My ppt of gmo

Editor's Notes

• #3: Goodorning one n all present here myself sakshi Thakur and my topic is about genetic modified food.
• #4: So lets start with the basic definition of GM food. Genetically engineered organisms could be plant animals or mo.
• #5: Lets start with the Basic Introduction.. Green revolution was initiated in 1960s in order to solve the issue of malnutrition in developing countries. Now what the green revolution is? GR technology involves the use of bioengineered seed that work in conjunction with chemical fertilizers and heavy irrigation so that we get increased yield of crop. The technology was readily adopted in India and was a great success. However there are farmers who could not afford inputs necessary to participate in green revolution like lack funds to take advantage of technology, insufficient info and resources available to small farmers to apply technology and absence of gov. support for small farmers, and gap between social classes widened as wealthy farmers got wealthier and poor farmers lagged behind. So inorder to solve these issues scientists thought a new gene revolution that uses biotechnology to create a new GM crops. But some peope worry that whetehre these crops are safe or not.
• #6: As you can see in this table…There are gm crops and gm food derived from these crops.
• #7: Now lets see how gmos are produced….GMO could be plant animal and mo. And natural DNA of paticular organisms has been altered via different techniques. This technology is called GE or Modern biotechnology. Now here I this picture u can see that there is a bacterial cell having a gene that produces pest killing protein which is taken out via biochemical scissors and pasted into plants DNA using molecular techniques. Now normal plant clell turned into GM cell which can produce pest resistant protein and then a whole plant can be produced from single GM cell n finally in result we got a pest resistant plant.
• #9: Now the generation of gmos..there are three generation of gmos…The first gen is only specified to enhance crop productivity like herbicide toleratnt insect tolerant etc. In 2nd gen. product quality characters such as better taste better nutritional content longer shelf life is enhanced and in third gen plants are used for production of industrial products like biosensore plastiics cosmetics and drugs like vaccines antioboied and the crops used for such production is called Pharmacrops. Eg maize engineered to express human gastric lipase used to treat cystic fibrosis.
• #10: Now it was all about the basic introduction of GMOS…Now come to the fact that why we need Gm crops.
• #11: As we know the whole wolrd is facing a several challenges like population growth problem of malnutrition, climatechange , co2 conc. Isbincreasing crop loss due to pest infestation and food is not avalaible to all. So GM may be the solution for these problems.. As shown here in the graph current population is 7.3 billion which is expected to reach 8.5 billion by 2030 and 9.7 billion by 2050.
• #12: Now here in this slide global hunger index is shown…GHI track and measure hunger globally and by country and by region. The problems of hunger is measured in 5 categories….zero is the best score and 100 is worst
• #13: Now if we talk about the indian states then Punjab is the best best performing state in term of hunger and the worst performing states are Mp Jharkhand bihar and chatisgarh
• #15: It is estimated that around 56.7% peopleare engaged in agriculture so agriculture is backbone of India economy. But Indian agriculture is facing many problems like crop loses due to pests as you can see crop loss due to ….And if we see loss in terms of rupees it is 60,000 crore. In other picture u can see 2 types of losses post harvest and pre harvest…So overall loss from pests are as hgh as 5%.So farmers are using pesticide to protect their food products their crops in form of herbi, weedi, fungicide etc.
• #16: Here in the pie chart we can see In india there is 75% consumption of insecticide…but in world there less consumption of insecticide n more consumption of herbicide.The next pie chart showing statewise consumption of pesticide in india ….Ap telangana, Punjab, Maharashtra lead in consumption of pesticide
• #17: This is showing pesticide cycle in nature..As the farmer sprayin pesticide on the plants some amount of pesticides get absorbed into soil ……and again it may come to earth surface by raining…and in result it can affect human via food chain..Now the harmful effects of pesticieds..Pesticide can get into the body by oral exposure, inhalation exposure, skin…Toxic effects depends on exposure time and concentration of pesticide. And exposure colud be chronic and acute… and can resukts into various health effects like
• #19: This is the list of approved transgenic horticulture crops by ISAAA…ie International service for acquisition of AGRI biotech application is a non profit organisation focusing on genetic engineering.
• #20: These are the examples of some gm crops with different target trait and different genes.
• #24: The 3.7 million hectares increment in the industrialized countries between 2016 and 2017 is due mainly to increases in the USA at 3% and Canada at 13%, as well as small increases in Australia, Spain and Portugal. Increases in developing countries, led by India at 6%, Brazil and Pakistan at 3%, and increases in the biotech area in Bolivia, Vietnam, Chile and most especially in Bangladesh at 242%
• #25: These are the top 10 biotech crop counries in which usa is leading which grew 75 million hectares followed by brazil argentina and Canada…India is in the 5th position
• #26: These are crop mainly grown in these countries..In usa maize soybean cotton etc are the major gm crops and in India mainly the bt cotton is grown.
• #27: So this is the major examples of biotech
• #28: Golden rice is gm rice which is modified to enhance its nutritional value .it c
• #35: Now lets see how the gmos are regulated in different countries…This picture is showing the regulation of gmo in European union and US.. US approach is to focus on the product n the U.S., the same regulations apply to GM and conventional foods because despite the different processes used to make them, the final products are considered to be similar. The document concluded that foods made with genetic engineering techniques are not fundamentally different from conventional foods in terms of overall composition, so there was no need for legislation specifically dealing with GM foods. In other words, agencies should use the same regulatory processes to evaluate conventional and GM foods. he document established that regulation should focus on the nature of the final food product rather than the process by which the food product is made. 3 federal agencies playing role FDA, USDA, EPA. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluates the safety of substances added to foods, such as color dyes, artificial sweeteners, and genetically engineered proteins. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prevents the spread of potentially invasive new plants within the U.S., including plants imported from other countries and GM crops. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determines the risks of pesticides and chemicals to human and environmental health, whether the substances are applied traditionally as a spray or expressed by the GM crop [5]. Because GM foods fall under the FDA classification of  “generally recognized as safe,” they typically do not require special labeling or premarket approval, that is, they do not have to be approved before entering the market.   The FDA recommends that companies go through a voluntary consultation process to determine whether their new GM food would require premarket approval. Approval is necessary if the GM food contains high levels of toxic substances or allergens or reduced levels of important nutrients, but this is rarely the case.  Companies can gain this exemption by demonstrating that the GM food is “substantially equivalent” to a prior existing food in terms of composition, nutrition, and safety. he USDA requires companies to submit a wide range of data before GM plants can be introduced in U.S. fields under regulated or nonregulated status. The EPA’s regulations on how pesticides affect human and environmental health extend to GM plants that produce insecticidal substances . The EU focus on the process . Compared to the U.S., the EU imposes strict regulations on GM food. In the EU, all GM food products must go through a centralized process for premarket approval and follow labeling guidelines,. . When companies submit applications for GM food approval to an EU member state, the centralized European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) conducts scientific risk assessments. The EFSA is an independent scientific committee that evaluates the human and environmental health risks posed by GM foods, using the same types of data required by the various U.S. regulatory agencies.  Following approval, GM foods on the market must adhere to labeling guidelines. Specifically, food products containing more than 0.9% GM material must be labeled as being GM foods [4].
• #36: Now see the biotech regulatory in india…Three central governmental ministries—MOST (DBT), MOEF, and MOA—are involved in this governance, along with a number of risk-management institutions within or outside of these ministries  either the central or national level. GMOs and relevant products in India are regulated as per the Rules 1989 implemented by MOEF. These rules are enforced by both MOEF and DBT through the authorized institutions identified under the Rules, which mainly include rDNA Advisory Committee (RDAC), Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBSC), Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM), Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), State Biotech Coordination Committee (SBCC), and District Level Coordination Committee (DLCC; MOST, DBT, 2011). While the RDAC is advisory only, IBSC, RCGM, and GEAC are involved in regulatory enforcemen. RCGM brings manual and guidline forspecifying project and geac gives approval for usage of hazardus mo and gmos relase to env and experimental trial.