Naresh - Findings on Particulate Matter
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This document summarizes findings from India's National Air Quality Monitoring Programme. It includes the following key points: - The program monitors 339 stations across India to determine compliance with air quality standards and identify non-attainment cities. Monitoring includes parameters like PM2.5, SO2, and NO2. - Data shows that over time, more cities are within air quality standards for SO2 and NO2, but particulate levels remain a challenge with only a small percentage of cities meeting standards. - Studies in Delhi found particulate levels correlated closely with other pollutants like CO and NO2. Ratios of PM2.5 to PM10 were also calculated. - Organic and elemental carbon
Naresh - Findings on Particulate Matter
- 1. Findings on Particulate Matter Naresh Badhwar & Abhijit Pathak Central Pollution Control Board Ministry of Environment & Forests New Delhi Email: naresh.cpcb@nic.in Website: http://www.cpcb.nic.in Presentation in Workshop on Some Recent Advances in the Field of Air Quality Management held at Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi on 23rd Sept. 2007. ECRD.IN
- 2. National Air Quality Monitoring Programme • 339 operating stations in in 126 cities/towns covering 25 states and 4 UTs • Objectives To determine status and trends of ambient air quality To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are violated To Identify Non-attainment cities To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developing preventive and corrective measures • The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours (4- hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8-hourly sampling for particulate matter) with a frequency of twice a week, to have 104 observations in a year. ECRD.IN
- 3. Regular Monitoring of SO2, NO2, RSPM, SPM Additional Monitoring of Ammonia, CO, Ozone, PM2.5, BTX, PAHs in Delhi and other selected cities Data Dissemination Data is available on a daily basis in Environmental Data Bank software on CPCB website. (http://cpcbedb.nic.in) Data of 3 continuous stations and 1 mobile van is available on a real time basis on CPCB website. (http://www.cpcb.nic.in) Reports on Status and Trends are published. Utilisation of Data • Non-attainment cities are identified and concerned SPCBs/PCCs formulate action plans to control air pollution. • Reviewing NAAQS • Epidemiological Studies • Policy Levels Decision making at Central and State Govt. level, replying to Parliament Questions etc • Research Institutes like IITs etc use in their research work • MSc, MTech, PhD students in their thesis work ECRD.IN
- 4. ARABIAN SEA Cities under National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) Lucknow Vishakhapatnam CHATTISGARH Gulbarga Mysore Bangalore KERALA Palakkad Thiruvananthapuram Kottayam Kozhikode Kochi Kolhapur Pune Vasco GOA Panjim Lote Hassan Mangalore KARNATAKA Dharwad Belgaum Hubli Solapur Solem Coimbatore Madurai TAMIL NADU Tirupati Hyderabad Chennai Pondicherry ANDHRA PRADESH Kurnool Vijayavada GUJARAT Rajkot Jamnagar ParwanooShimlaJalandhar Nagda Naya Nangal Hissar Yamuna Nagar Chandigarh Aurangabad Alwar DELHI Fridabad HARYANA MAHARASHTRA PUNJAB Ankaleshwar DADAR NAGAR HAVELI Vadodara Mumbai Surat Diu Daman Tarapur Silwasa Thane Vapi Nasik Ujjain Udaipur Indore RAJASTHAN Jodhpur Jaipur Kota Ludhiana Chandrapur Nagpur MADHYA PRADESH I N D I A Bhopal Bhilai Jabalpur Firozabad Ghaziabad Paonta Sahib Kala Amb Dehradun UTTARANCHAL UTTAR PRADESH Noida Gwalior Agra Gajraula Khanna Kanpur Jammu JAMMU & KASHMIR HIMACHAL PRADESHDamtal BAY OF BENGAL MANIPUR MIZORAM WEST BENGAL Asansol Howrah Haldia Kolkata Gangtok Behrampur Angul Sambalpur Raurkela Jamshedpur Bhubaneshwar ORISSA JHARKHAND Ranchi Rayagada Raipur Anpara Bilaspur Talcher Cuttack Dhanbad Jharia BIHAR Patna Durgapur TRIPURA Guwahati SIKKIM MEGHALYA Shillong ASSAM ARUNACHAL PRADESH NAGALAND Dimapur N Ahmadabad Tuticorin Mormugao AizwalSagar Satna Bongiagaon Sindri Singrauli Varanasi Baddi Ambarnath Legend • - Cities under NAMP (Not to scale) Navi Mumbai Meerut Khurja Jhansi Ramagundum Patencheru ECRD.IN
- 5. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Ahmedabad Bangalore Bhopal Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Jabalpur Jodhpur Kochi Kolkata Ludhiana Lucknow Madurai Concentration(µg/m 3 ) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 NAAQS NAAQS Trend in Annual Average Concentration of SO2 (Res. Areas) ECRD.IN
- 6. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Mumbai Nagpur Nashik Panjim Patna Pondicherry Pune Raipur Shillong Shimla Solapur Surat Thrivendrum Vadodara Varanasi Visakhapatnam Concentration(µg/m 3 ) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 NAAQS NAAQS Trend in Annual Average Concentration of SO2 (Res. Areas) ECRD.IN
- 7. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Ahmedabad Bangalore Bhopal Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Dhanbad Faridabad Hyderabad Indore Jabalpur Jodhpur Kanpur Kochi Kolkata Ludhiana Lucknow Concentration(µg/m 3 ) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 NAAQS NAAQS Trend in Annual Average Concentration of NO2 (Res. Areas) ECRD.IN
- 8. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Madurai Mumbai Nagpur Nashik Panjim Patna Pondicherry Pune Raipur Shillong Shimla Solapur Surat Trivendrum Vadodara Varanasi Visakhapatnam Concentration(µg/m 3 ) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 NAAQS NAAQS Trend in Annual Average Concentration of NO2 (Res. Areas) ECRD.IN
- 9. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Ahmedabad Bangalore Bhopal Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Faridabad Hyderabad Indore Jabalpur Jodhpur Kanpur Kochi Kolkata Concentration(µg/m 3 ) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 NAAQS NAAQS Trend in Annual Average Concentration of RSPM (Res. Areas) ECRD.IN
- 10. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Ludhiana Lucknow Madurai Mumbai Nagpur Nashik Patna Pune Raipur Shillong Solapur Surat Trivendrum Vadodara Varanasi Visakhapatnam Concentration(µg/m 3 ) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 NAAQS NAAQS Trend in Annual Average Concentration of RSPM (Res. Areas) ECRD.IN
- 11. 0 20 40 60 80 100 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year %ofCities(Res.Areas) Low Moderate High Critical 0 20 40 60 80 100 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year %ofCities(Res.Areas) Low Moderate High Critical SO2 NO2 Percentage of Cities (Res. Areas) with Low, Moderate, High and Critical levels of SO2, NO2, RSPM and SPM. 0 20 40 60 80 100 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year %ofCities(Res.Areas) Low Moderate High Critical RSPM 0 20 40 60 80 100 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year %ofCities(Res.Areas) Low Moderate High Critical SPM ECRD.IN
- 12. 0 10 20 30 40 50 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Concentration(µg/m 3 ) 90% of Sites have concentrations below this line 10% of Sites have concentrations below this line Average 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Concentration(µg/m 3 ) 90% of Sites have concentrations below this line 10% of Sites have concentrations below this line Average SO2 NO2 0 75 150 225 300 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Concentration(µg/m 3 ) 90% of Sites have concentrations below this line 10% of Sites have concentrations below this line Average 0 150 300 450 600 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Concentration(µg/m 3 ) 90% of Sites have concentrations below this line 10% of Sites have concentrations below this line Average RSPM SPM National Mean Concentration of SO2, NO2, RSPM and SPM ECRD.IN
- 13. PM2.5/PM10 Ratios at ITO ( Jan & Feb 2007) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 3/1/2007 7/1/2007 13-01-07 18-01-07 23-01-07 28-01-07 1/2/2007 7/2/2007 12/2/2007 16-02-07 20-02-07 24-02-07 28-02-07 PM2.5/PM10 Average = 0.59 PM2.5/PM10 Ratios at ITO ( March & April 2007) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1/3/2007 7/3/2007 15-03-07 21-03-07 27-03-07 4/4/2007 10/4/2007 17-04-07 23-04-07 29-04-07 5/5/2007 11/5/2007 17-05-07 23-05-07 29-05-07 PM2.5/PM10 Average = 0.48 Correlation between PM10 and PM2.5 ( Jan & Feb 2007 at ITO) R2 = 0.6176 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 200 400 600 800 PM10 PM2.5 Correlation between PM10 and PM2.5 ( March & April 2007 at ITO) R2 = 0.292 0 50 100 150 200 0 100 200 300 400 500 PM10PM2.5 Correlation between PM10 and PM2 5. at ITO in Delhi. ECRD.IN
- 14. Correlation between CO and PM2.5 during April 2007 at ITO R 2 = 0.5751 0 50 100 150 200 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 CO (µg/m3 ) PM2.5(µg/m3 ) Correlation between CO and PM2.5 during Jan 2007 at ITO R2 = 0.7096 0 100 200 300 400 0 2000 4000 6000 CO (µg/m3 ) PM2.5(µg/m 3 ) Correlation between NO2 and PM2.5 during Jan 2007 at ITO R2 = 0.8562 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 NO2 (µg/m3 ) PM2.5(µg/m3 ) Correlation between CO and NO2 during April 2007 at ITO R2 = 0.7057 0 50 100 150 200 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 CO (µg/m3 ) NO2(µg/m 3 ) Correlation between CO and PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 at ITO in Delhi. ECRD.IN
- 15. Review of NAMP Review of data generated for last more than 15 years was carried out Initial Results show There has been no violation of NAAQS (Annual average and 24 hourly avg) of SO2 at 77% of the monitoring stations since these stations were started There has been no violation of NAAQS ( Annual average and 24 hourly avg.) of NO2 at 62% of the monitoring stations since these stations were started. These results are being updated based on latest data. ECRD.IN
- 16. Analysis of Organic Carbon (OC) and Elemental carbon (EC) Organic Carbon and Elemental carbon in RSPM were analyzed using OC/EC analyzers in CPCB lab. Elemental carbon – Black carbon’’ or ‘‘graphitic carbon’’, has a chemical structure similar to impure graphite EC is generated by the combustion of carbon-containing fuels Motor vehicles contributed much EC to the urban atmosphere ECRD.IN
- 17. Organic Carbon Mixture of hydrocarbons and oxygenates, (Formed by combustion and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation) Emitted as primary particles directly from sources, but secondary organics can also be formed in the atmosphere from the low vapor pressure products of atmospheric chemical reactions Sources -gasoline-powered vehicles, diesel-powered vehicles, wood burning, and soil-related emission sources such as road dust etc ECRD.IN
- 18. 0 100 200 300 400 500 Concentrations(µg/m3) ITO (Jan 2007) Shahdara Ashok Vihar Nizamuddin Monitoring Stations RSPM TC OC EC 0 100 200 300 400 500 Concentrations(µg/m3) Pritampura Shahzada bagh Monitoring Stations RSPM TC OC EC RSPM, TC, OC & EC in Delhi (during Oct., Jan) RSPM, TC, OC & EC in Delhi (during April) ECRD.IN
- 19. Location OC/EC ratios ITO 1.3 Shahdara 3.3 Ashok Vihar 2.8 Nizamuddin 2.2 OC/EC Ratios Location % OC % EC % TC ITO 9 7 16 Shahdara 16 5 21 Ashok Vihar 12 4 16 Nizamuddin 13 6 19 Summer months Pritampura 5 3 8 Shahzada Bagh 6 3 9 Percentage of OC, EC and TC in RSPM ECRD.IN
- 20. Location OC/EC ratios ITO 1.3 Shahdara 3.3 Ashok Vihar 2.8 Nizamuddin 2.2 OC/EC Ratios Location % OC % EC % TC ITO 9 7 16 Shahdara 16 5 21 Ashok Vihar 12 4 16 Nizamuddin 13 6 19 Summer months Pritampura 5 3 8 Shahzada Bagh 6 3 9 Percentage of OC, EC and TC in RSPM ECRD.IN
- 21. Correlation between PM10 and OC at ITO in January 2007 y = 0.1119x - 10.225 R2 = 0.7022 0 20 40 60 80 100 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 PM10 in µg/m3 OCinµg/m3 Correlation between PM10 and EC at ITO in January 2007 y = 0.0952x - 10.057 R2 = 0.6284 0 20 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 500 600 PM10 in µg/m3 ECinµg/m3 Correlation between PM10 and TC at ITO in January 2007 y = 0.2071x - 20.282 R2 = 0.697 0 20 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 500 600 PM10 in µg/m3 TCinµg/m3 Correlation between OC and EC at ITO in January 2007 y = 0.821x - 0.2948 R2 = 0.8336 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Organic Carbon (OC) in µg/m3 ElementalCarbon (EC)inµg/m3 Correlation between OC, EC, TC and PM10. ECRD.IN
- 22. Characterization of RSPM Composition of PM10 at Shahadara Nitrate 7.28% Magnesium 0.03% Potassium 1.09% Ammonium 6.93% Calcium 0.23% Organic Carbon 16.00% Elemental Carbon 5.19% Chloride 6.36% Sulphate 8.36% Others 48.37% Sodium 0.16% Composition of PM10 at Ashok Vihar Sodium 0.18% Others 53.71% Sulphate 7.86%Chloride 4.92% Elemental Carbon 4.38% Organic Carbon 11.62% Calcium 0.96% Ammonium 6.62% Potassium 0.75% Magnesium 0.09% Nitrate 8.92% ECRD.IN
- 23. Composition of PM10 at ITO Sodium 0.11% Others 58.58% Sulphate 10.60% Chloride 1.53% Elemental Carbon 6.05% Organic Carbon 9.40% Calcium 0.89% Ammonium 4.70% Potassium 0.51% Magnesium 0.10% Nitrate 7.53% Composition of PM10 at Siri Fort Nitrate 9.85% Magnesium 0.05% Potassium 1.37% Ammonium 8.90% Calcium 0.57% Organic Carbon 13.46% Elemental Carbon 10.07% Chloride 7.57% Sulphate 8.38%Others 39.60% Sodium 0.18% ECRD.IN
- 24. Findings Trends A decreasing trend has been observed in ambient sulphur dioxide levels in many cities like Delhi, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Lucknow, Mumbai etc. The decreasing trend in ambient SO2 levels is may be due to various interventions that have taken place such as reduction of sulphur in diesel, use of cleaner fuel such as CNG in Delhi and Mumbai etc. This finding is corroborated by decrease in National mean Concentration of sulphur dioxide over the years and increase in percentage of cities with low levels of SO2. No definite trend has been observed in ambient nitrogen dioxide and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter. In some cities ambient NO2 and RSPM levels are decreasing whereas in some cities the trend is fluctuating. Although various interventions have taken place to mitigate ambient NO2 and RSPM levels but at the same time number of vehicles have increased exponentially. The vehicles are one of the major sources of NO2 and RSPM. ECRD.IN
- 25. Correlation PM10 and PM2.5 composition changes from winter to summer season. (PM10 and PM2.5 are highly correlated in winter and they are not correlated in summer months) Ratio of PM2.5/ PM10 decreases in summer months as compared to winter months indicating that particulate mass in the range of 2.5 to 10 micrometer mainly coming from natural dust and hazy conditions constitute most of PM10 in summer months. High correlation of CO with PM2.5 and NO2 with PM2.5 indicates that PM2.5 is mainly contributed by vehicles in winter months at ITO. ECRD.IN
- 26. OC & EC OC is higher than EC at all the locations (Possibility of secondary organic carbon formation). The OC/EC ratio is 2.7 for coal-combustion sample and 1.1 for motor vehicle sample (Watson et al., 2001), and 9.0 for biomass burning (Cachier et al., 1989). At BSZ Marg (ITO), OC/EC ratio was observed as 1.3 and 1.4. Thus the predominant sources is vehicles at ITO which is evident as it being a traffic intersection area. At Shahdara, Ashok Vihar and Nizamuddin, OC/EC ratios more than 2 were observed indicating that RSPM is contributed by sources other than vehicles such as biomass burning etc. Low carbonaceous fraction were observed in summer months. Carbonaceous fraction during winter months was higher. This indicates that natural dust from hazy conditions constitute most of RSPM in summer ECRD.IN