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n.a.g /	the	inexecutable query
Winnie	Soon	|	Aarhus	University	|	www.siusoon.net
13-14.Dec.2017	|	Karlsruhe	University	of	Arts	and	Design	(HfG)	+	ZKM
n.a.g/the inexecutable query
Jan,	2016
Dec,	2017
n.a.g was	
introduced
Sep,	2015
n.a.g was	not	
working
Oct,	2015
Received	an	Invitation	
fr Cornelia	+	get	free	
access	to	the	API	as	
non-profit	org?	
10	Jan,	2017
Understanding	
the	scope,	
specification	
and	structure
Set	up	the	
development	
platform
Apr,	2017
New	API	is	
working	(an	
image	can	be	
generated)
24-27	May,	2017
Integrated	and	fixed	
other	parts	of	the	
program
May-Aug,	2017
Ready	for	launch	(error	
checking	+	flatter	+	
supported	other	
languages)
16	Aug,	2017
Non-profit	solution	didn’t	
work	+	explored	Bing	search	
engine	+	talked	to	Google
Jun,	2017
Confirmed	
using	Google	
limited	ver +	
server	hosting	
2	Aug,	2017
Official	pre-
launch	of	n.a.g
24	Aug,	2017
Jan-Apr,	2017
The	timeline	for	n.a.g ver.	5b	development
What’s	a	query?	
Application	Programming	Interface	(APIs)
Return	a	response in	a	structured	data	file	format
Send	a	query	request (with	specific	parameters)
Server Client
The	values	of	APIs
https://zapier.com/learn/apis/chapter-2-protocols/
Share	[selected]	data
Automated	data	processing
Further	development	(Customization)
Portability	and	Redistribution
data APIs Cultural	artifacts
An	overview	of	n.a.g ver.	5b
Image	data	bank Web	APIs PERL	+	HTML	+	CSS
Apache	+	Debian/Linux
Request:	Keywords	+	image	format	(size,	file	type)	+	ids	
Response	in	JSON:	a	data	file	for	10	image	search	results
Image	
generation
Statistics	
(Top10)
Process	
Google	
image	
search	API
Lib:	ImageMagick
Ø Overlay	images	
w/	diff	random	
position	+	size
Ø 13	different	
random	effects txt
imagesØ Capturing	
interface	data
Ø Requesting	and	
parsing	data
Ø Error	checking
Panos Galanis’s version	in 2003	(in	netagent.pl)
https://www.google.com/search?safe=active&tbm=isch&source=hp&q=hello
Background	information:
The	inexecutable query	does	not	simply	mean	it	is	malfunctioned.	Instead,	it	describes	
non-neutral	code	that	is	inscribed	with	different	business	logics,	political	decisions	and	
software	practices.	The	inexecutable query	impacts	different	software	(art)	practices	
that	require	coping	with	changes	of	code,	formats	and	policies	[…].
(Soon	2017,	pp.	167)
Soon,	W	(2017),	 Executing	Liveness:	An	Examination	of	code	inter-actions	in	Software	(Art)	Practice.	PhD	Dissertation.	Aarhus	University
Winnie	Soon’s version	in 2017	(in	netagent.pl)
The	response	in	JSON	format	in	11	Dec,	2017	(The	search	keywords:	NET	ART	GENERATOR)
Different	Google	options	over	the	years:
1. The	Google	web	URL	that	was	used	in	2003	
• https://www.google.com/search?safe=active&tbm=isch&source=hp&q=hello
• Workable	period:	From	2003	to	Oct,	2015
2. Google	Image	Search	API	(officially	deprecated	as	of	26	May,	2011)
3. Google	Site	Search	– Enterprise	ver (Completely	shut	down	by	1	Apr,	2018)
4. Google	Custom	Search	API	(CSE)
Different	Google	options	over	the	years:
1. Google	web	URL	(https://www.google.com/search?safe=active&tbm=isch&source=hp&q=hello)
• Workable	period:	From	2003	to	Oct,	2015
2. Google	Image	Search	API	(officially	deprecated	as	of	26	May,	2011)
3. Google	Site	Search	– Enterprise	ver (Completely	shut	down	by	1	Apr,	2018)
4. Google	Custom	Search	API	(CSE)
• 100	requests	per	day	(FREE)
• $5	per	1K	requests	and	up	to	10K	per	day
*Reference	point	- Bing	API	search	service:	
$7	per	25K	transactions.	(250	Transactions	per	secs)
The	inexecutability of	a	query
Jan,	2016
Dec,	2017
Considering	“code	is	law”	(Lessig,	2006,	p.	5),	such	measures	serve	to	regulate	query	
processing	which	[are]	implemented	at	the	level	of	code.	The	upgrade	is	not	necessarily	
a	means	of	offering	more	advanced	features,	[and]	it	can	be	perceived	as	a	disruption	
because	it	operates at	high	levels	of	unpredictability,	uncontrollability	and	
unknowability	across	time	in	which	a	query	is	made	inexecutable.
(Soon	2017,	pp.	165)
Soon,	W	(2017),	 Executing	Liveness:	An	Examination	of	code	inter-actions	in	Software	(Art)	Practice.	PhD	Dissertation.	Aarhus	University
Within	the	specific	situation	of	software	updates,	there	are	new	features	that	come	
with	the	new	patch	while	at	the	same	time,	some	past	features	are	made	obsolete.	This	
implies	the	possibility	for	forthcoming	disruptions.	Therefore	any	upgrade	or	update	
includes	not	only	the	debut	of	new	features	but	also	the	obsolete	past	and	the	
inexecutable future.	
(Soon	2017,	pp.	164)
Soon,	W	(2017),	 Executing	Liveness:	An	Examination	of	code	inter-actions	in	Software	(Art)	Practice.	PhD	Dissertation.	Aarhus	University
Thank	You
Winnie	Soon	|	Aarhus	University	|	www.siusoon.net
Workshop
0.	Background	introduction
https://github.com/siusoon/n.a.g
http://net.art-generator.com/nags.html
What’s	a	query?	
Application	Programming	Interface	(APIs)
Return	a	response in	a	structured	data	file	format
Send	a	query	request (with	specific	parameters)
Server Client
An	overview	of	n.a.g ver.	5b
Image	data	bank Web	APIs PERL	+	HTML	+	CSS
Apache	+	Debian/Linux
Request:	Keywords	+	image	format	(size,	file	type)	+	ids	
Response	in	JSON:	a	data	file	for	10	image	search	results
Image	
generation
Statistics	
(Top10)
Process	
Google	
image	
search	API
Lib:	ImageMagick
Ø Overlay	images	
w/	diff	random	
position	+	size
Ø 13	different	
random	effects txt
imagesØ Capturing	
interface	data
Ø Requesting	and	
parsing	data
Ø Error	checking
First	ex:	Familiar	with	the	Google	API
- Get	your	own	pair	of	key	and	id
https://etherpad.net/p/apis
First	ex:	Familiar	with	Google	API
- Get	your	own	pair	of	key	and	id
https://www.googleapis.com/customsearch/v1?key=YOURKEY&cx=YOURID&q=NET+ART+GENERATOR&sear
chType=image&fileType=jpg&imgSize=xxlarge
• Get	your	key
• Go	to:	https://developers.google.com/custom-search/json-api/v1/overview,	click
the	blue	botton “Get	A	Key”	->	Create	project	->	Enter	your	project	name
->	Click	'Create	and	Enable	API’	->	Copy	your	API	key
• Get	your	cx	here:
• Get	the	search	engine	ID	(CX)	here: https://cse.google.com/all ->	add	search
engine	->	Put	something	in	“Sites	to	search”	and	“Name	of	the	search
engine”	->	Click	‘create’;	“Details”	with	‘Search	Engine	ID’	>	Copy	the	ID	(that	is	the	cx)	.
• Settings	in	the	control	panel:
• select	“search	the	entire	web	but	emphasize	included	sites”
• Make	sure	the	“Image	Search”	is	ON	>	click	update
• Google	REST	API	specification/Parameter:	https://developers.google.com/custom-search/json-
api/v1/reference/cse/list#request
• Other	parameters:	imgColorType,	imgType,	etc
Json/API	key
https://developers.google.com/custom-search/json-api/v1/overview
Control	Panel	of	CSE
https://cse.google.com/all
https://cse.google.com/all
Getting	data	from	APIS
Second	ex:	Thinking	about	alternatives
- crowdsourcing
Second	ex:	Thinking	about	alternatives
- crowdsourcing	
Crowdsourcing	–the	practice	of	using	contributions	from	a	large	online	community	to	
undertake	a	specific	task,	create	content,	or	gather	ideas	–is	a	product	of	a	critical	cultural	shift	in
Internet	technologies.	
(Terras,	2016)
Second	ex:	Thinking	about	alternatives
- crowdsourcing	
Crowdapi (work-in-progress)	by	Gerrit Ché
Boelz,	Winnie	Soon	and	Cornelia	Sollfrank
Second	ex:	Thinking	about	alternatives
Crowdapi
- Will	you	donate	your	keys?	Why	or	why	not?
Second	ex:	Thinking	about	alternatives
Can	check	Google	APIs	terms	and	conditions:	
https://developers.google.com/terms/
Second	ex:	Thinking	about	alternatives
Other	suggestions?	
- Other	search	engines?	
- Other	technical	methods?	
- Multiple	hostings/redirections?
- Other….
(Sketch	your	idea)
Second	ex:	Thinking	about	alternatives
Techno	Mourning:	http://www.250miles.net/techno-mourning/
Appendix
5-stars’	identity	(2009)
The	likes	of	Brother	Cream	Cat	(2013)	in	collaboration	with	Helen	Pritchard
jsut code	(2010)	in	collaboration	with	Helen	Pritchard
readme.SpamPoem (2014)	in	collaboration	with	Susan	Scarlata
Data	Policies:
Data	Policies:
Data	Policies:
https://developers.googleblog.com/2012/04/changes-to-deprecation-policies-and-api.html

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n.a.g/the inexecutable query