Nanotechnology in surface modification of implants
- 1. AUTHOR: Dr. PAVITHRARANI M CO-AUTHOR: Dr. MOHANAPRIYA R DEPARTMENT OF PERIODONTICS SRI RAMAKRISHNA DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, COIMBATORE.
- 2. CONTENTS • INTRODUCTION • NANO MODIFICATION METHODS • NANOPATTERN FABRICATION TECHNIQUES FOR SURFACE MODIFICATION • NANOPARTICLE SURFACE COATING • NANOMATERIALS • NANOMATERIALS CLASSIFICATION • PREPARATION OF NANO COATING • NANO METALLIC ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS • QUERCITRIN-NANOCOATED IMPLANTS • INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SURFACES AND MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS • TISSUE INTEGRATION • CONCLUSION
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Implants are commonly used in dentistry for restoring missing teeth. One of the challenges in implantology is to achieve and maintain the osseointegration as well as the epithelial junction of the gingival tissue with implants. • Surface modifications with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and tissue- regenerative agents could improve soft tissue regeneration and reduce dental implant failure by enhancing the interaction between the implant’s surface and its surrounding bone which will facilitate osseointegration while minimizing the bacterial colonization to reduce the risk of biofilm formation.
- 4. INTRODUCTION • Nanotechnology has been defined as “the creation of functional materials, devices and systems through control of matter on the nanometer length scale (1–100 nm), and exploitation of novel phenomena and properties (physical, chemical, and biological) at that length scale”. • The impact of nanotechnology has begun to appear on the dental implant surface designs in a significant manner and this technology involves increasing the complexity of the surface topography with the addition of nanoscale molecules composed of nano-sized materials.
- 5. NANO MODIFICATION METHODS • Nano modifications involves two method: Implant surface is changed by exposing to physical and chemical agents Layer of new material is applied on implant surface
- 6. NANOPATTERN FABRICATION TECHNIQUES FOR SURFACE MODIFICATION Nanofabrication techniques Mechanical methods Chemical methods Physical methods Polishing using nanoparticles Sand blasting using nanoparticles Acid etching Electrochemical deposition Ion beam deposition Compaction of nanoparticles Accioni F, Vázquez J, Merinero M, Begines B, Alcudia A. Latest Trends in Surface Modification for Dental Implantology: Innovative Developments and Analytical Applications. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(2):455.
- 7. MECHANICAL METHOD • Nano-abrasive particles are used. • Slurry of chemically inert substances like alumina, silica and diamond are used. Polishing • Projection of nanoparticle through a nozzle onto the surface by compressed air to erode the surface. • Favorable technique due to its capability of controlling surface roughness. Sand blasting
- 8. CHEMICAL METHOD • used to clean and remove any oxide contamination from the layer and produce a homogenous surface. Acid etching • Technique to fabricate nanostructured surfaces via potentiostatic or galvanostatic anodization by controlling several parameters including electrolyte composition, electric current, anode potential, temperature, and distance between the anode and cathode. Electroche mical deposition
- 9. PHYSICAL METHOD • Compaction of nanoparticle on the implant surface conserves the chemistry of the underlying surface while changing or modifying the chemistry and structure of the outer surface layer Compaction of nanoparticles • Direct beam deposition process that directly applies an ionized particle beam onto substrate surface to fabricate thin-film coatings on substrate surface. Ion beam deposition
- 10. NANOPARTICLE SURFACE COATING • Nanotechnology has enabled addition of metals into their nanosize, leading to extreme changes in chemical, physical and optical properties of metals. The metallic nanoparticles are the most promising agents as they show ideal properties such as enhanced antibacterial activity. • Metallic nanoparticles as dental implant coatings have been reported to be efficient agents to improve the success of implants.
- 11. NANOMATERIALS • Metallic antibacterial agents like silver, zinc and copper when incorporated with nanomaterials of particle size ranging from 1- 100 nm, can be used for surface modification of implants • This nanomaterials improves the bactericidal effect in comparision to traditional antibacterial agents Guo, Z., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Jiang, H., and Wang, X. (2020). Advances and challenges in metallic nanomaterial synthesis and antibacterial applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 8, 4764–4777.
- 12. NANOMATERIALS CLASSIFICATION Saleh, Tawfik A. (2020). Nanomaterials: Classification, properties, and environmental toxicities. Environmental Technology & Innovation, (), 101067
- 13. PREPARATION OF NANO COATING 1. CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 2. PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION Single substance or compound containing one or more gas phases of elements is utilized to perform a chemical reaction on the substrate surface and produce a coating. Coating strategy consisting of vaporizing solid metal in a high vacuum environment and depositing it on electrically conductive materials.
- 14. PREPARATION OF NANO COATING 3. SOL-GEL METHOD 4. SPIN ON DEPOSITION Hydrolysis and condensation Uniformly mixed raw material in liquid phase Stable sol Colloidal particles polymerize to form gel Gel is dried sintered and solidified on the substrate The spin-coating droplets are injected onto the surface of the substrate High-speed rotation spin coating solution is spread on the surface Remaining solvent is removed by drying Uniform film formation
- 15. PREPARATION OF NANO COATING Metal is metal to molten state by plasma arc Molten metal sprayed onto the surface at high speed Resulting in firmly attached surface coating Outer layer of ions exerts pressure on the charged particles Leading to deposition of the particle Forcing the particles to gather near the electrode 5. PLASMA SPRAYING 6. ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION
- 16. PREPARATION OF NANO COATING 7. LAYER-BY-LAYER SELF- ASSEMBLY Zhang, X., Zhang, D., Peng, Q., Lin, J., and Wen, C. (2019d). Biocompatibility of nanoscale hydroxyapatite coating on TiO(2) nanotubes. Materials 12:1979.
- 17. 1. SILVER NANOPARTICLE • Silver ion (Ag+) is a strong antibacterial agent with reasonable stability and broad spectrum antimicrobial effects on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. • Ag+ nanoparticles are biocompatible with antibacterial activity. DDIFFERENT MECHANISM OF ACTION OF SILVER ION ON BACTERIA NANO METALLIC ANTIBACTERIALAGENTS Yin IX, Zhang J, Zhao IS, Mei ML, Li Q, Chu CH. The Antibacterial Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Dentistry. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020 Apr 17;15:2555-2562.
- 18. AgNPs act at a membrane level penetrate the outer membrane and accumulates in the inner membrane increasing membrane permeability induces leakage of cellular content Death AgNPs interacts with sulfur or phosphorus groups, present in DNA and proteins Altering their structure and functions Mechanism of action of ZnO in bacterial cell involves 3 mechanisms A. B. 2. ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE
- 19. • Memarzadeh et al (2015) tested a system containing mixtures of ZnO nanoparicles and nanohydroxyapatite as a coating material to reduce bacterial adhesion and support osteoblast growth and found that ZnO can be considered as an optimal coating for implants in terms of both antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility. They used an electrohydrodynamic atomisation (EHDA) to deposit mixtures of ZnO nanoparticles and nanohydroxyapatite onto the surface. Interacts with thiol group Induce ROS and free radical Alters the respiratory chain in the inner membrane damage the intracellular machinery and activates the apoptosis pathway C. Memarzadeh K, Sharili AS, Huang J, Rawlinson SC, Allaker RP. Nanoparticulate zinc oxide as a coating material for orthopedic and dental implants. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 2015;103:981-9.
- 20. Copper Oxide Nanoparticle passing through nano-metric pores existing on bacterial cellular membranes damages the vital enzymes of bacteria Restricts the bacterial growth Anu et al (2016) coated dental implants using CuO nanoparticles by a standard slurry dipping method and chemical synthesis and found that CuO nanoparticles can be efficient as dental coating to suppress dental infections. They calculated the diffusing ability of the antibacterial drugs from the CuO nanoparticles coated titanium dental implants to retard the growth of test bacteria seeded on plate using the zone of inhibition. The results of zone of inhibition measured (in millimeters) revealed no inhibitory zones for uncoated materials, while the CuO nanoparticles coated titanium dental implants showed significant inhibitory zones. Anu K, Maleeka Begum S, Rajesh G, Renuka Devi K. Wet Biochemical Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Coated on Titanium Dental Implants. 2016; 3: 1191-1194 3. COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLE
- 21. QUERCITRIN-NANOCOATED IMPLANTS Anti- inflammatory Anti-oxidant Improves soft tissue integration Gomez-Florit et al (2016) tested the anti-inflammatory properties and potential of quercitrin-nanocoated titanium surfaces to improve soft tissue regeneration using human gingival fibroblasts. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties, they mimicked an inflammatory situation using interleulin-1-beta. And the results showed that quercitrin-nanocoated surfaces increased human gingival fibroblasts attachment. The anti-inflammatory results showed increased collagen mRNA levels, decreased matrix metalloproteinase-1/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinanse-1 mRNA ratio and decreased pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 release under basal and inflammatory conditions Gomez-Florit M, Pacha-Olivenza MA, FernándezCalderón MC, Córdoba A, González-Martín ML, Monjo M, Ramis JM. Quercitrin- nanocoated titanium surfaces favour gingival cells against oral bacteria. Scientific reports. 2016;6: 1-7.
- 22. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SURFACES AND MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS • Nanosurface topography of implant surface created by different nanofabrication technique shows increased number of atoms and crystal grains at their surfaces and possess a higher surface area to volume ratio, thereby altering the corresponding surface energy for protein adsorption. • According to Webster et al (2001) fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin and collagen are proteins known to enhance osteoblastic function was shown to increase greatly on nanobiomaterial.
- 23. Thakral G, Thakral R, Sharma N, Seth J, Vashisht P. Nanosurface - the future of implants. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 May;8(5):ZE07-10. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/8764.4355. Epub 2014 May 15. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SURFACES AND MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS
- 24. BSEM TISSUE INTEGRATION Lavenus, Sandrine; Louarn, Guy; Layrolle, Pierre (2010). Nanotechnology and Dental Implants. International Journal of Biomaterials, 2010(), 1–9. Bare Titanium Implant Coated Titanium Implant HISTOLOGY
- 25. CONCLUSION • Nanomaterials have the characteristics of small size and large specific surface area which makes them more potent. Thus, Nanoscale surface modifications have high potential for the improvement of the Ti implant performances, such as the acceleration of osseointegration, the protection from chemical corrosion exerted by body fluids, and the reduction of bacterial adhesion. • Therefore, the combination of long-lasting features such as nanotopographies and NPs may be considered as an ideal modification for the next generation of dental implants.
Editor's Notes
- #10: Compaction: passage of a shock wave through the powder, the particles are compacted and combined, which makes it possible to obtain a compact density close to the theoretical one. 2 types Dynamic and shovk wave compaction
- #14: PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION A physical phenomenon is used to vaporize the surface of source material (solid or liquid) into gaseous atoms, molecules, or into ions by ionization under vacuum condition. After the vaporization step, a low-pressure gas (or plasma) is implemented and a functional thin film is deposited on the substrate surface