Navigating Change: Hawai‘i’s Approach to Adaptation

Navigating Change
Hawai‘i’s Approach to Adaptation
Report for the First Meeting of State, Local and Tribal Leaders
Task Force on Climate Preparedness and Resilience
December 10, 2013
Source photo Polynesian Voyaging Society

Executive Summary
Hawai‘i’s Vulnerability
and Vantage Point
As the most geographically isolated islands
on Earth, Hawai‘i is especially vulnerable to
the impacts of climate change:
n Freshwater. Hawai‘i is 100% dependent
on rainfall for our very survival. Rainfall and
stream flows are declining.
n Coastlines. Hawai‘i’s shorelines (more
than 750 miles) are its natural borders, but
they are vulnerable to beach erosion and sea
level rise.
n Ocean Resources. Pacific Islanders
are ocean peoples. Rising temperatures and
acidification kill the reefs, damage fisheries
and jeopardize the island way of life.
n Security. Climate change is a matter
of security for Hawai‘i. Climate change
will disrupt and then threaten economic
systems--food, water, energy, biodiversity,
and health. Hawai‘i’s people will be at risk.
Hawai‘i shares a unique vantage point of the
world as an archipelago of islands:
n An indigenous host culture with more
than 1000 years of traditional knowledge
and adaptation practice
n An island understanding of finite
resources and the need for an integrated,
collaborative approach—on islands, the
feedback loops are direct, immediate and
widely experienced
n An Asia-Pacific regional connection
to islands, states and nations with shared
issues
Hawai‘i’s Leadership in the
Face of Climate Change
Hawai‘i is already a leader on climate change
both nationally and internationally. The
Hawaiian Islands are a learning laboratory
for scalable, innovative mitigation and
adaptation policies and techniques, and a
model for local and regional collaboration.
n Hawai‘i was the first sub-national
government to sign onto the Majuro
Declaration for Climate Leadership
n Hawai‘i was the first state in the nation
to adopt a barrel tax on imported petroleum
to support clean energy
n Governor Abercrombie signed Climate
Change Adaptation Priority Guidelines into
law for multi-sector resilience
n Hawai‘i hosts several research institutions
and regional collaborations around climate
change
Hawai‘i’s Top
Recommendations:
An Opportunity to Strengthen
Resilience with Federal Partners
1. Provide actionable information
for local decision-making and the
island context
n First Step: Support Task Force members’
engagement of local stakeholders to develop
specific recommendations and expedite
the development and delivery of priority
technical assistance
2. Facilitate ongoing coordination and
alignment of efforts after the Task
Force dissolves
n Convene an International Climate Change
Resilience Forum at the East-West Center
to coordinate domestic and international
resilience efforts, especially in the Asia-
Pacific region. “Think Globally, Act Locally”
n Establish a National Climate Change
Network to coordinate federal efforts and
facilitate state-to-state, local-to-local best
practice sharing in real time
3. Support implementation for “smart
adaptation” Recognize islands and
indigenous perspectives, and the unique,
biocultural needs of local communities in
order to develop site-specific and appropriate
place-based information, investments,
incentives and barrier removal
Hawai‘i’s Next Steps
Governor Abercrombie will convene a
Resilient Hawai‘i Forum in early 2014 to
engage more stakeholders, including Native
Hawaiian organizations, natural resource
managers, the military, tourism officials,
agricultural representatives, researchers and
government at all levels to identify specific
recommendations. These recommendations
will be forwarded to the Task Force and
County and State officials for consideration.
T
his report describes
the State of
Hawai‘i’s unique
position and perspective
as a member of President
Obama’s State, Local and
Tribal Leaders Task Force
on Climate Preparedness
and Resilience. Hawai‘i’s
team of state, federal,
and academic partners
sought out knowledge and
practices from a variety
of local and regional
sources. In response to
the Task Force’s charge to
advise the Administration
on how the Federal
Government can best
support resilience efforts,
the Navigating Change
Report also proposes
initial recommendations
in the areas of actionable
information, coordination,
and implementation.
2

The Hawaiian Islands are the most
geographically isolated lands on the
planet, originally settled by some of
the greatest voyagers in human history.
Traditional wayfinding by voyaging
canoes demands the necessary skills to
navigate change: observation, mid-course
corrections and resilience. Hawai‘i’s
distinctive approach is guided by these
skills and the values of exploration,
innovation, collaboration and
indigenous knowledge to face and
adapt to the changes on the horizon and
already at our shores.
Hawai‘i’s unique vantage point offers
a microcosm of both diverse impacts and
solutions. Hawai‘i joins other islands on
the front lines of climate change, exposed
to impacts that are already hitting tropical
islands first and most severely—including
drought, sea level rise, coastal erosion,
flooding, storm intensification, rising
temperatures, climate-sensitive disease
proliferation and ocean acidification. These
impacts have a direct effect on our urban
and rural populations, as well as our rare
flora and fauna. Rising seas threaten the
low-lying islands of Papaha¯naumokua¯kea
Marine National Monument (in the
Northwest Hawaiian Islands), home to
species found nowhere else in the world.
Most of our residential, commercial,
resort, and industrial development is on or
near the coast, and no point in the state
is more than 30 miles from the shoreline.
The coastline is Hawai‘i’s livelihood. The
environment is our economy.
The transnational issues of climate
change and security, energy, food,
public safety, biodiversity, water, cultural
resources, social justice and health are
all represented and clearly intersect in
Hawai‘i, making our islands a focal point
in the Pacific. As the endangered species
capitol of the U.S. that imports 80-90% of
its food and energy, Hawai‘i is extremely
vulnerable. Energy transformation,
natural resource management and food
self-sufficiency are essential, not optional.
Mitigation, adaptation and security are the
elements of survival for our islands.
Given these enormous challenges,
Hawai‘i must build resilience. In
September 2013, with the support of
the U.S. Department of State’s Office
of Global Change, Hawai‘i became the
first sub-national government to sign
onto the Majuro Declaration for Climate
Leadership, highlighting our state’s
ambitious targets for clean energy and
integrated efforts for mitigation and
adaptation. I signed Hawai‘i’s Climate
Change Adaptation Priority Guidelines
in 2012, recognizing the importance
of multidisciplinary, public-private
collaboration for implementation. Hawai‘i
has developed strong partnerships among
multiple levels of government, universities,
non-profit organizations, businesses and
communities for an integrated, shared
kuleana1
approach to adaptation. As host
of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
Leaders’ Meeting (2011) and the Asia
Pacific Clean Energy Summit, Islands and
Isolated Communities Congress (2013),
Hawai‘i has always been a gathering
place of cultures, sectors and institutional
resources working together to identify
creative adaptation and mitigation
responses. We have some of the best
L E T T E R F R O M G OV E R N O R A B E R C R O M B I E
researchers and scholars in the world at
the University of Hawai‘i (UH) and are the
home base for the U.S. Pacific Command.
Our collective expertise will ensure that
we are prepared to address the realities of
climate change.
Mahalo nui loa to President Barack
Obama for inviting Hawai‘i to participate
on this Task Force. We are grateful for the
opportunity to share our unique island
experiences, needs and approaches. Our
aloha spirit is a tremendous asset—we
know how to work together toward a com-
mon purpose. We serve as a model for
communication and coordination. We are
a contributing partner that is empowered
when we leverage Federal assistance and
expertise. We look forward to continue
working closely with our federal partners
from the Department of Defense (DOD),
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), Department of
State (DOS), Department of the Interior
(DOI), and others to identify and imple-
ment innovative, collaborative solutions.
Addressing the complex interconnected
challenges of climate change will call upon
all of us to paddle together in the same
direction—we are all in the same canoe.
Building resiliency now is our moral obli-
gation to future generations.
Imua,
Governor Neil Abercrombie
‘A‘ohe hana nui ka alu‘ia—
No task is too big when done together by all.
3
1
Hawaiian word for right, privilege, concern, responsibility, authority, jurisdiction

Hawai‘i’s Unique Vulnerability
Climate Change—on the horizon
and at our shores
*Much of the following information is
referenced from the Pacific Island Regional
Climate Assessment (PIRCA).1
Climate change is already a clear and
present threat in Hawai‘i. Many areas of
Hawai‘i are experiencing enduring drought.
Seventy percent (70%) of the state’s
beaches are eroding. A new University of
Hawai‘i study suggests that the highest
temperatures today will become the new
average within a generation.2
Major indicators of climate
change in Hawai‘i are:
n Warming air temperature;3
n Dwindling stream flows;
n Decreasing rainfall4
and
increasing drought;
n Shifting habitats;
n Rising sea levels;5
n Coastal erosion;6
n Warming ocean;
n Changing wind and wave patterns; and
n Ocean acidification
Threatened Freshwater Resources
As an island state isolated from large
landmasses, Hawai‘i is 100% dependent on
rainfall to provide freshwater for drinking,
agriculture, and commercial uses, and
to sustain forest, coastal and nearshore
ecosystems. Over the past century, average
rainfall has decreased throughout Hawai‘i.
Future freshwater supplies will be limited
by multiple stresses including climate
change, land use, population growth, aging
infrastructure, and competing uses. All nine
long-term stream gauges in Hawai‘i show
that between 1913 and 2008, base load
stream flows decreased by more than 20%
and in some places up to 70%.
Vulnerable Coastal Zones
In Hawai‘i, no point of land is more than
30 miles from the ocean. A majority of
communities, commercial enterprise,
and infrastructure are located along the
state’s coastlines. Hawai‘i is expected to
experience sea level rise of one foot by 2050
and three feet by the end of the century.
This will impact the built environment in
low-lying areas, as well as beaches, dunes,
coastal wetlands, and their associated
species. Damage to tourism infrastructure,
including the loss of Waikı¯kı¯ Beach,
could reduce visitor expenditures by $2
billion a year. Already, beach erosion
and waves threaten coastal areas and
structures with increased frequency and
magnitude. In areas of Honolulu within
several blocks of the ocean, there is the
potential for basements to flood, ground
floors to be splashed by storm wave runup,
drainage problems, saltwater intrusion into
vulnerable ecosystems and agricultural
areas, and flooding following heavy rains.
Strong winds and high seas also may cause
more extreme events like the 2011 wave
overwash episodes at Midway, Laysan, and
Kure Atolls in the Northwest Hawaiian
Islands that inundated these low-lying
islands, destroyed infrastructure, and killed
thousands of nesting seabirds.
Changing Oceans
Pacific Islanders are ocean peoples.
Traditionally, they depended on healthy
oceans for food, materials and navigation,
and many communities continue to practice
subsistence. Sea-surface temperature in
the Pacific is rising and projected to keep
increasing over time. Increased temperatures
negatively impact coral reefs and associated
fisheries, which are vital to sustaining
Hawai‘i’s economy, food security and way
of life. Many coral reefs are overtaxed and
threatened due to the cumulative effects of
human development, overfishing, invasive
species, and changes in ocean temperature
and chemistry. As carbon dioxide is
absorbed by seawater, this leads to a
process referred to as ocean acidification.
Impacts to reef-building coral in Hawaiian
waters are of high concern, as coral reefs
provide a buffer against storm waves, are a
source of food and support commercial and
recreational opportunities important to the
state’s economy.
People at Risk
Mounting threats to food and water security,
infrastructure, and public health and safety
will lead to increased human migration
from low Pacific islands to high islands like
Hawai‘i and continental sites, which has
already begun to occur in the case of the
Marshall Islands.7
Additionally, Hawai‘i is
concerned about climate-sensitive diseases
and other public health effects from climate
change. Hawai‘i’s tropical environment
coupled with high volume international
airports, put the state at high risk for the
introduction of Center for Disease Control-
recognized climate-sensitive mosquito-borne
illnesses like West Nile Virus, malaria and
dengue fever. Strengthening biosecurity is a
critical adaptation strategy for Hawai‘i.
Key Indicators of Climate Change in the Pacific Islands Region.
Source: Pacific Island Regional Climate Assessment (PIRCA), 2012, graphic designed by Susan Yamamoto, adapted from
“Ten Indicators of a Warming World,” in NOAA National Climatic Data Center, State of the Climate in 2009 (report)
Sea Surface Temperature Rising
Sea Level Rising
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Rising
Ocean Heat Content Rising
Surface Air Temperature Rising
Rainfall Changing
Winds and Waves Changing
Extreme Events Changing
Ocean Chemistry Changing
Habitats and Species
Distributions Changing
Baseflow in Streams Decreasing
4

Climate Change is a Matter of Security in Hawai‘i
Because climate change defies geographic,
political and jurisdictional boundaries,
it poses unique challenges given
Hawai‘i’s strategic location. However,
climate change can also be a catalyst
for advancing resiliency through
collaboration. As a non-traditional
security threat, climate change requires
place-based mitigation and adaptation
spanning across multiple sectors,
including government, non-governmental
organizations, academic institutions and
the private sector.
The U.S. DOD Report of the Defense
Science Board Task Force on Trends
and Implications of Climate Change for
National and International Security states,
“climate change is likely to have the
greatest impact through its indirect effects
on conflict and vulnerability.”8
The report categorizes the security
threats as:
n Population support system resiliency
(water, food, health and energy)
n Human security (population dislocation
and armed conflict)
n Political continuity (governance and
economic viability)
Hawai‘i is facing security threats in
all three categories. Given Hawai‘i’s
dependency on food and energy imports
and current drought, some of the islands’
key population support systems are
already extremely vulnerable. The
State is working to strengthen the
resilience of these systems through
water conservation measures and
watershed protection, food self-
sufficiency strategies, and clean energy
transformation, which are outlined
below. Over the next couple of decades,
climate change is also expected to
have increasingly negative impact on
tourism, one of the state’s primary
economic drivers.9
Economic viability
is a recognized security issue of political
continuity. Human security may also
be an issue as communities in low-lying
Pacific islands seek to relocate.
Headquartered in Hawai‘i, the U.S. Pacific
Command (PACOM) is supported by four
component commands, the U.S. Pacific
Fleet, U.S. Pacific Air Forces, U.S. Army
Pacific, and U.S Marine Forces, with
forces stationed in Hawai‘i and deployed
throughout the region. PACOM’s Area of
Responsibility (AOR) encompasses about
half of the earth’s surface, stretching
from the waters off the west coast of the
U.S. to the western border of India, and
from Antarctica to the North Pole. There
are few regions as culturally, socially,
economically and geo-politically diverse
as the Asia-Pacific. The 36 nations that
comprise the Asia-Pacific region are
home to more than 50% of the world’s
population, three thousand different
languages, several of the world’s largest
militaries, and five nations allied with the
U.S. through mutual defense treaties.10
Through the Asia-Pacific Rebalance,
the United States is expanding and
intensifying its already significant role
in the Asia-Pacific.11
Given Hawai‘i’s
strategic location and leadership in the
region, Hawai‘i will have an active role
as the U.S. policy is advanced. PACOM
Commander, Admiral Samuel Locklear
states that, “The U.S. Rebalance is an
intentional effort to reinforce to the
people of the Indo-Asia-Pacific that the
United States is a Pacific nation, with
significant interest here, and that we
remain committed to peace and prosperity
for all...peace and prosperity that must
be underpinned by a resilient security
environment.”12
While emphasis is placed
on the Rebalance as a military policy, it is
more expansive than that. It is a national
policy comprised of diplomatic, trade and
security dimensions.
In 2013, Admiral Locklear declared,
“[Climate change] is probably the most
likely thing that is going to happen…
that will cripple the security environment,
probably more likely than the other
scenarios we all often talk about.’’13
PACOM is already working with Asian
nations to stockpile supplies in strategic
locations and engaging other armed forces
in the region about the issue, including
the organization of a major exercise in May
2013 with nearly two-dozen countries to
practice the “what-ifs.”
The Pacific is also ground zero for a
lot of the world’s climate-induced
migration refugees. Admiral Locklear
says there is a “real potential here in the
not-too-distant future of nations displaced
by rising sea level.”13
The island of Tarawa
in Kirbati, for example, is contemplating
moving their entire population to another
country because their home is no longer
going to exist. The Admiral has also
noted concern about more severe weather
patterns, citing, “We are on super typhoon
27 or 28 this year in the Western Pacific.
The average is about 17.”13
This was
before Typhoon Haiyan, the most recent
devastating typhoon to hit the Philippines.
“[Climate change] is
probably the most likely
thing that is going to
happen…that will cripple
the security environment,
probably more likely than
the other scenarios we all
often talk about.’’
— Admiral Samuel Locklear
“If it goes bad, you
could have hundreds of
thousands or millions
of people displaced and
then security will start to
crumble pretty quickly.’’13
— Admiral Samuel Locklear
5

Additionally, Hawai‘i hosts regional
coordinating entities like the Pacific
Islands Climate Change Cooperative,
Pacific Regional Integrated Sciences
and Assessments, and Pacific Climate
Information System. These partnerships
demonstrate a commitment to supporting
risk management and climate adaptation
based on the “co-production of
knowledge,” which facilitates a robust and
sustained dialogue among the users and
providers of information.
Because Hawai‘i imports over 90%
of its energy, energy independence is
inextricably tied to mitigation, resilience
and security. Hawai‘i is now on track
with one of the most ambitious targets
for clean energy in the country and the
most aggressive renewable portfolio
standard of any state. With a combination
of smart policy, committed leadership,
and technology innovation, Hawai‘i
is beginning to realize its potential for
energy independence. Hawai‘i has six
independent electricity grids, making
it a perfect test bed for demonstrating
innovation that enables a high-penetration
of renewables. Korea, Japan, U.S. Dept.
of Energy, and Dept. of Defense have all
invested hundreds of millions of dollars
into Hawai‘i over the last year to develop
clean energy technologies.
Policies
Hawai‘i Climate Change Law
(Act 234, 2007): GHG Emissions
Reductions to 1990 Levels by 2020
In 2007, Hawai‘i became one of the first
states in the nation to enact major climate
change legislation establishing Greenhouse
Gas Emissions limits.17
Pursuant to Act
234, Hawai‘i law now requires statewide
emissions reductions to levels at or
below 1990 levels by January 1, 2020.18
The legislature identified major Hawai‘i
industries such as tourism, agriculture,
“We have interjected into our
multilateral dialogue – even with China
and India – the imperative to kind of
get military capabilities aligned [for]
when the effects of climate change start
to impact these massive populations,”
he said. “If it goes bad, you could have
hundreds of thousands or millions of
people displaced and then security will
start to crumble pretty quickly.’’13
Climate change is also expected to
exacerbate rainfall patterns, making wet
areas more prone to flooding and drier
areas more prone to drought. Regions
already vulnerable to agricultural
collapse could face extreme drying
that leads to desertification and
famine. Rising seas, shifting rainfall
patterns, melting glaciers and drought
all are expected to stress the supply of
fresh water around the globe. While
climate change alone does not cause
conflict, it may act as an accelerant of
instability or conflict. Admiral Locklear
acknowledges sustainable systems that
provide fresh water and dependable
food supply will be needed.14
Further,
many experts have said that fresh water
shortages could aggravate tensions
between nations and spark conflicts
around the world during the century,
much as oil shaped geopolitics and war
in the last century.15
In addition to multilateral dialogue,
PACOM is participating in enhanced
levels of discussion and coordination
with other federal agencies and local
stakeholders in Hawai‘i on this matter.
The Climate, Environment and Security
in the Asia Pacific Region (CESAPR)
Working Group is using security as
the shared lens for collaboratively
combating the impacts of climate
change.
Hawai‘i has also been involved in
the DOD-led Micronesia Biosecurity
planning process as a way to prevent
the spread of invasive species between
Hawai‘i and Micronesia and protect
vulnerable island natural resources,
agriculture, human health and
economies.
Hawai‘i’s Climate Change
Leadership & Innovative Approach
to Adaptation
Hawai‘i’s Governor and State Legislature
stand together in recognizing the urgent
threat of human influenced climate
change. Governor Abercrombie’s New
Day Plan16
prioritizes long-term planning
for the effects of climate change. The
Hawai‘i Legislature stated, “Climate
change poses a serious threat to the
economic well-being, public health,
natural resources, and the environment in
Hawai‘i (Act 234, Session Laws of Hawai‘i
2007).” Hawai‘i’s policies recognize that
climate change mitigation and adaptation
go hand-in-hand. This is particularly
evident in the state’s energy policies,
adaptation priority guidelines, and related
plans and emerging initiatives.
Hawai‘i was recently recognized as:
n The first sub-national government to
sign onto the Majuro Declaration for
Climate Leadership, an outcome of the
Pacific Islands Forum presented to the UN
Secretary General in September 2013
n A “bright spot” with an innovative,
integrated approach to green growth
by the Global Island Partnership during
the Island Summit at the 2012 UN
Convention on Biological Diversity,
Conference of the Parties 11 in India
n Number one in the nation for energy
efficiency by the Energy Services
Coalition’s Race to the Top Award (2012
& 2013)
Regional Collaborative
Approaches—The Pacific Way
to Climate Preparedness and
Resilience
Hawai‘i is a model for collaboration,
coordination and communication,
which extends beyond the archipelago
to other islands in the Pacific. Working
effectively together reflects “The Pacific
Way” to building resilience. The Pacific
Islands Regional Climate Assessment
(PIRCA) is an outcome of this approach.
6

recreation, commercial fishing, and
forestry as vulnerable to impacts.19
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Goal (2008):
70% Clean Energy by 2030 (40% via
renewable, 30% via efficiency)
On January 28, 2008, the State of Hawai‘i
and the U.S. Department of Energy
signed a memorandum of understanding
establishing the Hawai‘i Clean Energy
Initiative (HCEI), “to establish a long-
term partnership . . . that will result in a
fundamental and sustained transformation
in the way in which renewable energy
efficiency resources are planned and
used in the State,” and to “provide a
replicable global model for achieving
similar results.”20
Making Adaptation a Priority
Hawai‘i’s state and local decision makers’
recognize the need for adaptation, which
is evidenced in the Climate Change
Adaptation Priority Guidelines, the Hawai‘i
barrel tax on petroleum, the state’s
watershed restoration plan (“Rain Follows
the Forest”), and various county and
community initiatives.
In Act 73( 2010), the Hawai‘i State
Legislature stated:
[C]limate changes will likely impose
major, but not fully understood, costs
and other impacts on Hawai‘i’s people
and the natural capital we depend upon
to support our lives in the middle of the
Pacific Ocean. Nowhere is it more obvious
than in remote island chains like Hawai‘i
that our lives and the economy are
intertwined with the health and function
of the natural world around us . . . . Now
is the time for bold action to squarely
address Hawai‘i’s energy and food
requirements and plan for and address the
inevitable effects of climate change.
Policies to Support Climate
Change Adaptation in Hawai‘i
Barrel Tax on Petroleum (Act 73,
2010): Hawai‘i First in Nation
In 2010, pursuant to Act 73, Hawai‘i
adopted the nation’s first barrel tax ($1.05
per barrel) on imported petroleum.27
The
act’s six enumerated purposes fall under
three general categories: (i) promoting
energy self-sufficiency, (ii) promoting
food self-sufficiency, and (iii) adapting to
climate change, i.e., to “[h]elp Hawai‘i’s
natural resources and population
adapt and be resilient to the inevitable
challenges brought on by climate
change.” Because the barrel tax raises
revenues for a variety of climate-related
funds, Act 73 functions uniquely as
both a climate change mitigation and
adaptation measure.
Collaborative Development of a
Foundation for Statewide Climate
Change Adaptation Policy
In August 2011, the Hawai‘i State
Office of Planning (OP) and the
Ocean Resources Management Plan
(ORMP) Policy Group and Working
Group hosted a two-day intensive
workshop to implement the first steps
of a Framework for Climate Change
Adaptation in Hawai‘i (2009), including
the development of the foundation for
a statewide climate change adaptation
policy. Sixty participants engaged in
the unique workshop, which combined
a futures approach with appreciative
inquiry to develop climate change
adaptation “visions” for Hawai‘i
moving forward. The results of the
workshop provided the foundation
for the development of priority
guidelines for climate change adaptation,
which OP drafted with continued
input from workshop participants and
additional stakeholders. The resulting
Act 286 was signed into law on
July 9, 2012.
Climate Change Adaptation Priority
Guidelines (Act 286): Planning for
Climate Change
The stated purpose of the Climate
Change Adaptation Priority Guidelines
is “to encourage collaboration and
cooperation among county, state
and federal agencies, policy makers,
businesses, and other community
partners to plan for the impacts of
climate change and avoid, minimize,
or mitigate loss of life, land, and
property of future generations.”28
The
guidelines are intended to prepare the
state for climate change impacts on
agriculture, conservation lands, coastal
and nearshore marine areas, natural and
cultural resources, education, energy,
Additional Innovative Energy Policies In Hawai‘i
n Decoupling (2010) The Hawai‘i Public Utilities Commission (PUC) adopted
a ratemaking approach that decouples the utility’s profits from its kilowatt-hour
sales, removing a disincentive for energy efficiency and distributed renewables.21
n Solar Mandate (2010) Hawai‘i was the first in the nation to enact a law
requiring that most new homes built in the state include solar water heaters. 22
n Feed-in Tariffs (2011) The PUC established a feed-in tariff (standard offer
contract) for small- to utility-scale renewable energy projects.23
n On-Bill Financing (2011) Hawai‘i adopted a statewide on-bill financing program
that will allow residences and businesses—including renters—to install energy
efficiency improvements, such as solar water heaters, and pay for them using their
energy bill savings (2011).24
n Green Energy Market Securitization (GEMS) (2013) This pioneering financing
model secures low-cost capital from the private sector to make clean energy
improvements affordable and accessible to underserved community members,
including low to moderate-income homeowners, renters and nonprofits. GEMS
takes a proven rate-reduction bond structure and uses it in an innovative way to
provide low-cost financing to utility customers.25
n Utility Performance Incentives (2013) Hawai‘i enacted a policy to implement a
variety of financial incentive mechanisms that help align clean energy, ratepayer,
and shareholder interests.26
7

County and Community
Adaptation Measures
n Water Availability Policy. In 2007, the
Maui County Council adopted a Water
Availability Policy (WAP) to protect,
preserve and manage water resources and
a natural and cultural public trust resource.
(Ordinance 3502, 2007).
n County Shoreline Setback Rules. Maui
and Kaua‘i counties adopted the nation’s
first coastal erosion rate-based setback
policies, which better protect coastal
communities from coastal erosion hazards
by taking into account site-specific
shoreline changes, rather than establishing
a fixed setback distance for all properties.
Kaua‘i’s policy also incorporates the
average lifespan of structures (70 years)
as a setback formula factor and can be
adjusted by 10 percent to accommodate
future accelerations in sea-level rise
(Shoreline R. § 12-203-6, 2007; Ordinance
863, 2008).
n County Level Efforts. In 2009, the City
and County of Honolulu Board of Water
Supply released the Ko‘olau Loa and
Wai‘anae watershed management plans,
which address climate change impacts on
water resources. The 2010 Maui County
general plan includes policies to “[r]estrict
development in areas that are prone to
natural hazards, disasters, or sea-level rise”
and to “[d]iscourage new entitlements
for residential, resort, or commercial
development along the shoreline”
(Ordinance 3732, 2010). The 2010 Hilo,
Hawai‘i County, community development
plan update includes a strategy for
preparing for climate change impacts by,
among other actions, incorporating “sea-
level rise data in long-term implementation
strategies” (Resolution 352 10).
Traditional Knowledge for
Impact Monitoring and Place-
Based Resilience Planning.
Two participatory projects in Ka‘u¯pu¯lehu
tapped into local ecological knowledge
for monitoring impacts and informing
adaptation by developing a “timeline
of adaptation” and “seasonal calendar”
based on a biocultural history passed
The Ten Climate Change Adaptation Priority Guidelines are:
1. Ensure that Hawai‘i’s people are educated, informed and aware of the im-
pacts climate change may have on their communities;
2. Encourage community stewardship groups and local stakeholders to partici-
pate in planning and implementation of climate change policies;
3. Invest in continued monitoring and research of Hawai‘i’s climate and the
impacts of climate change on the State;
4. Consider Native Hawaiian traditional knowledge and practices in planning
for the impacts of climate change;
5. Encourage the preservation and restoration of natural landscape features,
such as coral reefs, beaches and dunes, forests, streams, floodplains and
wetlands, that have the inherent capacity to avoid, minimize or mitigate the
impacts of climate change;
6. Explore adaptation strategies that moderate harm or exploit beneficial oppor-
tunities in response to actual or expected climate change impacts to the natural
and built environments;
7. Promote sector resilience in areas such as water, roads, airports and public
health, by encouraging the identification of climate change threats, assessment
of potential consequences and evaluation of adaptation options;
8. Foster cross-jurisdictional collaboration between county, state and federal
agencies and partnerships between government and private entities and other
non-governmental entities, including nonprofit entities;
9. Use management and implementation approaches that encourage the con-
tinual collection, evaluation and integration of new information and strategies
into new and existing practices, policies and plans; and
10. Encourage planning and management of the natural and built environments
that effectively integrate climate change policy.
higher education, health, historic
preservation, water resources, the built
environment (e.g., housing, recreation
and transportation) and the economy.
As a priority guideline, climate change
adaptation must now be considered
in state and county budgetary, land
use, and other decision-making
processes. In particular, the state Land
Use Commission and Board of Land
and Natural Resources must consider
whether land use entitlements are
consistent with the priority guidelines.
In addition, land use planning, coastal
permitting, and zoning at the county
level must be consistent with county
general plans, which must be consistent
with the Hawai‘i State Planning Act
(Chapter 226).29
Implementation of the Climate
Change Adaptation (CCA)
Priority Guidelines
The State Office of Planning is beginning
to coordinate implementation of the CCA
Priority Guidelines. The Office is assisting
both state and county agencies to integrate
climate change adaptation into their
existing planning frameworks through the
following initiatives:
1. Implementing the 2013 Ocean Resources
Management Plan Update
2. Finalizing the Coastal Resilience
Networks (CRest) Project
3. Developing a framework for conducting
community-based vulnerability assessments
4. Preparing a Technical Assistance
Memorandum for implementing the CCA
Priority Guidelines
8

down through generations. The Hanalei
Watershed Hui collaborated with UH’s
Hazards, Climate & Environment Program
to conduct a Community Resilience
Survey and develop Community-Based
Disaster Resilience Plans that integrate
natural resource management, social
capacity and disaster risk reduction
facilitated through multi-sector community
leadership boards.
Hawai‘i’s Natural Resilience:
Ecosystem-Based Adaptation
WATER
Wai is the Hawaiian word for
water. Waiwai means wealth, which
demonstrates a profound indigenous
understanding of water as a foundational
value and asset for all people. In 1978,
the people of Hawai‘i amended the
Hawai‘i State Constitution (art. XI, sec.
7) to declare “The State has an obligation
to protect, control and regulate the use of
Hawai‘i’s water resources for the benefit
of its people. . . [and] provide for a water
resources agency which . . . shall set
overall water conservation, quality and use
policies. . . . .” In 1987, Hawai‘i adopted
a progressive, forward looking State Water
Code (Haw. Rev. Stat. Chapter 174C)
that established a State Commission
on Water Resources Management to
integrate water and land use planning
and comprehensively manage all water
resources in the state. The Hawai‘i
Supreme Court later interpreted Hawai‘i’s
water traditions and laws as part of the
Public Trust Doctrine, an ancient and
modern protection of water and natural
resources for public purposes, In Re
Waiahole, 94 Haw. 97 (2000), which
recognized the precautionary principle in
natural resources management.
As important as fresh water resources
are, local governments throughout
the world are coming to realize that
reusing and reclaiming wastewater is an
important source of water for irrigation
and landscaping and an innovative way to
reduce pollutants and clean up river
and ocean waters at the same time.
Integrating water and energy policies
will have profound implications for
both natural resource management and
overall public finance. It is a frontier
that deserves immediate attention and
experimentation.
FORESTS
Hawai‘i is investing in its natural capital as
an adaptation strategy through watershed
protection and management. In November
2011, Governor Abercrombie unveiled
The Rain Follows the Forest: A Plan to
Replenish Hawai‘i’s Source of Water, a
State of Hawai‘i Department of Land and
Natural Resources (DLNR) initiative that
addresses climate change impacts on fresh
water resources. The plan acknowledges,
“[w]hile climate change is a problem
on a global scale, simple, local actions
can safeguard Hawai‘i’s declining water
sources.”30
Protecting watershed forests
both mitigates and facilitates adaptation
to climate change. Healthy and diverse
forests that are not overrun by invasive
species act like a sponge, collecting rain
and moisture from passing clouds, slowly
delivering fresh water into streams and
aquifers, absorbing greenhouse gases, and
reducing runoff and siltation into near
shore waters during storm events. The
plan aims to double the state’s protected
forest acreage within the next decade.
Restored forests are, not surprisingly, the
most cost effective means of protecting,
storing, and enhancing water supplies.
OCEAN
The 2013 Hawai‘i Ocean Resources
Management Plan (ORMP) is a state plan
that provides guidance to state agencies
with responsibilities relating to ocean
and coastal zone management, including
climate change adaptation.25
The purpose
of the ORMP is to provide a framework
and implementation strategy for state
agencies and others working with state
agencies. The ORMP complements
Hawai‘i’s vision for a healthy, productive,
and sustainable ocean ecosystem that
fosters economic growth while preserving
and protecting Hawai‘i’s values and needs.
Updated every five years, the
ORMP identifies management
priorities and maps pathways
towards goals through the
implementation of actions.
The ORMP acknowledges that
partnerships are critical to making
progress towards implementation
of these goals and emphasizes
interagency relationships
between state, county, and
federal partner agencies and
stakeholders from non-profit
organizations and the community.
Continued collaboration and engagement
with key agencies and organizations
remains a critical aspect of this
implementation phase of the ORMP.
9
Source photo D. Spooner, USFWS

Tools in Hawai‘i for State
and Local Resilience
Hawai‘i’s 2013 Hazard Mitigation
Plan (Hawai‘i State Civil
Defense).32
The State of Hawai‘i
has been dedicated to hazard
mitigation for decades. This
most recent plan developed
goals and objectives to provide a
foundation for mitigation actions
and policies, which includes
climate change variability
and impacts.
Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Use
in Hawai‘i: A Policy Tool Kit for
State and Local Governments
(UH Sea Grant-Center for Island
Climate Adaptation and Policy).33
This Tool Kit identifies and
explains key land use policy tools
for state and local government
agencies and officials to facilitate
leadership and action in support
of sea-level rise adaptation
in Hawai‘i.
Climate Change and the Visitor
Industry: People, Place, Culture
and the Hawai‘i Experience (UH
Sea Grant, Center for Sustainable
Tourism).34
This report identifies
impacts on tourism resources,
feasible adaptation strategies and
priority sectors that should
be involved.
Water Resources and Climate
Change Adaptation in Hawai‘i:
Adaptive Tools in the Current
Law and Policy Framework
(UH ICAP).35
This Tool Kit
identifies adaptive characteristics
embedded within Hawai‘i’s
existing water law and policy
regime and proposes twelve tools
to improve climate adaptation for
the benefit of Hawai‘i’s
water resources.
In response to the Task Force’s charge to
advise the Administration on how the
Federal Government can best support
resilience efforts, this report proposes
initial recommendations in the areas of
actionable information, coordination and
implementation. These recommendations
build on existing leadership and regional
collaboration in Hawai‘i and the Asia-
Pacific region for a global-federal-local
approach to resilience.
ACTIONABLE INFORMATION
n First Step: Support Task Force members’
engagement of local stakeholders to
develop specific recommendations and
expedite the development and delivery of
priority technical assistance
n Support modeling efforts to develop
climate projections for islands. Adequate
spatial and temporal resolution is critical
if model outputs are to be used to assess
impacts and support climate adaptation
planning.
n Identify barriers to the use of climate
information by decision makers to
facilitate development of visualization
tools, implementation gap analyses and
decision support systems that address
real-world problems that understand
how public and private decision makers
utilize real-time and projected climate
information
COORDINATION
n Convene an International Climate
Change Resilience Forum at the East-
West Center to improve coordination,
communication and collaboration
between domestic and international
resilience efforts, especially in the Asia-
Pacific region, “Think Globally, Act
Locally”
n Establish a National Climate Change
Network to continue ongoing vertical
coordination and facilitate state-to-state,
local-to-local best practice sharing in
real time
n Proactively engage state and local
governments in federal adaptation
planning and decision making to ensure
alignment of place-based and culturally
appropriate resources and priorities
IMPLEMENTATION
Funding
n Fund state and local governments for
place-based planning processes, tools and
implementation
n Increase funding for state and local
agency data collection to develop locally-
based information needed for adaptation,
including human and ecosystem
responses to change. Increase the ability
to monitor change by restoring and
enhancing critical high-quality and long-
term monitoring stations.
n Effectively leverage private finance and
reduce procurement barriers that increase
cost of partnerships. Adapting to climate
change is a multi-sector effort that
requires public and private investment,
innovation and solutions. Procurement
should allow governments to efficiently
leverage private finance to support critical
investments in integrated natural and
built infrastructure systems. Support
new partnerships that capture efficiencies
and mobilize large-scale private finance.
Engage a broad range of stakeholders,
from philanthropies to institutional
investors and pension funds. This will
Hawai‘i’s Initial Task Force
Recommendations
10

1
Keener, V. W., Marra, J. J., Finucane, M. L., Spooner, D., & Smith, M. H. (Eds.). (2012). Climate Change and Pacific Islands: Indicators and Impacts. Report for The 2012 Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assess-
ment. Washington, DC: Island Press.
2
Mora, C. et al (2013, October). The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability. Nature , 183-187.
3
See PIRCA report, supra note 1; see also T. W. Giambelluca, et. al, Secular Temperature Changes in Hawai‘i, Geophysical Research Letters, 35:L12702 (2008).
4
See P. S. Chu & H. Chen, Interannual and Interdecadal Rainfall Variations in the Hawaiian Islands, J. Climate, 18:4796-4813 (2005) (measuring a decline in rainfall in Hawai‘i from 1980 to 2000); see also D. S. Oki,
Trends in Streamflow Characteristics at Long-Term Gauging Stations, Hawai‘i, U.S Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004–5080 1, 23 (2004), available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5080/pdf/
sir20045080.pdf (observing a decline in rainfall at twelve of fourteen gauge stations throughout the Hawaiian Islands from 1933 to 2002).
5
See R.S. Nerem et al., Estimating mean sea level change from the TOPEX and Jason altimeter missions, 33(S1) Marine Geodesy 435-46, doi:10.1080/01490419.2010.491031 (2010); see also Mean Sea Level Trends
for Stations in Hawai‘i, Nat’l Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin., http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_states.shtml?region=hi (last visited Mar. 7, 2012); see also S. Jevrejeva et al., Recent global sea
level acceleration started over 200 years ago?, Geophysical Research Letters, 35:LO8715 (2008).
6
Fletcher, C.H., Romine, B.M., Genz, A.S., Barbee, M.M., Dyer, M., Anderson, T.R., Lim, S.C., Vitousek, S., Bochicchio, C., and Richmond, B.M., 2012, National assessment of shoreline change: Historical shoreline
change in the Hawaiian Islands:
7
http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059986860 Mulkern, A. (2013, September 9). As distant Pacific islands flood, a climate-driven exodus to the U.S. grows. ClimateWire.
8
http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dsb/climate.pdf
9
http://seagrant.soest.Hawai‘i.edu/sites/seagrant.soest.Hawai‘i.edu/files/publications/web-hta-climatechange-visitorindustry_0.pdf
10
http://www.pacom.mil/
11
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42448.pdf, Congressional research service report R42448
12
http://www.pacom.mil/media/news/2013/02/08-adm-locklear-us-indonesia-society-resilience-asia-pacific-rebalance.shtml
13
http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2013/03/09/admiral-samuel-locklear-commander-pacific-forces-warns-that-climate-change-top-threat/BHdPVCLrWEMxRe9IXJZcHL/story.html Bender, B. (2013, March 9).
Chief of US Pacific forces calls climate biggest worry. The Boston Globe.
14
http://www.pacom.mil/media/news/2013/02/08-adm-locklear-us-indonesia-society-resilience-asia-pacific-rebalance.shtml
15
https://www.sandiego.gov/environmental-services/pdf/sustainable/security.pdf
16
http://governor.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/AFG_ANewDayinHawaii_2010.pdf
17
The first was California, when it adopted the Global Warming Solutions Act in 2006. Cal. A.B. 32, 2006 Cal. Stat. ch. 488 (codified at Cal. Health & Safety Code §§ 38500-38599).
18
2007 Haw. Sess. Laws, 24th Leg., Act 234, § 8 (codified at Haw. Rev. Stat. (“H.R.S.”) § 342B-71).
19
2007 Haw. Sess. Laws, 24th Leg., Act 234, § 1(a).
20
Memorandum of Understanding Between the State of Hawai‘i and the U.S. Dep’t of Energy 1 (Jan. 28, 2008), available at http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/pdfs/hawaii_mou.pdf
21
PUC issued its Final Decision and Order to approve a decoupling mechanism through Docket No. 2008-0274.
22
Act 176, 25th Leg., Reg. Sess. (2010) (codified at Haw. Rev. Stat. § 196-6.5 (2010))
23
PUC has issued orders approving feed-in tariffs through Docket No. 2008-0273
24
Act 204, 26th Leg., Reg. Sess. (2011) (codified at Haw. Rev. Stat. § 269-125 (2011))
25
Act 211, 27th Leg., Reg. Sess. (2013) (codified at Haw. Rev. Stat. §§ 269-161 to 176 (2013))
26
Act 37, 27th Leg., Reg. Sess. (2013) (codified at Haw. Rev. Stat. § 269-6 (2013))
27
2010 Haw. Sess. Laws, 25th Leg, Act 73.
28
http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2012/bills/GM1403_.PDF
29
http://hawaii2050.org/images/uploads/HRS226_StatePlanningAct.pdf
30
http://hawaii.gov/dlnr%26/chair/pio/nr/2011/The-Rain-Follows-the-Forest.pdf
31
http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/czm/ormp/ormp_update_reports/final_ormp_2013.pdf
32
http://www.scd.hawaii.gov/documents/HawaiiMultiHazardMitigationPlan2010PUBLIC.pdf
33
http://www.islandclimate.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/icap-sealevelrisetoolkit_web.pdf
34
http://seagrant.soest.Hawai‘i.edu/sites/seagrant.soest.Hawai‘i.edu/files/publications/web-hta-climatechange-visitorindustry_0.pdf
35
http://www.islandclimate.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Water_Resources_Adaptation_HI_1.pdf
Governor Abercrombie will convene a
Resilient Hawai‘i Forum in early 2014 to
engage more local stakeholders, including
Native Hawaiian organizations, natural
resource managers, the military, tourism
officials, agricultural representatives,
researchers and government at all levels to
identify specific recommendations for the
Task Force, as well as for County and State
officials. Hawai‘i hopes to share successes
with and learn from other U.S. state and
local governments and islands around the
world to better prepare for the impacts of
climate change.
n Support development of plans for and
connect federal efforts to local and state
governments to proactively move public
facilities (airports, harbors, waste water,
highways) away from areas impacted by
sea level rise and storm generated waves in
a coordinated fashion
n Create mechanisms to provide technical
assistance and increased data sharing
between federal/state/local agencies to
build local capacity for data management
and informed decision making
also help governments, non-profits and the
private industry to more effectively work
together to tailor climate responses that
take short-term, medium-term, and long-
range costs and benefits into account.
Planning and Policy Tools
n Support development of island-specific
adaptation tools that address the unique
needs and context of Hawai‘i and other
U.S. island territories and islands
receiving aid.
Next Steps For
Hawai‘i On The
Task Force
11
Better alignment between the federal family and the international community will
yield key benefits such as: (1) enhanced communication that supports sustained
iterative dialogue among diverse science, service and user communities as a means
to nurture essential partnerships and facilitate the co-production of knowledge;
(2) improved access to information that is consistent, reliable, and addresses
issues and problems of greatest relevancy to decision makers; (3) increased ability
to generate regionally relevant guidance and decision support tools for regional
and local climate change vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning; (4)
better integrated climate change and variability scenario development, training and
technical assistance; and (5) connect foreign donor support for climate change
efforts in the Pacific (from Australia, the European Union, Germany, France,
Norway, Japan, the United Kingdom, etc.) to relevant work in Hawai‘i and other
U.S. island territories.

j
NEIL ABERCROMBIE
Governor, State of Hawai‘i
JACQUELINE KOZAK THIEL
State Sustainability Coordinator
jacqueline.m.kozak-thiel@hawaii.gov
Hawai‘i State Capitol, Executive Chambers
415 S. Beretania St., 5th Floor
Honolulu, HI 96813
Mahalo nui to the following contributors and reviewers
William J. Aila Jr., Chairperson, Hawai‘i Department of Land & Natural Resources (DLNR)
Jesse Souki, Director, Hawai‘i Office of Planning (OP)
William Tam, Deputy Director for Water Resource Management, DLNR
Deanna Spooner, Coordinator, Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative
Maxine Burkett, Associate Professor of Law, University of Hawai‘i (UH)
Kristen Olyete, Senior Advisor to U.S. Pacific Command & to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Insular Affairs, U.S. DOI
Nathalie Morrison, Planning & Policy Analyst, Hawai‘i Coastal Zone Management Program, OP
Sam Lemmo, Administrator, Office of Conservation & Coastal Lands, DLNR
Dr. Victoria Keener, Research Fellow, East-West Center, UH & Lead Principle Investigator, Pacific Regional Integrated Sciences & Assessments
Dr. John Marra, Regional Climate Services Director, Pacific Region, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Dolan Eversole, NOAA Sea Grant Coastal Storms Program Coordinator, Pacific Islands Region, UH
Dr. Chip Fletcher, Associate Dean & Professor, School of Ocean, Earth Science & Technology, UH
Cover photo credit: Polynesian Voyaging Society

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