced my understanding about how to conduct a research in an appropriate way to
be implemented in the real world setting. I learned to appreciate the nature of research and the
research process in academic and practical contexts. This module also enables me to develop my
understanding in the differences between primary and secondary data, the awareness to carefully
identify research methods and technique related to data collection. This brings me to be able to
identify the suitable methods for collecting data and analysing data that will result in the answer of
the research question.
For me, the most meaningful experience was when I started to feel that doing research is not that
boring. Previously, I thought that doing research was very boring, difficult, and useless. This might
be because of the situation in my organisation where there were so many research papers that has no
meaning to be implemented in the organisation. Having experienced this module learning, I now
realise that research can be very challenging but useful if we can serve it in an appropriate practical
way. This module has taught me that the complexity in doing research can turn to be interesting. As
a result, I have significantly developed my skills in conducting research properly especially through
the

Experimental Research
Experimental Research and The Key Components of
A Successful Experiment
Ehsan Jamil
Seneca College
Laura Cavanagh
February 4, 2013
Abstract
This paper explores the experimental research method and specifically the experiment conducted by
Professor Smith, a Psychology professor who has a hypothesis that Vitamin E improves memory, to
determine the flaws in her experiment. In the process, the paper also clearly explains the various key
factors which determine the outcome and accuracy of the method of experimental research, such as
dependent variables, independent variables, experimental groups, and control groups. This paper
examines the factors that render Professor Smith's experiment as flawed, and finally attempts ...
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This could easily have had a demoralizing effect on the mental state of the control group and an
encouraging effect on the experimental group, which would decrease the accuracy and validity of
her findings as other factors beside the independent variable could have affected the dependent
variable. Another flaw with her experimental design is the division of the experimental group and
the control group into two seperate sections, creating a social inequity, specially as the first half of
the students were allowed to sit in the front and the latter half were made to sit in the ramaining half
of the class in the back. This could have created a sense of expectancy in the experimental group and
compelled them to try harder, while the control group might have assumed they weren't expected to
do well and as a result not strive enough to succeed. According to Feldman and Dinardo ( 2012 ),
one of the factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an
experiment is participant expectations. The participants in Professor Smith's experiment were aware
of their assigned groups, which could have raised or lowered their expectations, depending on the
group to which they were assigned. Finally, the flaw with Professor Smith's conclusion is that the
experiment was conducted to test her hypothesis that Vitamin E

Research Methodology : Research Methods
3. Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
This chapter will focus on the research methods application and explain why use these research
methods to accomplish this case study. This study was used the qualitative method to collect various
data in order to get more depth and comprehensive information to explore the questions of this
study. The qualitative method mainly used in exploratory research on objectives, it can be used to
obtain potential causes, ideas, and motivations. Furthermore, the qualitative method can also provide
more in–depth problem–solving methods and explore new ideas in objectives of the study (Cohen,
2006).
3.2 Primary research: Questionnaire and Interview
Primary research is the method that obtain the first–hand data from experiments and investigation. It
contains several different methods such as questionnaire, interviews and surveys (Blaxter, 2006).
Due to changes in China 's luxury consumption is from the beginning of 2014, there are only a few
secondary sources can be found on the Internet. Therefore, this study has mainly focused on gather
first–hand information and resources on the analysis of changes in China 's luxury consumption.
In the questionnaire part, by the time of Easter holidays, I went back to China to do this research. I
have created 120 copies of the questionnaire in order to collect more information from different age,
sex, and occupation, region, and education Chinese consumers. The primary research has conducted
in two major

The Research Process
Processes of research by Jonathan Guy
In this essay I will outline the primary methods of conducting research, their advantages and
disadvantages and will outline where they are best utilised. In addition to this, I will select certain
methods of research that I believe will be applicable to my own dissertation and state why I will use
those particular methods to conduct my own research.
The first question we should ask is what is research? John C. Merriam considers research as "a
reaching out to bring together, organise and interpret what ever may be added to our store of
knowledge most truly exemplified when it involves the wider relationship of specific facts to the
whole structure of knowledge". (C. Merriam, 1941, pg890) In ... Show more content on
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This approach to research has obvious advantages, namely its objectivity. It cannot be considered
bias or subverted due to the theorisers own predispositions or opinions and it should therefore be
true of itself; it is not subject to change as it merely categorises a factual state and it provides
definitive answers from its research as opposed to just more questions or debatable theories. It does
however have a number of disadvantages. It is arguable that the scientific method has no place in
political theory as much of it is based in abstract theorising which cannot be objectively proved one
way or the other and as such would be dismissed as irrelevant by the scientific methods (which is
clearly wrong). Further, unlike in the natural sciences, the scientific method tends to be only
descriptive of political science and does not in fact advance it in any way, rather it merely attempts
to describe the state it is presently in (for example, it would not predict who will win the next
election, but it would say who won the last one). Therefore, the scientific method is best used if we
wish the results of our research to return as objective facts, empirically provable and repeatable.
Whilst this does not necessarily have a major place in political sociology, it is useful in interpreting
quantifiable results that are not statistical in nature.
In addition to

Outsiders In Research
Review boards should always contain people who are not scientists to ensure their result or opinion
wouldn't be skewed to one side or the other. And having an outsider help prevent that from
happening because scientist tend to believe things happened in certain ways that could lead to bias
result. In addition, having people who are not scientist can help explain occurred events in a
different perspective or different idea. Having outsider can also help to ensure the data is not skew
or bais, can make the announcemnet of the result for the review more believable and more people
would agree to it because it is not strongly skewed toward one side. And we public want to see
unskewed, clear, and fair result and review especially when it come to medical realted issue. ...
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And people who have less knowledge should also have the right to participate in review board to
ensure that the result won't be bais. I also think that the review board group size could be
randomized. However, in that specific group, no less than half of the group have to be outsiders
which mean they are scientist or medical realted to help provide a more balance and less bais
review. Their occupation should not be limited because it will help bring in more diversity or variety
into the review board. It is crucial to provide a fair and unbais review for people who requested it. A
lot of research or study actually hire outside group or outsider to monitor their data or review the
process of how the data is collected to make sure that no bias or skew will be used while building a
strong conculsion of the

Research and Topic
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Literature reviews ....
 are an integral part of graduate studies to help you become fully conversant with a topic area
 may be a stand alone paper or part of a research paper or proposal
 present a survey of scholarly articles, books and other sources that provides a summary, synthesis
and critical evaluation of key ideas and work on a topic area.
 present a big picture or overview of significant work done on a topic
 enable you to gain deep understanding and insight by standing on the shoulders of giants
 help you prepare for further original research by analysis of the current state of research on a
topic
 take time, patience, a clear mind and good organizational skills
A good literature review ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What are the current debates?
9. Peer–reviewed journals contain articles reviewed by experts in the field before they are accepted
for publication. Avoid newspapers, magazines and non–peer reviewed journals unless your subject
area requires it; e.g. media studies, journalism, performance art. However, even here, while current
information and trends might be culled from these sources, search peer–reviewed journals for in–
depth studies and explorations.
10. Wikipedia is not a reliable reference, although it can be a handy reference for ideas of what to
search for in more reliable sources.
11. Work in Stages
 FIRST PASS is a broad and general survey to orient yourself to the field and topic, to find out the
main theories/frameworks, the key scholars, and their principal publications.
 SECOND PASS – a more detailed, selective process of reading books & articles you have
narrowed down as most relevant. You take notes and make summaries of your readings.
Claremont Graduate University Writing Center 2008
2
B. READING ANALYSIS SYNTHESIS
Information is useless if it is not easily recalled and accessed. Make sure you have a good system to
manage the notes you take and to keep track of your references. This makes it easier to analyse and
evaluate the information and to synthesize it to find patterns, connections and trends.

Find a content organizing system that works for you:
 3X5 cards – great for making notes of key

Research Question
What is the significance of the research question?
Doctoral Seminar: Research Methodology I November 3rd, 2011
Stefan Bischoff, HSG (11–618–303) Tanja Rädler, ETH (04–1820–02)
1.
Introduction
In a research project the researcher is either provided with a research idea by an
organization/university or he/she has to generate it by himself/herself. In both cases defining the
research question is of major importance for the success of the research project. In this short
overview we focus on the significance of research questions when one has to generate the idea and
topic of a research project individually. The goal of this short paper is to show, why a clear research
question is important for successful research and for a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Strong hypotheses give insight into a research question and give a hint on what we will find when
we answer the research question. A hypothesis gives therefore an a priori answer to the research
question. Punch (1998) makes the following connection between hypothesis and research question:
"A specific research question states what we are trying to find out. The hypothesis predicts, a priori,
the answer to that question." Punch (1998) suggest that we do not need a hypothesis in any case. It
only makes sense when we have an explanation in mind behind the hypothesis. A further question
we should ask is what answer we expect and why. If we expect a certain answer only because
previous research has found it to be true, we do not need to propose a hypothesis. To summarize and
find out whether a hypothesis is reasonable one can follow figure 1.
Is a hypothesis reasonable? Do you have an explanation in mind for the question?
Yes
Is the expected answer predictable?
Yes
Is the answer predictable due to previous research?
No
It is suggested to formulate a hypothesis

Figure 1: Decision scheme to decide whether a hypothesis is necessary for a research project (based
on Punch, 1998)
3.
Development of a research question
To develop a strong research question given a broad idea the following questions will help to find
out whether

Marketing Research
Name : Sua Shin Yao 15723
2. According to the Marketing Research Association(2000), Marketing Research is defined as
follows: "Marketing Research is the function which links the consumer, customer, and public to the
marketer through information, information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and
problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and
improve understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing research specifies the information
required to address these issues, designs the methods for collecting information, manages and
implements the data collection process, analyzes, and communicates the findings and their
implications. As a whole, marketing research is about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The difficult part of establishing research objectives is the conflict that often exists between the
value of information and the research budget. Since each piece of information has some cost
associated with it, whether it is the cost of the account manager 's travel expenses or the cost of
having an outside agency perform a telephone survey, each piece must be evaluated in terms of its
value with respect to the needed decision.
Secondly is to developing the research plan for collecting information. This process call for
determining the information needed, developing a plan for gathering it efficiently and presenting the
research design to marketing management in the form of a plan. The plan outline sources of
secondary data and spells out the specific research approaches, contact methods, sampling plans and
instruments that researchers will use to gather primary data. Research objectives must be translated
into specific information needs. Research process is establishing the need for marketing research
information. The researcher must thoroughly understand why the information is needed. The
manager is responsible for explaining the situation surrounding the request for information and
establishing that the research information will assist in the decision–making process. Establishing
the need for research information is a critical and difficult phase of the research process. Too often
the importance of this initial step is overlooked,

Research Paper
BUS3004 Research Worksheet (Template)
Purpose:
The worksheet's purpose is to guide the steps for efficient Capella Library and Internet searches to
find and paraphrase reliable, credible resources relevant to your research paper topic. This
worksheet will lead you through the steps by doing Part A for Unit 3 and Part B for Unit 4.
Your efficient, effective research will assure a solid, strong drafted paper for Unit 5. By completing
this worksheet, you will have at least six paragraphs done for your draft! NOTES: You need to
complete all of this Research Worksheet before drafting your paper. Substandard draft papers
submitted without a completed research worksheet cannot earn a grade.
Enjoy researching, paraphrasing, and citing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Competent leadership is important to establishing a climate in which empowerment can occur. Key
to employee empowerment is creating an environment for positive communication, shared decision–
making, and trust (Ongori & Shundra, 2008). An organization's management must nurture employee
empowerment; that is, employees must be able to recognize that empowerment is a priority in the
organization.
[Write your paraphrased sentences here. Have at least five sentences. Attempt to insert the in–text
citations and if not perfect, that is okay at this point.
Direct Quotes. Avoid having more sentences of direct quotes than you have paraphrased. Aim for
one to three sentences of direct quotes. Attempt to insert the in–text citations and if not perfect, that
is okay at this point.
Example direct quote:
"Generally, employee empowerment comprises an innovative approach to working with people and
a shift of power from the top management control to lower level management of an organization"
(Ongori & Shunda, 2008, p. 84).
Example direct quote
"Investing in resources, including training, strict policies, that include enforcement and meaningful
consequences for lax application of procedures and the following of procedures, are critical to any

effective effort associated with records management" (p. 75).
[Write or paste your quoted words here; add the in–text citation (perfect citation is not expected)]
STEP THREE:

Implications Of Research On Research
Implications of research
Authenticity; this is research carried out which aims to include new knowledge and understanding,
produce new data or interpret knowledge which was already used in a new form. The researcher is
required and must not alter observations made, questionnaires, interviews and focus groups done.
The research must be carried out with integrity. However researchers may end up changing data as
they may be pressurised or they need to be a deadline. (Srmo.sagepub.com, 2015).For example,
gathering feedback on hospitals in a certain area, the researcher may feel like they do not have time
and need to meet a deadline to visit all hospitals, so they end up using outdated information. Another
instance may be changing information, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the research lacks external validity, findings cannot be applied to contexts, apart from ones carried
out in the research (Shuttleworth and Shuttleworth, 2015).
For example, if a research is carried out about men only, such as 'more men are likely to get
coronary heart disease' and they only ask men for feedback or to attend focus groups and fill in
questionnaires; the findings will only apply to men and not to females. However, this would not be
valid data as even though women are less likely to suffer from coronary heart disease, there is also a
rare chance they could get it too. Another example can be, if a researcher was presenting their
findings on underage smoking but they have no evidence to back up. Such as statistics, feedback,
surveys and so forth. This would make their validity of the research very weak as there is no support
showing their findings or conclusion.
Reliability, which is a further implication of research, and is concerned with the consistency of
results. This means if another researcher researched on the same topic; using the same methods,
which therefore would produce the same results. It may be less likely to happen as the research may
be carried out in a different place, different time and different people, which would lead to very
dissimilar results (Shuttleworth and Shuttleworth, 2015)
This can be proven when, for example if a

Evaluation Of A Research And Qualitative Research
In this section I will explain and describe each part of a Research Designed Process and how
researchers use this process. A research process is an iterative process which is complex, is always
back and forth when it comes to a process, this process never ends. This process goes two ways
there is a Quantitative research and a Qualitative Research. The first way that I will talk about will
be the Quantitative Research.
The way that Literature is defined in the research process is as an assessment of a body of research
that addresses a research question. The main purpose of this is to identify what is already known
about an area of a study. It also explains why a furtherance of this study is important in the research
question of a field. Literature includes three types of knowledge and these are Content, Method, and
Theory. Content is what we know regarding our research, the method is what we use to know what
we know about the research and the theory is why we know what we know about the research. What
these three components mean regarding our research is that content are our ideas, methods are what
we use to get what we want in our research and the theory is what we know and apply to the
research.
The way that Theory is defined in the research process is as a way of making sense of a situation.
They represent uncertain solutions to problems. A theory is a generalization about a phenomenon an
explanation of how and why something occurs; a system of generalizable statement

Secondary Research
Cardiff Metropolitan University
Name:– Asiya Nabi Student ID:– ST20022942
Module Leader:– Eileen Gilhooly Module Code:– MBA7003
Submission date:– 19th Nov, 2012 Cohort:– Feb,2012
Assignment:– Values and Weaknesses of the secondary research and How primary research
supplements secondary research
Contents
1.0 Introduction................................................................................... 3
1.1Research definition............................................................................4
1.2 Secondary research ...........................................................................4
1.3 Advantages of secondary research......................................................... 4
1.4. Disadvantages of secondary research...................................................... 4
2.0 How primary research supplements secondary research................................. 5
2.1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Denscombe (2007 cited by Saunders 2009), secondary data is not always presented in
a form which would satisfy a researcher's needs. One of its main reasons is either the data is out–
dated or the methods of collecting that information would have been different which thus may offer
information of very less value in fast changing market. Therefore it becomes important for a
researcher to check the validity and reliability of the information. Another disadvantage of
secondary research is that sometimes gaining access to secondary data becomes costly. According to
Saunders (2009), market reports produced by big research firms like Mintel and Keynote costs a lot
and thus researchers may not get the full version access to get full value of their research.
2.0 As per experts it is easy and quick to conduct secondary research but what makes people carry
primary research? According to (Hague et.al 2008), the main reason for it is that people do not know
how to locate the information and thus secondary research lays a base for primary research and thus
helps in its increments. Primary research also increments the secondary data such as journals and
magazines by reducing its inaccuracies and biasness. Therefore knowledge of conducting primary
research is beneficial for filling this gap.
During our research for presentation material on fragrances, although readily

Research Questions Are The Basic Building Blocks Of A...
Research questions are the basic building blocks of a research project. Developing good research
questions is one of the first steps in the research process (Taylor, 1999). When developed correctly
using precise language and when it is properly investigated beforehand, research questions should
guide the research project and assist in the topic's investigation (Taylor, 1999). When approaching a
new Research project one must ask, "what information do I need to know and what kind of
questions can I ask to obtain the information I'm looking for?" In research there is either a broad
topic or a narrowed down topic. This is where research questions come into play. Creating a good
research question can eliminate any unnecessary information. ... Show more content on
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This should begin by identifying a topic that can be investigated then doing general research about
the topic to find any information or research that already exists (Taylor, 1999). Choose a question
that is simple yet will uncover other questions of detail; make sure your question has an in–depth
understanding of what your topic is. (Brause, R. S. 2000) The topic should be somewhat of interest
to the author, and not just a convenient topic (Tosi, 1984). Research questions should be of interest
to the writer but, not so personal that it does not apply to others outside their circle. "Studies that are
linked to the concerns of the larger community are more likely to be of interest to that larger
community and to contribute to the larger conversation" (Kennedy, M. 2006). Typical problems
include areas of improvement and areas of difficulty (Biddix, 2009). Questions can also seek to
relate items to each other, such as a human resource professional trying to find a correlation between
pay scales and turnover rates. Creating a list of potential open–ended "how" or "why" research
questions will help narrow down the topic to which areas might make for good research (Taylor,
1999).
It is important not to create research questions that have already been adequately researched, as well
as to not create research questions that cannot be answered (Tosi, 1984). One should consider
"conduct(ing) preliminary research on the topic in

Research Proposal
city univeRsity of hong kong Part–Time BA (Hons) Business Administration and Management
Cohort January 2013 Module Title Business Research Issue and Anylysis (Module code BAMG
2104 ) Assignment Topic/ Title Research Proposal Name of Instructor Dr Michael Ng Name of
Student 1) AU Kwan Tai, 2) Chan Yan Ki, 3) Choi Chak Pan, 4) Chong Ka Chun DMU Student No.
1) P13014477 , 2) P13014523 3) P13014614, 4) P13014628 Group No. Date of Submission 25 Feb,
2014 DMU Business Research Methods Research Proposal 1. Research Project Title The
relationship between turnover rate and employee satisfaction in the public sector organization. 2.
Project background (management dilemma present some facts to prove the ... Show more content on
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For data collection method, we will work with the communication study so that we can collect the
personal data for our analysis. For the time dimension, this study will be a cross–sectional one so
that it will only carry out once to obtain the information at the present stage. Moreover, our research
will be statistical. As the data collected will be mainly about personal feelings, the results of our
study will be explanatory in order to find out the reasons of the situation. b. Target population (who
is the most appropriate subject to provide you the primary data Why choose this subject as the
target) Our target population will be the force members with less than 10 years of service and who
are under the MPF contracts. This sample group may provide us the information about the turnover
intention excluding the retirement factors. c. Sampling strategy (what sampling methods you are
going to adopt Why How would you conduct the sampling What is the sample size) We will
distribute a set of questionnaire to our targets to fill in. The questions will obtain some basic
background information of the interviewees like years of service and

The Roles Of A Research : Proper Evaluation Of Sources In...
Proper evaluation of sources is important in research because without reliable and credible sources,
the research done holds no credibility. Three sources will be critiqued and evaluated in order to
convey how they work together to create a competent research paper.
The first source is an academic journal that discusses ligaments and tears and how the advancement
of this research and clinical trials display a higher success rate in recovery than previous methods.
These methods include surgeries using parts of other tendons and ligaments in a patient's leg and
other conservative methods such as bracing the leg and bed rest. Lee, Clegg, Comerford, and Canty–
Laird (2016) state that ligaments, most commonly the anterior cruciate ligament, or ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The addition of MSCs improved ligament tissue formation and increased ultimate failure load when
compared with control animals [8]. Other studies have used biosynthetic scaffolds alongside MSCs
to improve ACL repair." (Lee et al. 2016) Lee et al use logos with the use of statistics as well as
reference to other credible research in order to convey what stem cells are and their uses in the
treatment of ligament injuries.
The second source being evaluated is a secondary source, an academic article from the Archives of
Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. Not unlike Lee et al, in 2014 Herzinger, Tauber, Korntner,
Traweger, Tempfer, and Quirchmeyr discuss the fragility of the anterior cruciate ligament as well as
reinforce the suggestion that reconstruction of ligaments through the use of stem cell therapies is
and will be the best approach to smooth recoveries of patients with torn ligaments, specifically the
anterior cruciate ligament. "Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells from various
sources, being multipotent and having the capacity of self renewal." (Hirzinger et al, 2014). The
multipotency of mesenchymal stem cells means that they can divide and adapt to specialized
functions specific to different areas of the body such as in the leg where the ACL lies. Hirzinger et al
reemphasize the use of MSCs in order to avoid potential ethical issues of the use of embryonic stem
cells as well as the risks that accompany them. In addition to avoiding ethical

A Research Project On Action Research
Introduction: Action research is a structured process of inquiry by and for the person taking the
action. The primary reason for doing this study is to assist the person conducting the study to
improve or refine an issue seen to need improvement. The Action Research Project that I conducted
was fun because I was working with 5th grade students and they still have some innocence left and
they enjoy and are excited about participating in projects that I have worked on this semester. I fear
that they were more excited about participating than actually participating.
The challenges I faced during this project were that I did not have as many students as I would have
liked for participation and data analysis. The spring semester is the time that teachers are conducting
benchmark testing and preparing for the STAAR standardized tests. My mentor teacher assisted me
in selecting students that she had observed as not having a huge interest in reading. Unfortunately
the students chosen were ones that required intensive tutoring in preparation for the STAAR tests.
This was interesting in that students that struggled on the benchmarks and standardized tests were
ones that were not motivated readers.
Action Research Question: My initial action research question was: What is the impact of allowing
students to choose texts based on their interests on their attitudes about reading? Dr. Stufft felt that
this question was a too broad for a study so I modified my question to read: How

Sociologist Research
Scientist confine their research to the laboratory, because that is the only environment where their
research would not be contaminated by animals, humans, or weather. The laboratory is their safe
haven. A place where everything is done by a fine–tooth comb. However, Sociologist research is
different when it pertains to how they do their research. Sociologist research is the study of the
world around them. They must go out into the world and conduct surveys, which includes
interviews, and questionnaires, and they must observe (Cite 2). This type of research cannot be done
inside of a laboratory. When sociologist conduct interviews they must go out into the community
that they live in, to public places, to schools, and to different areas of the world, and ask questions
pertaining to their topic that they are studying, and then record the answers. When the sociologist
conduct questionnaires, they must ask their participants a set of questions that they already have
prepared. These are questions that will help them with their research.
Sociologist use observations mainly when they are observing a particular behavior, or an reaction to
a certain situation. When they are observing, the researcher is not talking, or interacting with
anyone, they are just ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The disadvantages is that when you have to go into the general public, and gather you research, it
takes a lot of time, and when this happen sometime the data that they have already collected,
becomes outdated, and they are no longer able to use it, and when a researcher acts a certain way it
can affect the participates answers that they are going to

A Research Study On Psychological Research
Psychological Research can range from being simple to very complex. Psychological research deals
with the research that psychologist have conducted to research and analyze the behavior of
individuals. When conducting these researches there are special guidelines which need to be taken.
If the researcher fails to meet these guidelines the research may be classified as unethical. When
conducting psychological research there are many important ethnical guidelines which need to be
followed. The researcher should inform consent. It is not enough for researchers to get a "yes" or
"no" from their participants; the participants need to know exactly what they are agreeing to. Before
beginning research, the researcher must make sure they outline what exactly the research is about,
and ask their consent before the research begins. Individuals who are 18 older are able to give their
own consent, but if the participant is younger than 18 they must have the consent of a parent or legal
involves observing individuals at a basketball game, each person does not need consent because
guardian to allow their child to participate. In rare cases, inform consent may not be needed but this
is only allowed if what is happening could happen to the participant in everyday life. For example, if
the research conducted anyone could observe them while they are at the game. Consent forms must
have an information sheet attached for participants. This information sheet will explain about the
study along

Research Question Relationship to Research Design
Research Question Relationship to Research Design
Lyn Shela Heck
The research question or hypotheses narrows the purpose statement. It predicts what will be learned
and the questions studied. A research question must indicate a target population. It must identify the
dependent variable and the independent variable(s) as well as answer what is the desired knowledge
or conclusion. Accurate results come from a good research question. Variables must be clearly
defined. Based on the data extrapolated from the study, the question should be answerable. Finally,
there must be a need to answer the question. A good research question foreshadows the research
design. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the ... Show more content on
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There are three elements that must be present in an experimental research design:
(1) A relationship between two variables
(2) A time order between the two variables
(3) The relationships found cannot be the result of a confounding variable. (Muijs, 2010, p. 20). The
relationship between two variables is either positive or negative. If they are positive, both variables
are positive. For example, if there is increased political propaganda there is increased political bias.
On the other hand, negative relationships between variables will have lower values on one variable
while the other value will be higher. Time order, is explained by cause and effect. One variable
precedes the other. For example, political propaganda causes political bias. The third element,
confounding variables, means, "the research question cannot be explained by a third variable"
(Muijs, 2010, p. 21).
Experimental research design is chosen for this study using a randomized two–group pretest–
posttest design. It is appropriate for this research because it satisfies the three requirements above.
Experimental design maintains the most control over external elements. The research design will
measure the bias by introducing a lesson containing political material to two stratified (Vogt (2007)
sample random groups: controversial group and non–controversial group. The controversial group

Research : Contribution To Existing Research
Commentary
Contribution to Existing Research
Earmarking is a controversial issue for existing research. On the one hand, some existing
experiments have concluded that is a method for increasing both people's savings and people's self–
control (Thaler, 1999). On the other hand, academics have shown that mental accounts have also
some pitfalls. For example, some significant factors that negatively affect peoples' tendency to
maintain savings are: a) the flexibility of account boundaries that permits people to find loopholes
and bypass the self–control imposed by mental accounts (Cheema & Soman, 2006) and b) the
number of goals, supporting that a single goal leads to higher savings rates than the multiple goals
(Soman & Zhao, 2011). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More specifically, according to Soman and Cheema (2011), guilt plays a significant role as a factor
that contributes to the maintenance of people's savings. These authors prove that people spend less
of their paycheck when there are affixed pictures of their children outside of their savings envelopes.
This happens because the affixed pictures constitute a stimulus that makes people feel guilt to use
money that is assigned for their children. As an extension of existing research, the current
experiments show that except for guilt, responsibility and long–term thinking influence people's
behavior and discourage them from using their savings. Thus, people resort to costly borrowing
patterns to finance their emergencies.
Issues Raised from the Research and Possible Solutions
It seems that the authors dispute the efficacy of the interventions that use public and private
financial institutions in order to encourage savings among low– and moderate–income households.
More specifically, while the existing savings programs are based on the idea that increasing savings
will limit people's borrowing behavior, the current research proves something different. It shows
people's reluctance to draw down their savings even if they maintain accounts labeled for emergency
situation (Sussman & O'Brien, 2016). So, it is created a vicious circle. For this reason, the authors
suggest that the policies,

Research Aficionado
In Congress, there are many jobs that require patience, skill, hard work, and determination. One
such job is that of the Research Aficionado.This job is what gets the information to the bill drafters,
public relations, and the chairman. Without this job, most bills would fail being initially drafted and
ultimately presented to the Senate and the House of Representatives. The research aficionado is in
charge of making sure that the information gathered is correct and in order, handed out to the bill
drafters, run by the chairman, and worthy of being in the bill. Being the research aficionado is one
of the most vital jobs in a committee and without them, bills would never aim close to being a law.
When drafting bills for review of the Senate

Research of Restaraunt for Business Research Essay
Table of Contents Introduction 3 Research Objectives 3 Research Questions 4 Answers to Research
Questions 5 Answer to Research Question 1. 5 Answer to Question 2. 6 Answer to Question 3. 7
Answer to Question 4. 8 Answer to Question 5. 9 Answer to Question 6. 10 Recommendations for
the Remington's Restaurant 11 References 14
Introduction
The Remington restaurant, located in Tampa Florida, wanted to better understand their customer's
views and opinions of the restaurant by using a survey method. This method would reveal the
perception of the customer to see what category the Remington restaurant is in, what performance
the customer expects, and how satisfied the customers are when they leave the Remington ... Show
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What kind of result was found by the research design? Compare the effectiveness of the survey
research to the other subordinate data, experimentation or observation in the perspective of
gathering information for this project. The type of survey that the Remington Restaurant used was
the self–administered Internet survey. This kind of survey is probably the cheapest survey for the
person collecting data. It involves minimum personnel and low cost as compared with other
methods. Since 73% of American households are actively using the Internet, an Internet survey
would be the best idea to cover a large location fact while conserving energy, money, and time
(Cooper, Schindler, 2008). Internet survey's can also give one access to graphs, charts and
percentages automatically. Also, the Internet survey will be able to give one an idea of the
customer's attitude and perception of the Remington's Restaurant. By using secondary information
one would be able to see general information such as, what the demographic is of the average family
is in the area, what is the general income, and how many times the family eats at restaurant in a
week. By shifting the focus off of the Remington's Restaurant and on to the genre of restaurants the
Remington's Restaurant is associated with would dilute the information the Remington's Restaurant
wanted to know about their customer's satisfaction with the Remington's Restaurant.

Multidisciplinary Research

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Multidisciplinary Research