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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, VOL. 8, NO. 3, MARCH 2009

A FLEXIBLE PRIVACY-ENHANCED LOCATION-BASED SERVICES
SYSTEM FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE

Location-based services (LBSs) are becoming increasingly important to the
success and attractiveness of next-generation wireless systems. However, a
natural tension arises between the need for user privacy and the flexible use
of location information. In this paper, we present a framework to support
privacy-enhanced LBSs.
We classify the services according to several basic criteria, And we propose
a hierarchical key distribution method to support these services. The main
idea behind the system is to hierarchically encrypt location information
under different keys, and distribute the appropriate keys only to group
members with the necessary permission. Four methods are proposed to
deliver hierarchical location information while maintaining privacy.
We propose a key tree-rebalancing algorithm to maintain the rekeying
performance of the group key management. Furthermore, we present a
practical LBS system implementation. Hierarchical location information
coding offers flexible location information access which enables a rich set of
LBSs.
Our load tests show such a system is highly practical with good efficiency
and scalability.

Index Terms
Location-based services, location privacy, social networks, hierarchical key
distribution.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, VOL. 8, NO. 2,
FEBRUARY 2009

CONTENTION-AWARE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF
MOBILITY-ASSISTED ROUTING

A large body of work has theoretically analyzed the performance of mobility-
assisted routing schemes for intermittently connected mobile networks.
However, the vast majority of these prior studies have ignored wireless
contention.
Recent papers have shown through simulations that ignoring contention
leads to inaccurate and misleading results, even for sparse networks. In this
paper, we analyze the performance of routing schemes under contention.
First, we introduce a mathematical framework to model contention. This
framework can be used to analyze any routing scheme with any mobility and
channel model. Then, we use this framework to compute the expected delays
for different representative mobility-assisted routing schemes under random
direction, random waypoint, and community-based mobility models.
Finally, we use these delay expressions to optimize the design of routing
schemes while Demonstrating that designing and optimizing routing
schemes using analytical expressions that ignore contention can lead to sub
optimal or even erroneous behavior.

Index Terms
Delay-tolerant networks, wireless contention, performance analysis, mobility-
assisted routing.

IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 17, NO. 1,
FEBRUARY 2009

NODE ISOLATION MODEL AND AGE-BASED NEIGHBOR
SELECTION IN UNSTRUCTURED P2P NETWORKS

Previous analytical studies of unstructured P2P resilience have assumed
exponential user lifetimes and only considered age-independent neighbor
replacement. In this paper, we overcome these limitations by introducing a
general node-isolation model for heavy-tailed user lifetimes and arbitrary
neighbor-selection algorithms.
Using this model, we analyze two age-biased neighbor-selection strategies
and show that they significantly improve the residual lifetimes of chosen
users, which dramatically reduces the probability of user isolation and graph
partitioning compared with uniform selection of neighbors.
In fact, the second strategy based on random walks on age-proportional
graphs demonstrates that, for lifetimes with infinite variance, the system
monotonically increases its resilience as its age and size grow.
Specifically, we show that the probability of isolation converges to zero as
these two metrics tend to infinity. We finish the paper with simulations in
finite-size graphs that demonstrate the effect of this result in practice.

Index Terms
Age-based selection, heavy-tailed lifetimes, node isolation, peer-to-peer
networks, user churn.

Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.9 No.3, March 2009

A NOVEL APPROACH FOR COMPUTATION-EFFICIENT
REKEYING FOR MULTICAST KEY DISTRIBUTION

An important problem for secure group communication is key distribution.
Most of the centralized group key management schemes employ high
rekeying cost.
Here we introduce a novel approach for computation efficient rekeying for
multicast key distribution. This approach reduces the rekeying cost by
employing a hybrid group key management scheme (involving both
centralized and contributory key management schemes).
The group controller uses the MDS Codes, a class of error control codes, to
distribute the multicast key dynamically. In order to avoid frequent rekeying
as and when the user leaves, a novel approach is introduced where clients
recompute the new group key with minimal computation.
This approach ensures forward secrecy as well as backward secrecy and
significantly reduces the rekeying cost and communication cost. This
scheme well suits wireless applications where portable devices require low
computation.

Index Terms
Erasure decoding, Key Distribution, MDS Codes, Multicast.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, VOL. 58, NO. 7, JULY 2009

COLLUSIVE PIRACY PREVENTION IN P2P CONTENT
DELIVERY NETWORKS

Collusive piracy is the main source of intellectual property violations within
the boundary of a P2P network. Paid clients (colluders) may illegally share
copyrighted content files with unpaid clients (pirates). Such online piracy has
hindered the use of open P2P networks for commercial content delivery.
We propose a proactive content poisoning scheme to stop colluders and
pirates from alleged copyright infringements in P2P file sharing. The basic
idea is to detect pirates timely with identity-based signatures and time
stamped tokens.
The scheme stops collusive piracy without hurting legitimate P2P clients by
targeting poisoning on detected violators, exclusively. We developed a new
peer authorization protocol (PAP) to distinguish pirates from legitimate
clients. Detected pirates will receive poisoned chunks in their repeated
attempts. Pirates are thus severely penalized with no chance to download
successfully in tolerable time.
Based on simulation results, we find 99.9 percent prevention rate in Gnutella,
KaZaA, and Freenet. We achieved 85- 98 percent prevention rate on eMule,
eDonkey, Morpheus, etc. The scheme is shown less effective in protecting
some poison-resilient networks like BitTorrent and Azureus. Our work opens
up the low-cost P2P technology for copyrighted content delivery.
The advantage lies mainly in minimum delivery cost, higher content
availability, and copyright compliance in exploring P2P network resources.

Index Terms
Peer-to-peer networks, content poisoning, copyright protection, network
security.

OPPORTUNISTIC SCHEDULING WITH RELIABILITY
GUARANTEES IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS -
2009

We develop opportunistic scheduling policies for cognitive radio
networks that maximize the throughput utility of thesecondary
(unlicensed) users subject to maximum collision constraints with
the primary (licensed) users.
We consider a cognitive network with static primary users and
potentially mobile secondary users.
We use the technique of Lyapunov Optimization to design an
online flow control, scheduling, and resource allocation algorithm
that meets the desired objectives and provides explicit
performance guarantees.

Index Terms
Cognitive radio, queuing analysis, resource allocation, Lyapunov
optimization.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA

GENERALIZED SEQUENCE-BASED AND REVERSE
SEQUENCE-BASED MODELS FOR BROADCASTING HOT
VIDEOS – 2009

It has been well recognized as an efficient approach for broadcasting popular
videos by partitioning a video data stream into multiple segments and
launching each segment through an individual channel simultaneously and
periodically.
Based on the design premises, some recent studies, including skyscraper
broadcasting (SkB), client-centric approach (CCA), greedy disk-conserving
broadcasting (GDB), and reverse fast broadcasting (RFB) schemes, etc., have
been reported. To study the client segment downloading process, this paper
first introduces an applicable sequence-based broadcasting model that can
be used to minimize the required buffer size.
By extending RFB, this paper further proposes a reverse sequence-based
broadcasting model, which can generally improve the existing schemes such
as SkB, CCA, GDB, and FB in terms of the relaxed client buffer size.
To have a deeper understanding on the proposed reverse model, the upper
bound of the client buffer requirement is obtained through a comprehensive
analysis, which is proved to be much smaller than the conventional
sequence model by 25% to 50%. Based on the proposed reverse model, a
reverse sequence-based broadcasting scheme is developed for achieving
smaller delay than CCA and GDB.

Index Terms
Hot-video broadcasting, video-on-demand (VOD), buffers, cable TV.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING,
VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 2009

CHARMY: A FRAMEWORK FOR DESIGNING AND VERIFYING
ARCHITECTURAL SPECIFICATIONS PATRIZIO PELLICCIONE,
PAOLA INVERARDI, AND HENRY MUCCINI

Introduced in the early stages of software development, the CHARMY
framework assists the software architect in making and evaluating
architectural choices. Rarely, the software architecture of a system can be
established once and forever.
Most likely poorly defined and understood architectural constraints and
requirements force the software architect to accept ambiguities and move
forward to the construction of a suboptimal software architecture. CHARMY
aims to provide an easy and practical tool for supporting the iterative
modeling and evaluation of software architectures. From an UML-based
architectural design, an executable prototype is automatically created.
CHARMY simulation and model checking features help in understanding the
functioning of the system and discovering potential inconsistencies of the
design. When a satisfactory and stable software architecture is reached, Java
code conforming to structural software architecture constraints is
automatically generated through suitable transformations. The overall
approach is tool supported.

Index Terms
Software architectures, model checking.

IEEE RANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS, VOL. 19,
NO. 5, MAY 2008

COMPUTATION-EFFICIENT MULTICAST KEY
DISTRIBUTION

Efficient key distribution is an important problem for secure group
communications. The communication and storage complexity of multicast
key distribution problem has been studied extensively. In this paper, we
propose a new multicast key distribution scheme whose computation
complexity is significantly reduced.
Instead of using conventional encryption algorithms, the scheme employs
MDS codes, a class of error control codes, to distribute multicast key
dynamically. This scheme drastically reduces the computation load of each
group member compared to existing schemes employing traditional
encryption algorithms.
Such a scheme is desirable for many wireless applications where portable
devices or sensors need to reduce their computation as much as possible
due to battery power limitations. Easily combined with any key-tree-based
schemes, this scheme provides much lower computation complexity while
maintaining low and balanced communication complexity and storage
complexity for secure dynamic multicast key distribution.

Index Terms
Key distribution, multicast, MDS codes, erasure decoding, computation
complexity.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING, VOL. 20,
NO. 6, JUNE 2008

AN EFFICIENT CLUSTERING SCHEME TO EXPLOIT
HIERARCHICAL DATA IN NETWORK TRAFFIC ANALYSIS

There is significant interest in the data mining and network
management communities about the need to improve existing
techniques for clustering multivariate network traffic flow records so
that we can quickly infer underlying traffic patterns.
In this paper, we investigate the use of clustering techniques to identify
interesting traffic patterns from network traffic data in an efficient
manner.
We develop a framework to deal with mixed type attributes including
numerical, categorical, and hierarchical attributes for a one-pass
hierarchical clustering algorithm.
We demonstrate the improved accuracy and efficiency of our approach
in comparison to previous work on clustering network traffic.

Index Terms
Traffic analysis, network management, network monitoring, clustering,
classification and association rules, hierarchical clustering.

A SURVEY OF LEARNING-BASED TECHNIQUES OF
EMAIL SPAM FILTERING - 2008

Email spam is one of the major problems of the today’s
Internet, bringing financial damage to companies and
annoying individual users. Among the approaches developed
to stop spam, filtering is an important and popular one.
In this paper we give an overview of the state of the art of
machine learning applications for spam filtering, and of the
ways of evaluation and comparison of different filtering
methods.
We also provide a brief description of other branches of anti-
spam protection and discuss the use of various approaches in
commercial and noncommercial anti-spam software solutions

BOTMINER: CLUSTERING ANALYSIS OF NETWORK TRAFFIC
FOR PROTOCOL- AND STRUCTURE-INDEPENDENT BOTNET
DETECTION

Botnets are now the key platform for many Internet attacks, such as
spam, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS), identity theft, and phishing.
Most of the current botnet detection approaches work only on specific
botnet command and control (C&C) protocols (e.g., IRC) and structures
(e.g., centralized), and can become ineffective as botnets change their
C&C techniques.
In this paper, we present a general detection framework that is
independent of botnet C&C protocol and structure, and requires no a
priori knowledge of botnets (such as captured bot binaries and hence
the botnet signatures, and C&C server names/addresses).
We start from the definition and essential properties of botnets. We
define a botnet as a coordinated group of malware instances that are
controlled via C&C communication channels. The essential properties
of a botnet are that the bots communicate with some C&C
servers/peers, perform malicious activities, and do so in a similar or
correlated way.
Accordingly, our detection framework clusters similar communication
traffic and similar malicious traffic, and performs cross cluster
correlation to identify the hosts that share both similar communication
patterns and similar malicious activity patterns. These hosts are thus
bots in the monitored network.
We have implemented our BotMiner prototype system and evaluated it
using many real network traces. The results show that it can detect
real-world botnets (IRC-based, HTTP-based, and P2P botnets including
Nugache and Storm worm), and has a very low false positive rate.

IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 16, NO. 1,
FEBRUARY 2008

DUAL-LINK FAILURE RESILIENCY THROUGH BACKUP
LINK MUTUAL EXCLUSION
Networks employ link protection to achieve fast recovery from link failures.
While the first link failure can be protected using link protection, there are
several alternatives for protecting against the second failure.
This paper formally classifies the approaches to dual-link failure resiliency.
One of the strategies to recover from dual-link failures is to employ link
protection for the two failed links independently, which requires that two
links may not use each other in their backup paths if they may fail
simultaneously.
Such a requirement is referred to as backup link mutual exclusion (BLME)
constraint and the problem of identifying a backup path for every link that
satisfies the above requirement is referred to as the BLME problem.
This paper develops the necessary theory to establish the sufficient
conditions for existence of a solution to the BLME problem. Solution
methodologies for the BLME problem is developed using two approaches by:
1) formulating the backup path selection as an integer linear program;
2) developing a polynomial time heuristic based on minimum cost path
routing.
The ILP formulation and heuristic are applied to six networks and their
performance is compared with approaches that assume precise knowledge of
dual-link failure. It is observed that a solution exists for all of the six
networks considered. The heuristic approach is shown to obtain feasible
solutions that are resilient to most dual-link failures, although the backup
path lengths may be significantly higher than optimal. In addition, the paper
illustrates the significance of the knowledge of failure location by illustrating
that network with higher connectivity may require lesser capacity than one
with a lower connectivity to recover from dual-link failures.

Index Terms
Backup link mutual exclusion, dual-link failures, link protection, optical
networks.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS,
VOL. 20, NO. 3, MARCH 2009

ADAPTIVE NEURAL NETWORK TRACKING CONTROL OF
MIMO NONLINEAR SYSTEMS WITH UNKNOWN DEAD ZONES
AND CONTROL DIRECTIONS
In this paper, adaptive neural network (NN) tracking control is investigated
for a class of uncertain multiple-input–multiple- output (MIMO) nonlinear
systems in triangular control structure with unknown nonsymmetric dead
zones and control directions.
The design is based on the principle of sliding mode control and the use of
Nussbaum-type functions in solving the problem of the completely unknown
control directions. It is shown that the dead-zone output can be represented
as a simple linear system with a static time-varying gain and bounded
disturbance by introducing characteristic function.
By utilizing the integral-type Lyapunov function and introducing an adaptive
compensation term for the upper bound of the optimal approximation error
and the dead-zone disturbance, the closed-loop control system is proved to
be semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded, with tracking errors
converging to zero under the condition that the slopes of unknown dead
zones are equal. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the
approach.

Index Terms
Adaptive control, dead zone, neural network (NN) control, Nussbaum
function, sliding mode control.

A FRAMEWORK FOR THE CAPACITY EVALUATION OF
MULTIHOP WIRELESS NETWORKS, 2009

The specific challenges of multihop wireles networks lead to a strong
research effort on efficient protocols design where the offered capacity is a
key objective. More specifically, routing strategy largely impacts the network
capacity, i.e. the throughput offered to each flow.
In this work, we propose a complete framework to compute the upper and the
lower bounds of the network capacity according to a physical topology and a
given routing protocol. The radio resource sharing principles of CSMA-CA is
modeled as a set of linear constraints with two models of fairness. The first
one assumes that nodes have a fair access to the channel, while the second
one assumes that on the radio links.
We then develop a pessimistic and an optimistic scenarios for radio resource
sharing, yielding a lower bound and an upper bound on the network capacity
for each fairness case. Our approach is independent of the network topology
and the routing protocols, and provides therefore a relevant framework for
their comparison.
We apply our models to a comparative analysis of a well-known flat routing
protocol OLSR against two main self-organized structure approaches, VSR
and localized CDS.

Index Terms
Network capacity, multihop wireless networks, upper and lower bounds,
linear programing

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 55, NO. 2, JUNE 2009

CONTINUOUS FLOW WIRELESS DATA BROADCASTING
FOR HIGH-SPEED ENVIRONMENTS

With the increasing popularity of wireless networks and mobile computing,
data broadcasting has emerged as an efficient way of delivering data to
mobile clients having a high degree of commonality in their demand patterns.
This paper proposes an adaptive wireless push system that operates
efficiently in environments characterized by high broadcasting speeds and a-
priori unknown client demands for data items.
The proposed system adapts to the demand pattern of the client population
in order to reflect the overall popularity of each data item.
We propose a method for feedback collection by the server so that the client
population can enjoy a performance increase in proportion to the
broadcasting speed used by the server.
Simulation results are presented which reveal satisfactory performance in
environments with a-priori unknown client demands and under various high
broadcasting speeds.

Index Terms
Adaptive systems, data broadcasting, high-speed, learning automata.

DYNAMIC AND AUTO RESPONSIVE SOLUTION FOR
DISTRIBUTED DENIAL-OF-SERVICE ATTACKS DETECTION IN
ISP NETWORK, 2009

Denial of service (DoS) attacks and moreparticularly the distributed ones
(DDoS) are one of the latestthreat and pose a grave danger to users,
organizations and infrastructures of the Internet. Several schemes have been
proposed on how to detect some of these attacks, but they suffer from a
range of problems, some of them being impractical and others not being
effective against these attacks.
This paper reports the design principles and evaluation results of our
proposed framework that autonomously detects and accurately characterizes
a wide range of flooding DDoS attacks in ISP network. Attacks are detected
by the constant monitoring of propagation of abrupt traffic changes inside
ISP network.
For this, a newly designed flow-volume based approach (FVBA) is used to
construct profile of the traffic normally seen in the network, and identify
anomalies whenever traffic goes out of profile. Consideration of varying
tolerance factors make proposed detection system scalable to the varying
network conditions and attack loads in real time.
Six-sigma method is used to identify threshold values accurately for
malicious flows haracterization. FVBA has been extensively evaluated in a
controlled test-bed environment. Detection thresholds and efficiency is
justified using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve.
For validation, KDD 99, a publicly available benchmark dataset is used. The
results show that our proposed system gives a drastic improvement in terms
of detection and false alarm rate.

Index Terms
Distributed Denial of Service Attacks, False Positives, False Negatives, ISP
Network, Network Security

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS,
VOL. 8, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2009

Efficient Multi-Party Digital Signature using Adaptive
Secret Sharing for Low-Power Devices in Wireless
Networks

In this paper, we propose an efficient multi-party signature scheme for
wireless networks where a given number of signees can jointly sign a
document, and it can be verified by any entity who possesses the
certified group public key.
Our scheme is based on an efficient threshold key generation scheme
which is able to defend against both static and adaptive adversaries.
Specifically, our key generation method employs the bit commitment
technique to achieve efficiency in key generation and share refreshing;
our share refreshing method provides proactive protection to long-
lasting secret and allows a new signee to join a signing group.
We demonstrate that previous known approaches are not efficient in
wireless networks, and the proposed multi-party signature scheme is
exible, efficient, and achieves strong security for low-power devices in
wireless networks.

Index Terms
Multi-party signature, distributed key generation, elliptic curve
cryptosystems.

GUARANTEED DELIVERY FOR GEOGRAPHICAL
ANYCASTING IN WIRELESS MULTI-SINK SENSOR
AND SENSOR-ACTOR NETWORKS

In the anycasting problem, a sensor wants to report event
information to one of sinks or actors. We describe the first
localized anycasting algorithms that guarantee delivery for
connected multi-sink sensor-actor networks.
Let S(x) be the closest actor/sink to sensor x, and |xS(x)| be
distance between them. In greedy phase, a node s forwards the
packet to its neighbor v that minimizes the ratio of cost cost(|sv|)
of sending packet to v (here we specifically apply hop-count and
power consumption metrics) over the reduction in distance
(|sS(s)|−|vS(v)|) to the closest actor/sink.
A variant is to forward to the first neighbor on the shortest
weighted path toward v. If none of neighbors reduces that distance
then recovery mode is invoked. It is done by face traversal toward
the nearest connected actor/sink, where edges are replaced by
paths optimizing given cost.
A hop count based and two variants of localized power aware
anycasting algorithms are described. We prove guaranteed
delivery property analytically and experimentally

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. ?, NO. ?, 1

HIERARCHICAL BAYESIAN SPARSE IMAGE
RECONSTRUCTION WITH APPLICATION TO MRFM

This paper presents a hierarchical Bayesian model to reconstruct sparse
images when the observations are obtained from linear transformations and
corrupted by an additive white Gaussian noise.
Our hierarchical Bayes model is well suited to such naturally sparse image
applications as it seamlessly accounts for properties such as sparsity and
positivity of the image via appropriate Bayes priors. We propose a prior that
is based on a weighted mixture of a positive exponential distribution and a
mass at zero.
The prior has hyperparameters that are tuned automatically by
marginalization over the hierarchical Bayesian model. To overcome the
complexity of the posterior distribution, a Gibbs sampling strategy is
proposed. The Gibbs samples can be used to estimate the image to be
recovered, e.g. by maximizing the estimated posterior distribution.
In our fully Bayesian approach the posteriors of all the parameters are
available. Thus our algorithm provides more information than other
previously proposed sparse reconstruction methods that only give a point
estimate.
The performance of the proposed hierarchical Bayesian sparse
reconstruction method is illustrated on synthetic data and real data collected
from a tobacco virus sample using a prototype MRFM instrument.

Index Terms
Deconvolution, MRFM imaging, sparse representation, Bayesian inference,
MCMC methods

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE
INTELLIGENCE, VOL. 31, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2009

OFFLINE LOOP INVESTIGATION FOR
HANDWRITING ANALYSIS

Study of Rough Set and Clustering Algorithm in Network Security
Management Getting a better grasp of computer network security
is of great significance to protect the normal operation of network
system.
Based on rough set (RS), clustering model, security features
reduction and clustering algorithm are presented, which provides
a basis of network security strategies. Further research is to mine
and process the dynamic risks and management of network
security. Using the reduction methods, the simplified network
security assessment data set is established.
The extraction by the decision-making rules is proposed and
verified. Through the results, it is concluded that the method could
be in line with the actual situation of decision-making rules.

Keywords
RS, clustering algorighm, network security, K-W method

VOL. 8, NO. 5, MAY 2009

HIGH PERFORMANCE COOPERATIVE TRANSMISSION
PROTOCOLS BASED ON MULTIUSER DETECTION AND
NETWORK CODING

Cooperative transmission is an emerging communication technique that
takes advantage of the broadcast nature of wireless channels. However, due
to low spectral efficiency and the requirement of orthogonal channels, its
potential for use in future wireless networks is limited.
In this paper, by making use of multi-user detection (MUD) and network
coding, cooperative transmission protocols with high spectral efficiency,
diversity order, and coding gain are developed.
Compared with the traditional cooperative transmission protocols with single
user detection, in which the diversity gain is only for one source user, the
proposed MUD cooperative transmission protocols have the merit that the
improvement of one user’s link can also benefit the other users.
In addition, using MUD at the relay provides an environment in which
network coding can be employed. The coding gain and high diversity order
can be obtained by fully utilizing the link between the relay and the
destination.
From the analysis and simulation results, it is seen that the proposed
protocols achieve higher diversity gain, better asymptotic efficiency, and
lower bit error rate, compared to traditional MUD schemes and to existing
cooperative transmission protocols.
From the simulation results, the performance of the proposed scheme is near
optimal as the performance gap is 0.12dB for average bit error rate (BER) 10
−6 and 1.04dB for average BER 10 −3, compared to two performance upper
bounds.

Index Terms
Detection, coding, communication networks, and cooperative systems.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

NOVEL PACKET-LEVEL RESOURCE ALLOCATION
WITH EFFECTIVE QOS PROVISIONING FOR WIRELESS
MESH NETWORKS

Joint power-subcarrier-time resource allocation is imperative for
wireless mesh networks due to the necessity of packet scheduling
for quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning, multi-channel
communications, and opportunistic power allocation.
In this work, we propose an efficient intra-cluster packet-level
resource allocation approach. Our approach takes power
allocation, subcarrier allocation, packet scheduling, and QoS
support into account.
The proposed approach combines the merits of a Karush-Kuhn-
Tucker (KKT)-driven approach and a genetic algorithm (GA)-based
approach.
It is shown to achieve a desired balance between time complexity
and system performance. Bounds for the throughputs obtained by
real-time and non-real-time traffic are also derived analytically.

Index Terms
Genetic algorithm (GA), Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT), quality-of-
service (QoS) provisioning, resource allocation, wireless mesh
network (WMN).


MULTI-SERVICE LOAD SHARING FOR
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE
CELLULAR/WLAN INTEGRATED NETWORK

With the interworking between a cellular network and wireless local area
networks (WLANs), an essential aspect of resource management is taking
advantage of the overlay network structure to efficiently share the multi-
service traffic load between the interworked systems.
In this study, we propose a new load sharing scheme for voice and elastic
data services in a cellular/WLAN integrated network. Admission control and
dynamic vertical handoff are applied to pool the free bandwidths of the two
systems to effectively serve elastic data traffic and improve the multiplexing
gain.
To further combat the cell bandwidth limitation, data calls in the cell are
served under an efficient service discipline, referred to as shortest remaining
processing time (SRPT) [1]. The SRPT can well exploit the heavy-tailedness
of data call size to improve the resource utilization.
An accurate analytical model is developed to determine an appropriate size
threshold so that data calls are properly distributed to the integrated cell and
WLAN, taking into account the load conditions and traffic characteristics.
It is observed from extensive simulation and numerical analysis that the new
scheme significantly improves the overall system performance.

Index Terms
Cellular/WLAN interworking, resource management, quality of service, load
sharing, vertical handoff, admission control.

SOBIE:A NOVEL SUPER-NODE P2P OVERLAY
BASED ON INFORMATION EXCHANGE

In order to guarantee both the efficiency and robustness in the
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network, the paper designs a novel Super-node
Overlay Based on Information Exchange called SOBIE.
Differing from current structured and unstructured, or meshed and
tree-like P2P overlay, the SOBIE is a whole new structure to
improve the efficiency of searching in the P2P network.
The main contributions are
1) to select the super-nodes by considering the aggregation of
not only the delay, distance, but also the information
exchange frequency, exchange time and query similarity
especially;
2) to set a score mechanism to identify and prevent the free-
riders. Meanwhile, the SOBIE also guarantees the matching
between the physical network and logical network and has
small-world characteristic to improve the efficiency.
Large number of experiment results show the advantages of the
SOBIE including high efficiency and robustness by such different
factors as the query success rate, the average query hops, the
total number of query messages, the coverage rate and system
connectivity.

Index Terms
P2P overlay, super node, information exchange, topology
matching, free-ridding

AD HOC NETWORKS (ELSEVIER), VOL. 7, NO. 5, PP. 862-881, JULY 2009

OPTIMAL BACKPRESSURE ROUTING FOR WIRELESS
NETWORKS WITH MULTI-RECEIVER DIVERSITY

We consider the problem of optimal scheduling and routing in an ad-
hoc wireless network with multiple traffic streams and time varying
channel reliability.
Each packet transmission can be overheard by a subset of receiver
nodes, with a transmission success probability that may vary from
receiver to receiver and may also vary with time. We develop a simple
backpressure routing algorithm that maximizes network throughput
and expends an average power that can be pushed arbitrarily close to
the minimum average power required for network stability, with a
corresponding tradeoff in network delay.
When channels are orthogonal, the algorithm can be implemented in a
distributed manner using only local link error probability information,
and supports a “blind transmission” mode (where error probabilities
are not required) in special cases when the power metric is neglected
and when there is only a single destination for all traffic streams.
For networks with general inter-channel interference, we present a
distributed algorithm with constant-factor optimality guarantees.

Index Terms
Broadcast advantage, distributed algorithms, dynamic control, mobility,
queueing analysis, scheduling

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, VOL. 8, NO. X, XXXXXX 2009

RANDOMCAST: AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT
COMMUNICATION SCHEME FOR MOBILE AD HOC
NETWORKS

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), every node overhears every data
transmission occurring in its vicinity and thus, consumes energy
unnecessarily. In IEEE 802.11 Power Saving Mechanism (PSM), a packet must
be advertised before it is actually transmitted.
When a node receives an advertised packet that is not destined to itself, it
switches to a low-power sleep state during the data transmission period, and
thus, avoids overhearing and conserves energy. However, since some
MANET routing protocols such as Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) collect
route information via overhearing, they would suffer if they are used in
combination with 802.11 PSM.
Allowing no overhearing may critically deteriorate the performance of the
underlying routing protocol, while unconditional overhearing may offset the
advantage of using PSM. This paper proposes a new communication
mechanism, called RandomCast, via which a sender can specify the desired
level of overhearing, making a prudent balance between energy and routing
performance.
In addition, it reduces redundant rebroadcasts for a broadcast packet, and
thus, saves more energy. Extensive simulation using ns-2 shows that
RandomCast is highly energy-efficient compared to conventional 802.11 as
well as 802.11 PSM-based schemes, in terms of total energy consumption,
energy goodput, and energy balance.

Index Terms
Energy balance, energy efficiency, mobile ad hoc networks, network lifetime,
overhearing, power saving mechanism.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 18, NO. 6, JUNE 2009

ADAPTIVE FUZZY FILTERING FOR ARTIFACT
REDUCTIONIN COMPRESSED IMAGES AND VIDEOS

A fuzzy filter adaptive to both sample’s activity and the relative
position between samples is proposed to reduce the artifacts in
compressed multidimensional signals.
For JPEG images, the fuzzy spatial filter is based on the
directional characteristics of ringing artifacts along the strong
edges. For compressed video sequences, the motion compensated
spatiotemporal filter (MCSTF) is applied to intraframe and
interframe pixels to deal with both spatial and temporal artifacts.
A new metric which considers the tracking characteristic of human
eyes is proposed to evaluate the flickering artifacts.
Simulations on compressed images and videos show improvement
in artifact reduction of the proposed adaptive fuzzy filter over
other conventional spatial or temporal filtering approaches.

Index Terms
Artifact reduction, flickering metric, fuzzy filter, motion
compensated spatio-temporal filter.

Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.9 No.4, April 5, 2009

A NEW RELIABLE BROADCASTING IN MOBILE AD HOC
NETWORKS

A New Reliable Broadcasting Algorithm for mobile ad hoc
networks will guarantee to deliver the messages from different
sources to all the nodes of the network.
The nodes are mobile and can move from one place to another.
The solution does not require the nodes to know the network size,
its diameter and number of nodes in the network. The only
information a node has its identity (IP Address) and its position.
On average, only a subset of nodes transmits and they transmit
only once to achieve reliable broadcasting. The algorithm will
calculate the relative position of the nodes with respect to the
broadcasting source node.
The nodes that are farthest from the source node will rebroadcast
and this will minimize the number of rebroadcasts made by the
intermediate nodes and will reduce the delay latency.
The proposed algorithm will adapt itself dynamically to the number
of concurrent broadcasts and will give the least finish time for any
particular broadcast. It will be contention free, energy efficient and
collision free.

Key words
Broadcasting Algorithm, IP Address, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,
Collision, Delay latency.

IEEE COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE LETTERS, VOL. 8, NO. 1,
JANUARY-JUNE 2009

AN XML-BASED ADL FRAMEWORK FOR AUTOMATIC
GENERATION OF MULTITHREADED COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE SIMULATORS

Computer architecture simulation has always played a pivotal role
in continuous innovation of computers. However, constructing or
modifying a high quality simulator is time consuming and error-
prone.
Thus, often Architecture Description Languages (ADLs) are used
to provide an abstraction layer for describing the computer
architecture and automatically generating corresponding
simulators.
Along the line of such research, we present a novel XML-based
ADL, its compiler, and a generation methodology to automatically
generate multithreaded simulators for computer architecture.
Weutilize the industry-standard extensible markup language XML
to describe the functionality and architecture of a modeled
processor.
Our ADL framework allows users to easily and quickly modify the
structure, register set, and execution of a modeled processor. To
prove its validity, we have generated several multithreaded
simulators with different configurations based on the MIPS five-
stage processor, and successfully tested with two programs.

CLONE DETECTION AND REMOVAL FOR
ERLANG/OTP WITHIN A REFACTORING
ENVIRONMENT

A well-known bad code smell in refactoring and software
maintenance is duplicated code, or code clones. A code clone
is a code fragment that is identical or similar to another.
Unjustified code clones increase code size, make maintenance
and comprehension more difficult, and also indicate design
problems such as lack of encapsulation or abstraction.
This paper proposes a token and AST based hybrid approach
to automatically detecting code clones in Erlang/OTP
programs, underlying a collection of refactorings to support
user-controlled automatic clone removal, and examines their
application in substantial case studies.
Both the clone detector and the refactorings are integrated
within Wrangler, the refactoring tool developed at Kent for
Erlang/OTP

Keywords
Erlang, refactoring, Wrangler, duplicated code, program
analysis, program transformation.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING, VOL. 21,
NO. 1, JANUARY 2009

A RELATION-BASED PAGE RANK ALGORITHM FOR
SEMANTIC WEB SEARCH ENGINES

With the tremendous growth of information available to end users
through the Web, search engines come to play ever a more critical role.
Nevertheless, because of their general-purpose approach, it is always
less uncommon that obtained result sets provide a burden of useless
pages.
The next-generation Web architecture, represented by the Semantic
Web, provides the layered architecture possibly allowing overcoming
this limitation.
Several search engines have been proposed, which allow increasing
information retrieval accuracy by exploiting a key content of Semantic
Web resources, that is, relations. However, in order to rank results,
most of the existing solutions need to work on the whole annotated
knowledge base.
In this paper, we propose a relation-based page rank algorithm to be
used in conjunction with Semantic Web search engines that simply
relies on information that could be extracted from user queries and on
annotated resources.
Relevance is measured as the probability that a retrieved resource
actually contains those relations whose existence was assumed by the
user at the time of query definition.

Index Terms
Semantic Web, knowledge retrieval, search process, query formulation.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS, VOL. 19,
NO. 5, MAY 2008

EFFICIENT AND SECURE CONTENT PROCESSING AND
DISTRIBUTION BY COOPERATIVE INTERMEDIARIES

Content services such as content filtering and transcoding adapt
contents to meet system requirements, display capacities, or user
preferences.
Data security in such a framework is an important problem and
crucial for many Web applications. In this paper, we propose an
approach that addresses data integrity and confidentiality in
content adaptation and caching by intermediaries.
Our approach permits multiple intermediaries to simultaneously
perform content services on different portions of the data.
Our protocol supports decentralized proxy and key management
and flexible delegation of services. Our experimental results show
that our approach is efficient and minimizes the amount of data
transmitted across the network.

Index Terms
Data sharing, distributed systems, integrity, security.

HIGH MULTIPLICITY SCHEDULING OF FILE TRA SFERS
WITH DIVISIBLE SIZES MULTIPLE CLASSES OF PATHS -
DEC 2008

Distributed applications and services requiring the transfer of
large amounts of data have been developed and deployed world
wide.
The best effort model of the Internet cannot provide these
applications with the so much needed quality of service
guarantees, making necessary the development of file transfer
scheduling techniques, which optimize the usage of network
resources.
In this paper we consider the high multiplicity scheduling of file
transfers over multiple classes of paths with the objective of
minimizing the makespan, when the files have divisible sizes.
We also consider another objective, that of maximizing the total
profit, in the context of some special types of mutual exclusion
constraints (tree and clique constraint graphs).

Index Terms
file transfer scheduling, divisible sizes, high multiplicity,
makespan minimization, greedy, binary search, mutual exclusion,
tree, clique, dynamic programming.

ENHANCED COMMUNAL GLOBAL, LOCAL MEMORY
MANAGEMENT FOR EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE OF
CLUSTER COMPUTING

Memory management becomes a prerequisite when handling
applications that require immense volume of data in Cluster
Computing.
For example when executing data pertaining to satellite images for
remote sensing or defense purposes, scientific or engineering
applications. Here even if the other factors perform to the maximum
possible levels and if memory management is not properly handled the
performance will have a proportional degradation.
Hence it is critical to have a fine memory management technique
deployed to handle the stated scenarios. To overwhelm the stated
problem we have extended our previous work with a new technique that
manages the data in Global Memory and Local Memory and enhances
the performance of communicating across clusters for data access.
The issue of the Global Memory and Local Memory Management is
solved with the approach discussed in this paper.
Experimental results show performance improvement to considerable
levels with the implementation of the concept, specifically when the
cost of data access from other clusters is higher and is proportionate
to the amount of data.

Keywords:
High Performance Cluster Computing, Job Scheduling, Global Memory
Management, Local Memory Management

PEERTALK: A PEER-TO-PEER MULTI-PARTY
VOICE-OVER-IP SYSTEM

Multi-party voice-over-IP (MVoIP) services allow a group of people
to freely communicate with each other via Internet, which have
many important applications such as on-line gaming and tele-
conferencing. In this paper, we present a peer-to-peer MVoIP
system called peerTalk.
Compared to traditional approaches such as server-based mixing,
peerTalk achieves better scalability and failure resilience by
dynamically distributing stream processing workload among
different peers.
Particularly, peerTalk decouples the MVoIP service delivery into
two phases: mixing phase and distribution phase. The decoupled
model allows us to explore the asymmetric property of MVoIP
services (e.g., distinct speaking/listening activities, unequal
inbound/ out-bound bandwidths) so that the system can better
adapt to distinct stream mixing and distribution requirements.
To overcome arbitrary peer departures/failures, peerTalk provides
light-weight backup schemes to achieve fast failure recovery. We
have implemented a prototype of the peerTalk system and
evaluated its performance using both large-scale simulation
testbed and real Internet environment. Our initial implementation
demonstrates the feasibility of our approach and shows promising
results: peerTalk can outperform existing approaches such as P2P
overlay multicast and coupled distributed processing for providing
MVoIP services.

Index Terms
Peer-to-Peer Streaming, Voice-Over-IP, Adaptive System, Service
Overlay Network, Quality-of-Service, Failure Resilience

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING,
VOL. 20, NO. 6, JUNE 2008

Probabilistic Group Nearest Neighbor Queries
in Uncertain Databases
The importance of query processing over uncertain data has recently
arisen due to its wide usage in many real-world applications. In the
context of uncertain databases, previous works have studied many
query types such as nearest neighbor query, range query, top-k query,
skyline query, and similarity join.
In this paper, we focus on another important query, namely,
probabilistic group nearest neighbor (PGNN) query, in the uncertain
database, which also has many applications. Specifically, given a set,
Q, of query points, a PGNN query retrieves data objects that minimize
the aggregate distance (e.g., sum, min, and max) to query set Q.
Due to the inherent uncertainty of data objects, previous techniques to
answer group nearest neighbor (GNN) query cannot be directly applied
to our PGNN problem.
Motivated by this, we propose effective pruning methods, namely,
spatial pruning and probabilistic pruning, to reduce the PGNN search
space, which can be seamlessly integrated into our PGNN query
procedure.
Extensive experiments have demonstrated the efficiency and
effectiveness of our proposed approach, in terms of the wall clock time
and the speed-up ratio against linear scan.

Index Terms
Probabilistic group nearest neighbor queries, uncertain database

PACKET CACHES ON ROUTERS: THE
IMPLICATIONS OF UNIVERSAL REDUNDANT
TRAFFIC ELIMINATION

Many past systems have explored how to eliminate redundant transfers
from network links and improve network efficiency. Several of these
systems operate at the application layer, while the more recent systems
operate on individual packets.
A common aspect of these systems is that they apply to localized
settings, e.g. at stub network access links. In this paper, we explore the
benefits of deploying packet-level redundant content elimination as a
universal primitive on all Internet routers. Such a universal deployment
would immediately reduce link loads everywhere. However, we argue
that far more significant network-wide benefits can be derived by
redesigning network routing protocols to leverage the universal
deployment.
We develop “redundancy-aware” intra- and inter-domain routing
algorithms and show that they enable better traffic engineering, reduce
link usage costs, and enhance ISPs’ responsiveness to traffic
variations.
In particular, employing redundancy elimination approaches across
redundancy-aware routes can lower intra and inter-domain link loads
by 10-50%. We also address key challenges that may hinder
implementation of redundancy elimination on fast routers. Our current
software router implementation can run at OC48 speeds.

Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.2 [Computer Communication
Networks]: Routing Protocols

General Terms: Algorithms, Design, Measurement.

Keywords: Traffic Redundancy, Routing, Traffic Engineering.

LOCATION-BASED SPATIAL QUERIES WITH
DATA SHARING IN WIRELESS BROADCAST
ENVIRONMENTS

Location-based spatial queries (LBSQs) refer to spatial
queries whose answers rely on the location of the inquirer.
Efficient processing of LBSQs is of critical importance with
the ever-increasing deployment and use of mobile
technologies.
We show that LBSQs have certain unique characteristics that
traditional spatial query processing in centralized databases
does not address.
For example, a significant challenge is presented by wireless
broadcasting environments, which often exhibit high-latency
database access. In this paper, we present a novel query
processing technique that, while maintaining high scalability
and accuracy, manages to reduce the latency considerably in
answering location-based spatial queries.
Our approach is based on peer-to-peer sharing, which enables
us to process queries without delay at a mobile host by using
query results cached in its neighboring mobile peers. We
illustrate the appeal of our technique through extensive
simulation results.

INCREASING PACKET DELIVERY IN AD HOC ON-
DEMAND DISTANCE VECTOR (AODV) ROUTING
PROTOCOL
Broadcasting in the route discovery and the route maintenance of
Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing Protocol
provokes a high number of unsuccessful packets deliveries from
the source nodes to the destination nodes.

Studies have been undertaken to optimize the rebroadcast focused
on the route discovery of the AODV. In this study, lifetime ratio
(LR) of the active route for the intermediate node is introduced to
increase the number of unsuccessful packets delivery.

Simulation results focused on the improvement of the packet
delivery in the routing protocol compared to standard AODV.

The performance metrics are measured by varying the number of
nodes and the speeds. The OMNET++ is used to simulate the
performance of the metrics.

PROTECTION OF DATABASE SECURITY VIA
COLLABORATIVE INFERENCE DETECTION
Malicious users can exploit the correlation among data to infer
sensitive information from a series of seemingly innocuous data
accesses. Thus, we develop an inference violation detection
system to protect sensitive data content.
Based on data dependency, database schema and semantic
knowledge, we constructed a semantic inference model (SIM) that
represents the possible inference channels from any attribute to
the pre-assigned sensitive attributes. The SIM is then instantiated
to a semantic inference graph (SIG) for query-time inference
violation detection.
For a single user case, when a user poses a query, the detection
system will examine his/her past query log and calculate the
probability of inferring sensitive information. The query request
will be denied if the inference probability exceeds the pre-
specified threshold. For multi-user cases, the users may share
their query answers to increase the inference probability.
Therefore, we develop a model to evaluate collaborative inference
based on the query sequences of collaborators and their task-
sensitive collaboration levels. Experimental studies reveal that
information authoritativeness and communication fidelity are two
key factors that affect the level of achievable collaboration.
An example is given to illustrate the use of the proposed
technique to prevent multiple collaborative users from deriving
sensitive information via inference.

NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2008

THE SERVER REASSIGNMENT PROBLEM FOR
LOAD BALANCING IN STRUCTURED P2P SYSTEMS

Application-layer peer-to-peer (P2P) networks are considered to be
the most important development for next-generation Internet
infrastructure. For these systems to be effective, load balancing
among the peers is critical.
Most structured P2P systems rely on ID-space partitioning
schemes to solve the load imbalance problem and have been
known to result in an imbalance factor of in the zone sizes. This
paper makes two contributions.
First, we propose addressing the virtual-server-based load
balancing problem systematically using an optimization-based
approach and derive an effective algorithm to rearrange loads
among the peers.
We demonstrate the superior performance of our proposal in
general and its advantages over previous strategies in particular.
We also explore other important issues vital to the performance in
the virtual server framework, such as the effect of the number of
directories employed in the system and the performance
ramification of user registration strategies.
Second, and perhaps more significantly, we systematically
characterize the effect of heterogeneity on load balancing
algorithm performance and the conditions in which heterogeneity
may be easy or hard to deal with based on an extensive study of a
wide spectrum of load and capacity scenarios.
Index Terms
Distributed hash table, load balance, local search, structured peer-
to-peer system, generalized assignment

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS,
VOL. 19, NO. 8, AUGUST 2008

A TREE-BASED PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK WITH
QUALITY GUARANTEES
Abstract—Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks often demand scalability, low
communication latency among nodes, and low systemwide overhead.
For scalability, a node maintains partial states of a P2P network and
connects to a few nodes.
For fast communication, a P2P network intends to reduce the
communication latency between any two nodes as much as possible.
With regard to a low systemwide overhead, a P2P network minimizes its
traffic in maintaining its performance efficiency and functional
correctness.
In this paper, we present a novel tree-based P2P network with low
communication delay and low systemwide overhead. The merits of our
tree-based network include
1) a tree-shaped P2P network, which guarantees that the degree of a
node is constant in probability, regardless of the system size (the
network diameter in our tree-based network increases
logarithmically with an increase in the system size, and in
particular, given a physical network with a power-law latency
expansion property, we show that the diameter of our tree
network is constant),
and
2) provable performance guarantees. We evaluate our proposal by a
rigorous performance analysis, and we validate this by extensive
simulations.

Index Terms
Peer-to-peer systems, tree-based networks, multicast, performance
analysis.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING

DISTRIBUTED SUFFIX TREE OVERLAY FOR PEER-TO-
PEER SEARCH

Establishing an appropriate semantic overlay on peer-to-peer
(P2P) networks to obtain both semantic ability and scalability is a
challenge. Current DHT-based P2P networks are limited in their
ability to support a semantic search.
This paper proposes the Distributed Suffix Tree (DST) overlay as
the intermediate layer between the DHT overlay and the semantic
overlay to support the search of a keyword sequence. Its time cost
is sublinear with the length of the keyword sequence.
Analysis and experiments show that the DST-based search is fast,
load-balanced, and useful in realizing an accurate content search
on P2P networks.

Index Terms
DHT, knowledge grid, peer-to-peer, semantic overlay, suffix tree,
load balance.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING,
VOL. 17, NO. 1, JANUARY 2008 1

EFFICIENT 2-D GRAYSCALE MORPHOLOGICAL
TRANSFORMATIONS WITH ARBITRARY FLAT
STRUCTURING ELEMENTS

An efficient algorithm is presented for the computation of
grayscale morphological operations with arbitrary 2-D flat
structuring elements (S.E.). The required computing time is
independent of the image content and of the number of gray levels
used.
It always outperforms the only existing comparable method, which
was proposed in the work by Van Droogenbroeck and Talbot, by a
factor between 3.5 and 35.1, depending on the image type and
shape of S.E. So far, filtering using multiple S.E.s is always done
by performing the operator for each size and shape of the S.E.
separately.
With our method, filtering with multiple S.E.s can be performed by
a single operator for a slightly reduced computational cost per
size or shape, which makes this method more suitable for use in
granulometries, dilation-erosion scale spaces, and template
matching using the hit-or-miss transform. The discussion focuses
on erosions and dilations, from which other transformations can
be derived.

Index Terms
Dilation, dilation-erosion scale spaces, erosion, fast algorithm, hit-
or-miss transform, mathematical morphology, multiscale analysis.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
VOL. 9, NO. 1, MARCH 2008

FUZZY CONTROL MODEL OPTIMIZATION FOR BEHAVIOR-
CONSISTENT TRAFFIC ROUTING UNDER INFORMATION
PROVISION

This paper presents an H-infinity filtering approach to optimize a
fuzzy control model used to determine behavior consistent (BC)
information-based control strategies to improve the performance
of congested dynamic traffic networks.
By adjusting the associated membership function parameters to
better respond to nonlinearities and modeling errors, the approach
is able to enhance the computational performance of the fuzzy
control model.
Computational efficiency is an important aspect in this problem
context, because the information strategies are required in subreal
time to be real-time deployable. Experiments are performed to
evaluate the effectiveness of the approach.
The results indicate that the optimized fuzzy control model
contributes in determining the BC information-based control
strategies in significantly less computational time than when the
default controller is used.
Hence, the proposed H-infinity approach contributes to the
development of an efficient and robust information-based control
approach.

Index Terms
Fuzzy control, H-infinity filter, information based control.

IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING,
VOL. 16, NO. 2, APRIL 2008

RATE ALLOCATION AND NETWORK LIFETIME
PROBLEMS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

An important performance consideration for wireless sensor networks
is the amount of information collected by all the nodes in the network
over the course of network lifetime. Since the objective of maximizing
the sum of rates of all the nodes in the network can lead to a severe
bias in rate allocation among the nodes, we advocate the use of
lexicographical max-min (LMM) rate allocation.
To calculate theLMMrate allocation vector, we develop a polynomial-
time algorithm by exploiting the parametric analysis (PA) technique
from linear program (LP), which we call serial LP with Parametric
Analysis (SLP-PA).
We show that the SLP-PA can be also employed to address the LMM
node lifetime problem much more efficiently than a state-of-the-art
algorithm proposed in the literature.
More important, we show that there exists an elegant duality
relationship between theLMMrate allocation problem and the LMM node
lifetime problem.
Therefore, it is sufficient to solve only one of the two problems.
Important insights can be obtained by inferring duality results for the
other problem.

Index Terms
Energy constraint, flow routing, lexicographic max-min, linear
programming, network capacity, node lifetime, parametric analysis, rate
allocation, sensor networks, theory

TOWARDS MULTIMODAL INTERFACES FOR
INTRUSION DETECTION

Network intrusion detection has generally been dealt with
using sophisticated software and statistical analysis tools.
However, occasionally network intrusion detection must
be performed manually by administrators, either by
detecting the intruders in real-time or by revising network
logs, making this a tedious and timeconsuming labor.
To support this, intrusion detection analysis has been
carried out using visual, auditory or tactile sensory
information in computer interfaces.
However, little is known about how to best integrate the
sensory channels for analyzing intrusion detection. We
propose a multimodal human-computer interface to
analyze malicious attacks during forensic examination of
network logs.
We describe a sonification prototype which generates
different sounds according to a number of well-known
network attacks

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 12, NO. 3, MARCH 2003

STRUCTURE AND TEXTURE FILLING-IN OF MISSING
IMAGE BLOCKS IN WIRELESS TRANSMISSION AND
COMPRESSION APPLICATIONS

An approach for filling-in blocks of missing data in wireless image
transmission is presented in this paper. When compression
algorithms such as JPEG are used as part of the wireless
transmission process, images are first tiled into blocks of 8 8
pixels.
When such images are transmitted over fading channels, the
effects of noise can destroy entire blocks of the image.
Instead of using common retransmission query protocols, we aim
to reconstruct the lost data using correlation between the lost
block and its neighbors. If the lost block contained structure, it is
reconstructed using an image inpainting algorithm, while texture
synthesis is used for the textured blocks.
The switch between the two schemes is done in a fully automatic
fashion based on the surrounding available blocks.
The performance of this method is tested for various images and
combinations of lost blocks. The viability of this method for image
compression, in association with lossy JPEG, is also discussed.

Index Terms
Compression, filling-in, inpainting, interpolation, JPEG,
restoration, texture synthesis, wireless transmission.

TCP-LP: LOW-PRIORITY SERVICE VIA END-
POINT CONGESTION CONTROL

Service prioritization among different traffic classes is an important goal for
the Internet. Conventional approaches to solving this problem consider the
existing best-effort class as the low-priority class, and attempt to develop
mechanisms that provide “better-than-best-effort” service.
In this paper, we explore the opposite approach, and devise a new
distributed algorithm to realize a low-priority service (as compared to the
existing best effort) from the network endpoints.
To this end, we develop TCP Low Priority (TCP-LP), a distributed algorithm
whose goal is to utilize only the excess network bandwidth as compared to
the “fair share” of bandwidth as targeted by TCP.
The key mechanisms unique to TCP-LP congestion control are the use of
one-way packet delays for early congestion indications and a TCP-
transparent congestion avoidance policy.
The results of our simulation and Internet experiments show that that:
(1) TCP-LP is largely non-intrusive to TCP traffic;
(2) both single and aggregate TCPLP flows are able to successfully utilize
excess network bandwidth; moreover, multiple TCP-LP flows share
excess bandwidth fairly;
(3) substantial amounts of excess bandwidth are available to the low-
priority class, even in the presence of “greedy” TCP flows;
(4) the response times of web connections in the best-effort class
decrease by up to 90% when long-lived bulk data transfers use TCP-LP
rather than TCP;
(5) despite their low-priority nature, TCP-LP flows are able to utilize
significant amounts of available bandwidth in a wide-area network
environment.

Keywords
TCP-LP, TCP, available bandwidth, service prioritization, TCP-transparency.

NETWORK BORDER PATROL: PREVENTING
CONGESTION COLLAPSE AND PROMOTING
FAIRNESS IN THE INTERNET

The Internet’s excellent scalability and robustness result in part from the
end-to-end nature of Internet congestion control. End-to-end congestion
control algorithms alone, however, are unable to prevent the congestion
collapse and unfairness created by applications that are unresponsive to
network congestion.
To address these maladies, we propose and investigate a novel congestion
avoidance mechanism calledNetwork Border Patrol (NBP). NBP entails the
exchange of feedback between routers at the borders of a network in order to
detect and restrict unresponsive traffic flows before they enter the network,
thereby preventing congestion within the network.
Moreover, NBP is complemented with the proposed enhanced core-stateless
fair queueing (ECSFQ) mechanism, which provides fair bandwidth allocations
to competing flows.
Both NBP and ECSFQ are compliant with the Internet philosophy of pushing
complexity toward the edges of the network whenever possible. Simulation
results show that NBP effectively eliminates congestion collapse and that,
when combinedwith ECSFQ, approximately max-min fair bandwidth
allocations can be achieved for competing flows.

Keywords:
Internet, congestion control, congestion collapse, max-min fairness, end-to-
end argument, corestateless mechanisms, border control

SECURE PASSWORD-BASED PROTOCOL
FOR DOWNLOADING A PRIVATE KEY

We present protocols that allow a user Alice, knowing only her
name and password, and not carrying a smart card, to “log in to
the network” from a “generic” workstation, i.e., one that has all the
necessary software installed, but none of the configuration
information usually assumed to be known a priori in a security
scheme, such as Alice’s public and private keys, her certificate,
and the public keys of one or more CAs. By “logging in”, we mean
the workstation retrieves this information on behalf of the user.
This would be straightforward if Alice had a cryptographically
strong password. We propose protocols that are secure even if
Alice’s password is guessable.
We concentrate on the initial retrieval of Alice’s private key from
some server Bob on the network. We discuss various protocols for
doing this that avoid off-line password guessing attacks by
someone eavesdropping or impersonating Alice or Bob.
We discuss auditable vs. unauditable on-line attacks, and present
protocols that allow Bob to be stateless, avoid denial-of-service
attacks, allow for salt, and are minimal in computation and number
of messages.


PROBABILISTIC PACKET MARKING FOR LARGE-
SCALE IP TRACEBACK

This paper presents an approach to IP traceback based on the
probabilistic packet marking paradigm.

Our approach, which we call randomize-and-link, uses large
checksum cords to “link” message fragments in a way that is
highly scalable, for the checksums serve both as associative
addresses and data integrity verifiers.

The main advantage of these checksum cords is that they spread
the addresses of possible router messages across a spectrum that
is too large for the attacker to easily create messages that collide
with legitimate messages.

Index Terms—Associate addresses, checksum cords, distributed
denial of service (DDOS), IP, probabilistic packet marking,
traceback.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING
VOL. 20, NO. 6, JUNE 2008

A SIGNATURE-BASED INDEXING METHOD FOR
EFFICIENT CONTENT-BASED RETRIEVAL OF
RELATIVE TEMPORAL PATTERNS

A number of algorithms have been proposed for the discovery of
temporal patterns. However, since the number of generated
patterns can be large, selecting which patterns to analyze can be
nontrivial.
There is thus a need for algorithms and tools that can assist in the
selection of discovered patterns so that subsequent analysis can
be performed in an efficient and, ideally, interactive manner.
In this paper, we propose a signature-based indexing method to
optimize the storage and retrieval of a large collection of relative
temporal patterns.

Index Terms
Content-based data mining queries, organizing temporal patterns,
signature-based indexing methods.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
VOL. 34, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2008

USING THE CONCEPTUAL COHESION OF CLASSES FOR
FAULT PREDICTION IN OBJECT-ORIENTED SYSTEMS

Abstract—High cohesion is a desirable property of software as it positively
impacts understanding, reuse, and maintenance. Currently proposed
measures for cohesion in Object-Oriented (OO) software reflect particular
interpretations of cohesion and capture different aspects of it.
Existing approaches are largely based on using the structural information
from the source code, such as attribute references, in methods to measure
cohesion. This paper proposes a new measure for the cohesion of classes in
OO software systems based on the analysis of the unstructured information
embedded in the source code, such as comments and identifiers. The
measure, named the Conceptual Cohesion of Classes (C3), is inspired by the
mechanisms used to measure textual coherence in cognitive psychology and
computational linguistics.
This paper presents the principles and the technology that stand behind the
C3 measure. A large case study on three open source software systems is
presented which compares the new measure with an extensive set of existing
metrics and uses them to construct models that predict software faults.
The case study shows that the novel measure captures different aspects of
class cohesion compared to any of the existing cohesion measures. In
addition, combining C3 with existing structural cohesion metrics proves to
be a better predictor of faulty classes when compared to different
combinations of structural cohesion metrics.

Index Terms
Software cohesion, textual coherence, fault prediction, fault proneness,
program comprehension, information retrieval, Latent Semantic Indexing.

TCP STARTUP PERFORMANCE IN LARGE
BANDWIDTH DELAY NETWORKS

Next generation networks with large bandwidth and long delay pose a major
challenge to TCP performance, especially during the startup period.
In this paper we evaluate the performance of TCP Reno/Newreno, Vegas and
Hoe’s modification in large bandwidth delay networks. We propose a
modified Slow-start mechanism, called Adaptive Start (Astart), to improve the
startup performance in such networks.
When a connection initially begins or re-starts after a coarse timeout, Astart
adaptively and repeatedly resets the Slow-start Threshold (ssthresh) based
on an eligible sending rate estimation mechanism proposed in TCP
Westwood. By adapting to network conditions during the startup phase, a
sender is able to grow the congestion window (cwnd) fast without incurring
risk of buffer overflow and multiple losses.
Simulation experiments show that Astart can significantly improve the link
utilization under various bandwidth, buffer size and round-trip propagation
times. The method avoids both under-utilization due to premature Slowstart
termination, as well as multiple losses due to initially setting ssthresh too
high, or increasing cwnd too fast.
Experiments also show that Astart achieves good fairness and friendliness
toward TCP NewReno. Lab measurements using a FreeBSD Astart
implementation are also reported in this paper, providing further evidence of
the gains achievable via Astart.

Keywords
congestion control; slow-start; rate estimation, large bandwidth delay
networks

DISTRIBUTED DATA MINING IN CREDIT
CARD FRAUD DETECTION

CREDIT CARD TRANSACTIONS Continue to grow in number,
taking an ever-larger share of the US payment system and leading
to a higher rate of stolen account numbers and subsequent losses
by banks.
Improved fraud detection thus has become essential to maintain
the viability of the US payment system. Banks have used early
fraud warning systems for some years.
Large-scale data-mining techniques can improve on the state of
the art in commercial practice. Scalable techniques to analyze
massive amounts of transaction data that efficiently compute
fraud detectors in a timely manner is an important problem,
especially for e-commerce.
Besides scalability and efficiency, the fraud-detection task
exhibits technical problems that include skewed distributions of
training data and nonuniform cost per error, both of which have
not been widely studied in the knowledge-discovery and
datamining community.
In this article, we survey and evaluate a number of techniques that
address these three main issues concurrently. Our proposed
methods of combining multiple learned fraud detectors under a
“cost model” are general and demonstrably useful; our empirical
results demonstrate that we can significantly reduce loss due to
fraud through distributed data mining of fraud models.

A SOFTWARE DEFECT REPORT AND TRACKING SYSTEM
IN AN INTRANET

This paper describes a case study where SofTrack - a Software
Defect Report and Tracking System – was implemented using
internet technology in a geographically distributed organization.
Four medium to large size information systems with different
levels of maturity are being analyzed within the scope of this
project. They belong to the Portuguese Navy’s Information
Systems Infrastructure and were developed using typical legacy
systems technology:
COBOL with embedded SQL for queries in a Relational Database
environment. This pilot project of Empirical Software Engineering
has allowed the development of techniques to help software
managers to better understand, control and ultimately improve the
software process.
Among them are the introduction of automatic system
documentation, module’s complexity assessment and effort
estimation for maintenance activities in the organization.

PREDICTIVE JOB SCHEDULING IN A CONNECTION
LIMITED SYSTEM USING PARALLEL GENETIC
ALGORITHM

Job scheduling is the key feature of any computing environment
and the efficiency of computing depends largely on the scheduling
technique used. Intelligence is the key factor which is lacking in
the job scheduling techniques of today. Genetic algorithms are
powerful search techniques based on the mechanisms of natural
selection and natural genetics.
Multiple jobs are handled by the scheduler and the resource the
job needs are in remote locations. Here we assume that the
resource a job needs are in a location and not split over nodes and
each node that has a resource runs a fixed number of jobs.
The existing algorithms used are non predictive and employs
greedy based algorithms or a variant of it. The efficiency of the job
scheduling process would increase if previous experience and the
genetic algorithms are used.
In this paper, we propose a model of the scheduling algorithm
where the scheduler can learn from previous experiences and an
effective job scheduling is achieved as time progresses.
Keywords: Job scheduling, remote resource, Parallel genetic
algorithm

AN AGENT BASED INTRUSION DETECTION, RESPONSE
AND BLOCKING USING SIGNATURE METHOD IN ACTIVE
NETWORKS

As attackers use automated methods to inflict widespread damage
on vulnerable systems connected to the network, it has become
painfully clear that traditional manual methods of protection do
not suffice. This paper discusses an intrusion prevention
approach, intrusion detection, response based on active networks
that helps to provide rapid response to vulnerability advisories.
A intrusion detection and intrusion blocker that can provide
interim protection against a limited and changing set of high-
likelihood or high-priority threats. It is expected that this
mechanism would be easily and adaptively configured and
deployed to keep pace with the ever-evolving threats on the
network, intrusion detection and response based on agent system,
digital signature used to provide a security.
Active networks are an exciting development in networking
services in which the infrastructure provides customizable
network services to packets. The custom network services can be
deployed by the user inside the packets themselves. In this paper
we propose the use of agent based intrusion detection and
response. Agents are integrated with the collaborative IDS in order
to provide them with a wider array of information to use their
response activities.
Keywords: intrusion detection, blocking, response, agents, digital
signature.

A NEAR-OPTIMAL MULTICAST SCHEME FOR MOBILE AD
HOC NETWORKS USING A HYBRID GENETIC ALGORITHM

Multicast routing is an effective way to communicate among multiple hosts in
a network. It outperforms the basic broadcast strategy by sharing resources
along general links, while sending information to a set of predefined multiple
destinations concurrently.
However, it is vulnerable to component failure in ad hoc network due to the
lack of redundancy, multiple paths and multicast tree structure. Tree graph
optimization problems (GOP) are usually difficult and time consuming NP-
hard or NP-complete problems.
Genetic algorithms (GA) have been proven to be an efficient technique for
solving the GOP, in which well-designed chromosomes and appropriate
operators are key factors that determine the performance of the GAs.
Limited link, path constraints, and mobility of network hosts make the
multicast routing protocol design particularly challenging in wireless ad hoc
networks. Encoding trees is a critical scheme in GAs for solving these
problems because each code should represent a tree.
Prufer number is the most representative method of vertex encoding, which
is a string of n-2 integers and can be transformed to an n-node tree.
However, genetic algorithm based on Prufer encoding (GAP) does not
preserve locality, while changing one element of its vector causes
dramatically change in its corresponding tree topology.
In this paper, we propose a novel GA based on sequence and topology
encoding (GAST) for multicast protocol is introduced for multicast routing in
wireless ad hoc networks and generalizes the GOP of tree-based multicast
protocol as well as three associated operators.
It has revealed an efficient method of the reconstruction of multicast tree
topology and the experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of
GAST compare to GAP technique

A NOVEL SECURE COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOL FOR AD HOC NETWORKS [SCP]

An ad hoc network is a self organized entity with a number of mobile nodes
without any centralized access point and also there is a topology control
problem which leads to high power consumption and no security, while
routing the packets between mobile hosts.
Authentication is one of the important security requirements of a
communication network. The common authentication schemes are not
applicable in Ad hoc networks.
In this paper, we propose a secure communication protocol for
communication between two nodes in ad hoc networks. This is achieved by
using clustering techniques. We present a novel secure communication
framework for ad hoc networks (SCP); which describes authentication and
confidentiality when packets are distributed between hosts with in the cluster
and between the clusters.
These cluster head nodes execute administrative functions and network key
used for certification. The cluster head nodes (CHs) perform the major
operations to achieve our SCP framework with help of Kerberos
authentication application and symmetric key cryptography technique, which
will be secure, reliable, transparent and scalable and will have less overhead.

Keywords
Security, Authentication, Confidentiality, Clustering.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DEPENDABLE AND SECURE COMPUTING, VOL. 5,
NO. 1, JANUARY-MARCH 2008

CONTROLLING IP SPOOFING THROUGH
INTERDOMAIN PACKET FILTERS

The Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack is a serious threat
to the legitimate use of the Internet. Prevention mechanisms are
thwarted by the ability of attackers to forge or spoof the source
addresses in IP packets. By employing IP spoofing, attackers can
evade detection and put a substantial burden on the destination
network for policing attack packets.
In this paper, we propose an interdomain packet filter (IDPF)
architecture that can mitigate the level of IP spoofing on the
Internet. A key feature of our scheme is that it does not require
global routing information. IDPFs are constructed from the
information implicit in Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) route
updates and are deployed in network border routers.
We establish the conditions under which the IDPF framework
correctly works in that it does not discard packets with valid
source addresses. Based on extensive simulation studies, we
show that, even with partial deployment on the Internet, IDPFs can
proactively limit the spoofing capability of attackers.
In addition, they can help localize the origin of an attack packet to
a small number of candidate networks.

Index Terms
IP spoofing, DDoS, BGP, network-level security and protection,
routing protocols

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS—PART C:
APPLICATIONS AND REVIEWS, VOL. 38, NO. 3, MAY 2008

A NEW MODEL FOR SECURE
DISSEMINATION OF XML CONTENT

The paper proposes an approach to content dissemination that exploits the
structural properties of an Extensible Markup Language (XML) document
object model in order to provide an efficient dissemination and at the same
time assuring content integrity and confidentiality.
Our approach is based on the notion of encrypted postorder numbers that
support the integrity and confidentiality requirements of XML content as well
as facilitate efficient identification, extraction, and distribution of selected
content portions.
By using such notion, we develop a structurebased routing scheme that
prevents information leaks in the XML data dissemination, and assures that
content is delivered to users according to the access control policies, that is,
policies specifying which users can receive which portions of the contents.
Our proposed dissemination approach further enhances such
structurebased, policy-based routing by combining it with multicast in order
to achieve high efficiency in terms of bandwidth usage and speed of data
delivery, thereby enhancing scalability.
Our dissemination approach thus represents an efficient and secure
mechanism for use in applications such as publish–subscribe systems for
XML Documents.
The publish–subscribe model restricts the consumer and document source
information to the routers to which they register with. Our framework
facilitates dissemination of contents with varying degrees of confidentiality
and integrity requirements in a mix of trusted and untrusted networks, which
is prevalent in current settings across enterprise networks and the web.
Also, it does not require the routers to be aware of any security policy in the
sense that the routers do not need to implement any policy related to access
control.

Index Terms
Encryption, Extensible Markup Language (XML), postorder traversal,
preorder traversal, publish–subscribe, security, structure-based routing,
trees

INFRASTRUCTURE OF UNIFIED NETWORK MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM DRIVEN BY WEB TECHNOLOGY

As distributed network management systems play an increasingly
important role in telecommunication network, the flexible, efficient
and low-cost unified NMS infrastructure is a key issue in top-level
system design.
We propose a new infrastructure for a Web-driven, distributed
unified network management system. The key technologies in
practical application are investigated in detail.
The practical application has been implemented using Java and
tested on a unified telecommunication network management
system.
The experiments and application have demonstrated that the
infrastructure is feasible and scalable for operation in current and
future telecommunication network management

A/I NET: A NETWORK
THAT INTEGRATES ATM AND IP

Future networks need both connectionless and connection-
oriented services. IP and ATM are major examples of the two
types.
Connectionless IP is more efficient for browsing, e-mail, and
other non-real-time services; but for services demanding
quality and real-time delivery, connection-oriented ATM is a
much better candidate.
Given the popularity of the Internet and the established status
of ATM as the broadband transport standard, it is unlikely that
one can replace the other.
Therefore, the challenge we face lies in finding an efficient
way to integrate the two. This article describes a research
project reflecting this trend.
The project aims at efficient integration of the two to eliminate
the deficiencies of a standalone ATM or IP network


PERFORMANCE OF A SPECULATIVE TRANSMISSION
SCHEME FOR SCHEDULING-LATENCY REDUCTION

Low latency is a critical requirement in some switching applications,
specifically in parallel computer interconnection networks. The minimum
latency in switches with centralized scheduling comprises two components,
namely, the control-path latency and the data-path latency, which in a
practical high-capacity, distributed switch implementation can be far greater
than the cell duration.
We introduce a speculative transmission scheme to significantly reduce the
average control-path latency by allowing cells to proceed without waiting for
a grant, under certain conditions.
It operates in conjunction with any centralized matching algorithm to achieve
a high maximum utilization and incorporates a reliable delivery mechanism to
deal with failed speculations.
An analytical model is presented to investigate the efficiency of the
speculative transmission scheme employed in a non-blocking input-queued
crossbar switch with receivers per output. Using this model, performance
measures such as the mean delay and the rate of successful speculative
transmissions are derived.
The results demonstrate that the control-path latency can be almost entirely
eliminated for loads up to 50%. Our simulations confirm the analytical
results.

Index Terms
Arbiters, electrooptic switches, modeling, packet switching, scheduling.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY,
VOL. 1, NO. 2, JUNE 2006

REDUCING DELAY AND ENHANCING DOS
RESISTANCE IN MULTICAST AUTHENTICATION
THROUGH MULTIGRADE SECURITY

Many techniques for multicast authentication employ the principle of delayed
key disclosure. These methods introduce delay in authentication, employ
receiver-side buffers, and are susceptible to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.
Delayed key disclosure schemes have a binary concept of authentication and
do not incorporate any notion of partial trust.
This paper introduces staggered timed efficient stream loss-tolerant
authentication (TESLA), a method for achieving multigrade authentication in
multicast scenarios that reduces the delay needed to filter forged multicast
packets and, consequently, mitigates the effects of DoS attacks.
Staggered TESLA involves modifications to the popular multicast
authentication scheme, TESLA, by incorporating the notion of multilevel trust
through the use of multiple, staggered authentication keys in creating
message authentication codes (MACs) for a multicast packet.
We provide guidelines for determining the appropriate buffer size, and show
that the use of multiple MACs and, hence, multiple grades of authentication,
allows the receiver to flush forged packets quicker than in conventional
TESLA.
As a result, staggered TESLA provides an advantage against DoS attacks
compared to conventional TESLA. We then examine two new strategies for
reducing the time needed for complete authentication.
In the first strategy, the multicast source uses assurance of the
trustworthiness of entities in a neighborhood of the source, in conjunction
with the multigrade authentication provided by staggered TESLA. The second
strategy achieves reduced delay by introducing additional key distributors in
the network.

Index Terms
Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, forge-capable area, message authentication
code (MAC), multigrade source authentication, queueing theory, timed
efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication (TESLA), trust.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING,

BANDWIDTH EFFICIENT VIDEO MULTICASTING
IN MULTIRADIO MULTICELLULAR WIRELESS
NETWORKS

In this paper, we propose a new mechanism to select the cells and
the wireless technologies for layer-encoded video multicasting in
the heterogeneous wireless networks.
Different from the previous mechanisms, each mobile host in our
mechanism can select a different cell with a different wireless
technology to subscribe each layer of a video stream, and each
cell can deliver only a subset of layers of the video stream to
reduce the bandwidth consumption.
We formulate the Cell and Technology Selection Problem (CTSP)
to multicast each layer of a video stream as an optimization
problem. We use Integer Linear Programming to model the
problem and show that the problem is NP-hard.
To solve the problem, we propose a distributed algorithm based
on Lagrangean relaxation and a protocol based on the proposed
algorithm. Our mechanism requires no change of the current video
multicasting mechanisms and the current wireless network
infrastructures.
Our algorithm is adaptive not only to the change of the
subscribers at each layer, but also the change of the locations of
each mobile host.

Index Terms
Multicast, layer-encoded video, heterogeneous wireless networks

DISTRIBUTED CACHE UPDATING FOR THE
DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING PROTOCOL

On-demand routing protocols use route caches to make routing
decisions. Due to mobility, cached routes easily become stale. To
address the cache staleness issue, prior work in DSR used
heuristics with ad hoc parameters to predict the lifetime of a link
or a route. However, heuristics cannot accurately estimate
timeouts because topology changes are unpredictable.
In this paper, we propose proactively disseminating the broken
link information to the nodes that have that link in their caches.
We define a new cache structure called a cache table and present
a distributed cache update algorithm.
Each node maintains in its cache table the information necessary
for cache updates. When a link failure is detected, the algorithm
notifies all reachable nodes that have cached the link in a
distributed manner. The algorithm does not use any ad hoc
parameters, thus making route caches fully adaptive to topology
changes.
We show that the algorithm outperforms DSR with path caches
and with Link-MaxLife, an adaptive timeout mechanism for link
caches. We conclude that proactive cache updating is key to the
adaptation of on-demand routing protocols to mobility.

Index Terms
Mobile ad hoc networks, On-demand routing protocols, Mobility,
Distributed cache updating

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, VOL. 6, NO. 5, MAY 2007

AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT-BASED APPROACH
FOR THE DETECTION OF ROUTING
MISBEHAVIOR IN MANETS

We study routing misbehavior in MANETs (Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks) in this paper. In general, routing protocols for MANETs
are designed based on the assumption that all participating nodes
are fully cooperative.
However, due to the open structure and scarcely available battery-
based energy, node misbehaviors may exist. One such routing
misbehavior is that some selfish nodes will participate in the route
discovery and maintenance processes but refuse to forward data
packets. In this paper, we propose the 2ACK scheme that serves
as an add-on technique for routing schemes to detect routing
misbehavior and to mitigate their adverse effect.
The main idea of the 2ACK scheme is to send two-hop
acknowledgment packets in the opposite direction of the routing
path. In order to reduce additional routing overhead, only a
fraction of the received data packets are acknowledged in the
2ACK scheme.
Analytical and simulation results are presented to evaluate the
performance of the proposed scheme.

Index Terms
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), routing misbehavior, node
misbehavior, network security, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR).

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY
VOL. 1, NO. 2, JUNE 2006


do not incorporate any notion of partial trust. This paper introduces
staggered timed efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication (TESLA), a
method for achieving multigrade authentication in multicast scenarios that
reduces the delay needed to filter forged multicast packets and,
consequently, mitigates the effects of DoS attacks.
TESLA. As a result, staggered TESLA provides an advantage against DoS
attacks compared to conventional TESLA. We then examine two new
strategies for reducing the time needed for complete authentication.
In the first strategy, the multicast source uses assurance of the
trustworthiness of entities in a neighborhood of the source, in conjunction
with the multigrade authentication provided by staggered TESLA. The second
strategy achieves reduced delay by introducing additional key distributors in
the network.

Index Terms

A SELF-REPAIRING TREE TOPOLOGY
ENABLING CONTENT-BASED ROUTING IN
MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

Content-based routing (CBR) provides a powerful and flexible
foundation for distributed applications. Its communication model,
based on implicit addressing, fosters decoupling among the
communicating components, therefore meeting the needs of many
dynamic scenarios, including mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs).
Unfortunately, the characteristics of the CBR model are only rarely
met by available systems, which typically assume that application-
level routers are organized in a tree-shaped network with a fixed
topology.
In this paper we present COMAN, a protocol to organize the nodes
of a MANET in a tree-shaped network able to
i) selfrepair to tolerate the frequent topological
reconfigurations typical of MANETs;
ii) achieve this goal through repair strategies that minimize
the changes that may impact the CBR layer exploiting the
tree. COMAN is implemented and publicly available. Here
we report about its performance in simulated scenarios as
well as in real-world experiments.
The results confirm that its characteristics enable reliable and
efficient CBR on MANETs.

Index Terms
Content-based routing, publish-subscribe, query-advertise, mobile
ad hoc network.

IMAGE TRANSFORMATION USING GRID

The objective of this paper is to design and implement an
algorithm to transform an available 2D image into a 3D image.
Since the available algorithms are time consuming enhance the
efficiency, Grid computing has been used to implement the same.
Grid computing phenomenon can be defined as “A
paradigm/infrastructure that enabling the sharing, selection, &
aggregation of geographically distributed resources”.
Images captured by devices such as digital camera are generally
of two dimensional in nature. But to analyze the images that too in
engineering applications the same two-dimensional image if
transformed into a three-dimensional image without appreciable
data loss will be very useful and effective for analysis.
Conventionally there are some software packages available for
converting a 2D image to 3D image. In java graphics API (jdk 1.5) a
package for 2D to 3D is there with defined methods for generating
algorithms. But when such an algorithm is being designed and
developed it was found that it consumed much time for execution.
So a new approach is used here for running such an algorithm
over the concept of grid. To illustrate the phenomenon we have
developed software which transforms a two dimensional objects to
three dimensional objects. In this module, Grid computing has
been employed as a platform since it is a rapidly developing field.
Grid computing will be very useful in projects where complexity
and time factors are essential. It can also be used effectively to
improve the overall system efficiency.

Keywords:
Grid service, Event, Object, Heterogeneity, Data sets, patterns,
concept hierarchies, Load distribution

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DEPENDABLE AND SECURE COMPUTING,
VOL. 4, NO. 1, JANUARY-MARCH 2007

HYBRID INTRUSION DETECTION WITH
WEIGHTED SIGNATURE GENERATION OVER
ANOMALOUS INTERNET EPISODES

This paper reports the design principles and evaluation results of a
new experimental hybrid intrusion detection system (HIDS). This hybrid
system combines the advantages of low false-positive rate of
signature-based intrusion detection system (IDS) and the ability of
anomaly detection system (ADS) to detect novel unknown attacks.
By mining anomalous traffic episodes from Internet connections, we
build an ADS that detects anomalies beyond the capabilities of
signature-based SNORT or Bro systems. A weighted signature
generation scheme is developed to integrate ADS with SNORT by
extracting signatures from anomalies detected.
HIDS extracts signatures from the output of ADS and adds them into
the SNORT signature database for fast and accurate intrusion
detection. By testing our HIDS scheme over real-life Internet trace data
mixed with 10 days of Massachusetts Institute of Technology/ Lincoln
Laboratory (MIT/LL) attack data set, our experimental results show a 60
percent detection rate of the HIDS, compared with 30 percent and 22
percent in using the SNORT and Bro systems, respectively.
This sharp increase in detection rate is obtained with less than 3
percent false alarms. The signatures generated by ADS upgrade the
SNORT performance by 33 percent. The HIDS approach proves the
vitality of detecting intrusions and anomalies, simultaneously, by
automated data mining and signature generation over Internet
connection episodes.

Index Terms
Network security, intrusion detection systems, anomaly detection,
signature generation, SNORT and Bro systems, false alarms, Internet
episodes, traffic data mining.

NO. 6, JUNE 2007

PFUSION: A P2P ARCHITECTURE FOR INTERNET-SCALE
CONTENT-BASED SEARCH AND RETRIEVAL

The emerging Peer-to-Peer (P2P) model has become a very powerful and
attractive paradigm for developing Internet-scale systems for sharing
resources, including files and documents.
The distributed nature of these systems, where nodes are typically located
across different networks and domains, inherently hinders the efficient
retrieval of information.
In this paper, we consider the effects of topologically aware overlay
construction techniques on efficient P2P keyword search algorithms. We
present the Peer Fusion (pFusion) architecture that aims to efficiently
integrate heterogeneous information that is geographically scattered on
peers of different networks.
Our approach builds on work in unstructured P2P systems and uses only
local knowledge. Our empirical results, using the pFusion middleware
architecture and data sets from Akamai’s Internet mapping infrastructure
(AKAMAI), the Active Measurement Project (NLANR), and the Text REtrieval
Conference (TREC) show that the architecture we propose is both efficient
and practical.

Index Terms
Information retrieval, peer-to-peer, overlay construction algorithms.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DEPENDABLE AND SECURE COMPUTING,
VOL. 4, NO. 1, JANUARY-MARCH 2007

AN ADAPTIVE PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR FAULT-
TOLERANT DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

The capability of dynamically adapting to distinct runtime conditions is an
important issue when designing distributed systems where negotiated
quality of service (QoS) cannot always be delivered between processes.
Providing fault tolerance for such dynamic environments is a challenging
task.
Considering such a context, this paper proposes an adaptive programming
model for fault-tolerant distributed computing, which provides upper-layer
applications with process state information according to the current system
synchrony (or QoS).
The underlying system model is hybrid, composed by a synchronous part
(where there are time bounds on processing speed and message delay) and
an asynchronous part (where there is no time bound). However, such a
composition can vary over time, and, in particular, the system may become
totally asynchronous (e.g., when the underlying system QoS degrade) or
totally synchronous.
Moreover, processes are not required to share the same view of the system
synchrony at a given time. To illustrate what can be done in this
programming model and how to use it, the consensus problem is taken as a
benchmark problem.
This paper also presents an implementation of the model that relies on a
negotiated quality of service (QoS) for communication channels.

Index Terms
Adaptability, asynchronous/synchronous distributed system, consensus,
distributed computing model, fault tolerance, quality of service.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY, VOL.
1, NO. 2, JUNE 2006


do not incorporate any notion of partial trust.
This paper introduces staggered timed efficient stream loss-tolerant
authentication (TESLA), a method for achieving multigrade authentication in
multicast scenarios that reduces the delay needed to filter forged multicast
packets and, consequently, mitigates the effects of DoS attacks.
TESLA.
As a result, staggered TESLA provides an advantage against DoS attacks
compared to conventional TESLA. We then examine two new strategies for
reducing the time needed for complete authentication. In the first strategy,
the multicast source uses assurance of the trustworthiness of entities in a
neighborhood of the source, in conjunction with the multigrade
authentication provided by staggered TESLA. The second strategy achieves
reduced delay by introducing additional key distributors in the network.

Index Terms

BENEFIT-BASED DATA CACHING IN AD HOC
NETWORKS

Data caching can significantly improve the efficiency of
information access in a wireless ad hoc network by reducing the
access latency and bandwidth usage. However, designing efficient
distributed caching algorithms is non-trivial when network nodes
have limited memory.
In this article, we consider the cache placement problem of
minimizing total data access cost in ad hoc networks with multiple
data items and nodes with limited memory capacity.
The above optimization problem is known to be NP-hard. Defining
benefit as the reduction in total access cost, we present a
polynomial-time centralized approximation algorithm that provably
delivers a solution whose benefit is at least one-fourth (one-half
for uniform-size data items) of the optimal benefit.
The approximation algorithm is amenable to localized distributed
implementation, which is shown via simulations to perform close
to the approximation algorithm. Our distributed algorithm naturally
extends to networks with mobile nodes.
We simulate our distributed algorithm using a network simulator
(ns2), and demonstrate that it significantly outperforms another
existing caching technique (by Yin and Cao [30]) in all important
performance metrics. The performance differential is particularly
large in more challenging scenarios, such as higher access
frequency and smaller memory.

SCALABLE MULTICASTING IN

Many potential applications of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs)
involve group communications among the nodes. Multicasting is
an useful operation that facilitates group communications.
Efficient and scalable multicast routing in MANETs is a difficult
issue. In addition to the conventional multicast routing algorithms,
recent protocols have adopted the following new approaches:
overlays, backbone-based, and stateless. In this paper, we study
these approaches from the protocol state management point of
view, and compare their scalability behaviors.
To enhance performance and enable scalability, we have proposed
a framework for hierarchical multicasting in MANET environments.
Two classes of hierarchical multicasting approaches, termed as
domain-based and overlay-based, are proposed. We have
considered a variety of approaches that are suitable for different
mobility patterns and multicast group sizes. Results obtained
through simulations demonstrate enhanced performance and
scalability of the proposed techniques.

Index Terms
Hierarchical multicasting, Mobile Ad hoc networks, Domain-based
multicasting, Overlay multicasting, Stateless multicasting,
Scalability

BUILDING INTELLIGENT SHOPPING
ASSISTANTS USING
INDIVIDUAL CONSUMER MODELS

This paper describes an Intelligent Shopping Assistant designed for a
shopping cart mounted tablet PC that enables individual interactions with
customers. We use machine learning algorithms to predict a shopping list for
the customer's current trip and present this list on the device.
As they navigate through the store, personalized promotions are presented
using consumer models derived from loyalty card data for each individual. In
order for shopping assistant devices to be effective, we believe that they
have to be powered by algorithms that are tuned for individual customers
and can make accurate predictions about an individual's actions.
We formally frame the shopping list prediction as a classification problem,
describe the algorithms and methodology behind our system, and show that
shopping list prediction can be done with high levels of accuracy, precision,
and recall.
Beyond the prediction of shopping lists we briery introduce other aspects of
the shopping assistant project, such as the use of consumer models to
select appropriate promotional tactics, and the development of promotion
planning simulation tools to enable retailers to plan personalized promotions
delivered through such a shopping assistant.

Categories and Subject Descriptors: H.2.8 Database Management Database
Applications [Data Mining]

General Terms: Algorithms, Economics, Experimentation.

Keywords: Retail applications, Machine learning, Classication.

APPLICATION OF BPCS STEGANOGRAPHY TO
WAVELET COMPRESSED VIDEO

This paper presents a steganography method using lossy
compressed video which provides a natural way to send a
large amount of secret data. The proposed method is based
on wavelet compression for video data and bit-plane
complexity segmentation (BPCS) steganography.

In waveletbased video compression methods such as 3-D set
partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm and
Motion- JPEG2000, wavelet coefficients in discrete wavelet
transformed video are quantized into a bit-plane structure and
therefore BPCS steganography can be applied in the wavelet
domain.

3-D SPIHT-BPCS steganography and Motion- JPEG2000-BPCS
steganography are presented and tested, which are the
integration of 3-D SPIHT video coding and BPCS
steganography, and that of Motion-JPEG2000 and BPCS,
respectively.

Experimental results show that 3-D SPIHT-BPCS is superior to
Motion-JPEG2000-BPCS with regard to embedding
performance.

ODAM: AN OPTIMIZED DISTRIBUTED
ASSOCIATION RULE MINING ALGORITHM

Association rule mining is an active data mining research area.
However, most ARM algorithms cater to a centralized environment. In
contrast to previous ARM algorithms, ODAM is a distributed algorithm
for geographically distributed data sets that reduces communication
costs.
Modern organizations are geographically distributed. Typically, each
site locally stores its ever increasing amount of day-to-day data. Using
centralized data mining to discover useful patterns in such
organizations' data isn't always feasible because merging data sets
from different sites into a centralized site incurs huge network
communication costs.
Data from these organizations are not only distributed over various
locations but also vertically fragmented, making it difficult if not
impossible to combine them in a central location. Distributed data
mining has thus emerged as an active subarea of data mining research.
A significant area of data mining research is association rule mining.
Unfortunately, most ARM algorithms 1-9 focus on a sequential or
centralized environment where no external communication is required.
Distributed ARM algorithms, on the other hand, aim to generate rules
from different data sets spread over various geographical sites; hence,
they require external communications throughout the entire process.
DARM algorithms must reduce communication costs so that generating
global association rules costs less than combining the participating
sites' data sets into a centralized site.
However, most DARM algorithms don't have an efficient message
optimization technique, so they exchange numerous messages during
the mining process. We have developed a distributed algorithm, called
Optimized Distributed Association Mining, for geographically
distributed data sets. ODAM generates support counts of candidate
itemsets quicker than other DARM algorithms and reduces the size of
average transactions, data sets, and message exchanges.

INCREMENTAL SERVICE DEPLOYMENT USING
THE HOP BY HOP MULTICAST ROUTING
PROTOCOL

IP Multicast is facing a slow take-off although it is a hotly debated
topic since more than a decade. Many reasons are responsible for
this status. Hence, the Internet is likely to be organized with both
unicast and multicast enabled networks.
Thus, it is of utmost importance to design protocols that allow the
progressive deployment of the multicast service by supporting
unicast clouds. This paper presents HBH (Hop-By- Hop multicast
routing protocol).
HBH adopts the source-specific channel abstraction to simplify
address allocation and implements data distribution using
recursive unicast trees, which allow the transparent support of
unicast-only routers.
An important original feature of HBH is its tree construction
algorithm that takes into account the unicast routing asymmetries.
Since most multicast routing protocols rely on the unicast
infrastructure, the unicast asymmetries impact the structure of the
multicast trees.
We show through simulation that HBH outperforms other multicast
routing protocols in terms of the delay experienced by the
receivers and the bandwidth consumption of the multicast trees.
Additionally, we show that HBH can be incrementally deployed and
that with a small fraction of HBH-enabled routers in the network
HBH outperforms application-layer multicast.

Index Terms
Multicast, routing, service deployment

IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING

A DISTRIBUTED DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
FOR GLOBAL ROAMING IN NEXT-
GENERATION MOBILE NETWORKS
The next-generation mobile network will support terminal mobility, personal
mobility, and service provider portability, making global roaming seamless. A
location-independent personal telecommunication number (PTN) scheme is
conducive to implementing such a global mobile system.
However, the nongeographic PTNs coupled with the anticipated large number
of mobile users in future mobile networks may introduce very large
centralized databases. This necessitates research into the design and
performance of high-throughput database technologies used in mobile
systems to ensure that future systems will be able to carry efficiently the
anticipated loads.
This paper proposes a scalable, robust, efficient location database
architecture based on the location- independent PTNs. The proposed
multitree database architecture consists of a number of database
subsystems, each of which is a three-level tree structure and is connected to
the others only through its root.
By exploiting the localized nature of calling and mobility patterns, the
proposed architecture effectively reduces the database loads as well as the
signaling traffic incurred by the location registration and call delivery
procedures. In addition, two memory-resident database indices, memory-
resident direct file and T-tree, are proposed for the location databases to
further improve their throughput.
Analysis model and numerical results are presented to evaluate the
efficiency of the proposed database architecture.
Results have revealed that the proposed database architecture for location
management can effectively support the anticipated high user density in the
future mobile networks.

Index Terms
Database architecture, location management, location tracking, mobile
networks.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING
VOL. 4, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2005

A LOCATION-BASED ROUTING METHOD FOR

Using location information to help routing is often proposed as a
means to achieve scalability in large mobile ad hoc networks.
However, location-based routing is difficult when there are holes
in the network topology and nodes are mobile or frequently
disconnected to save battery. Terminode routing, presented here,
addresses these issues.
It uses a combination of location-based routing (Terminode
Remote Routing, TRR), used when the destination is far, and link
state routing (Terminode Local Routing, TLR), used when the
destination is close. TRR uses anchored paths, a list of
geographic points (not nodes) used as loose source routing
information.
Anchored paths are discovered and managed by sources, using
one of two low overhead protocols: Friend Assisted Path
Discovery and Geographical Map-based Path Discovery.
Our simulation results show that terminode routing performs well
in networks of various sizes. In smaller networks, the performance
is comparable to MANET routing protocols.
In larger networks that are not uniformly populated with nodes,
terminode routing outperforms existing location-based or MANET
routing protocols.

Index Terms
Restricted random waypoint, mobility model, ad hoc network,
scalable routing, location-based routing method, robustness to
location inaccuracy.

INTELLIGENCE - VOL. 27, NO. 3, MARCH 2005

FACE RECOGNITION USING LAPLACIANFACES

We propose an appearance-based face recognition method called
the Laplacianface approach. By using Locality Preserving
Projections (LPP), the face images are mapped into a face
subspace for analysis. Different from Principal Component
Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) which
effectively see only the Euclidean structure of face space, LPP
finds an embedding that preserves local information, and obtains
a face subspace that best detects the essential face manifold
structure.
The Laplacianfaces are the optimal linear approximations to the
eigenfunctions of the Laplace Beltrami operator on the face
manifold. In this way, the unwanted variations resulting from
changes in lighting, facial expression, and pose may be eliminated
or reduced.
Theoretical analysis shows that PCA, LDA, and LPP can be
obtained from different graph models. We compare the proposed
Laplacianface approach with Eigenface and Fisherface methods
on three different face data sets. Experimental results suggest that
the proposed Laplacianface approach provides a better
representation and achieves lower error rates in face recognition.

Index Terms
Face recognition, principal component analysis, linear
discriminant analysis, locality preserving projections, face
manifold, subspace learning.

2005 IEEE IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING

SECURE ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE
OVER THE INTERNET

Numerous retailers, manufacturers, and other companies within
business supply chains are leveraging Applicability Statement #2
(AS2) and other standards developed by the IETF’s Electronic Data
Interchange over the Internet (EDI-INT) working group
(www.imc.org/ietf-ediint/).
Founded in 1996 to develop a secure transport service for EDI
business documents, the EDI-INT WG later expanded its focus to
include XML and virtually any other electronic business-
documentation format. It began by providing the digital security
and message-receipt validation for Internet communication for
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) packaging of EDI.1
EDI-INT has since become the leading means of business-to-
business (B2B) transport for retail and other industries.
Although invisible to the consumer, standards for secure
electronic communication of purchase orders, invoices, and other
business transactions are helping enterprises drive down costs
and offer flexibility in B2B relationships. EDI-INT provides digital
security of email, Web, and FTP payloads through authentication,
content-integrity, confidentiality, and receipt validation.

INTELLIGENCE, VOL. 26, NO. 1, JANUARY 2004

ONLINE HANDWRITTEN SCRIPT RECOGNITION

Automatic identification of handwritten script facilitates many
important applications such as automatic transcription of
multilingual documents and search for documents on the Web
containing a particular script.
The increase in usage of handheld devices which accept
handwritten input has created a growing demand for
algorithms that can efficiently analyze and retrieve
handwritten data.
This paper proposes a method to classify words and lines in
an online handwritten document into one of the six major
scripts: Arabic, Cyrillic, Devnagari, Han, Hebrew, or Roman.
The classification is based on 11 different spatial and
temporal features extracted from the strokes of the words. The
proposed system attains an overall classification accuracy of
87.1 percent at the word level with 5-fold cross validation on a
data set containing 13,379 words.
The classification accuracy improves to 95 percent as the
number of words in the test sample is increased to five, and to
95.5 percent for complete text lines consisting of an average
of seven words.

Index Terms
Document understanding, handwritten script identification,
online document, evidence accumulation, feature design.

LOCATION-AIDED ROUTING (LAR) IN MOBILE
AD HOC NETWORKS

A mobile ad hoc network consists of wireless hosts that may
move often. Movement of hosts results in a change in routes,
requiring some mechanism for determining new routes.
Several routing protocols have already been proposed for ad
hoc networks.
This paper suggests an approach to utilize location
information (for instance, obtained using the global
positioning system) to improve performance of routing
protocols for ad hoc networks.
By using location information, the proposed Location-Aided
Routing (LAR) protocols limit the search for a new route to a
smaller “request zone” of the ad hoc network.
This results in a significant reduction in the number of routing
messages. We present two algorithms to determine the
request zone, and also suggest potential optimizations to our
algorithms

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS, VOL. 11, NO. 4, AUGUST 2003

NOISE REDUCTION BY FUZZY IMAGE FILTERING

A new fuzzy filter is presented for the noise reduction of images
corrupted with additive noise. The filter consists of two stages.
The first stage computes a fuzzy derivative for eight different
directions.
The second stage uses these fuzzy derivatives to perform fuzzy
smoothing by weighting the contributions of neighboring pixel
values. Both stages are based on fuzzy rules which make use of
membership functions. The filter can be applied iteratively to
effectively reduce heavy noise.
In particular, the shape of the membership functions is adapted
according to the remaining noise level after each iteration, making
use of the distribution of the homogeneity in the image.
Astatistical model for the noise distribution can be incorporated to
relate the homogeneity to the adaptation scheme of the
membership functions. Experimental results are obtained to show
the feasibility of the proposed approach.
These results are also compared to other filters by numerical
measures and visual inspection.

Index Terms
Additive noise, edge preserving filtering, fuzzy image filtering,
noise reduction.

ITP: AN IMAGE TRANSPORT PROTOCOL
FOR THE INTERNET

Images account for a significant and growing fraction of Web
downloads. The traditional approach to transporting images uses TCP,
which provides a generic reliable in-order bytestream abstraction, but
which is overly restrictive for image data.
We analyze the progression of image quality at the receiver with time,
and show that the in-order delivery abstraction provided by a TCP-
based approach prevents the receiver application from processing and
rendering portions of an image when they actually arrive.
The end result is that an image is rendered in bursts interspersed with
long idle times rather than smoothly. This paper describes the design,
implementation, and evaluation of the image transport protocol (ITP) for
image transmission over loss-prone congested or wireless networks.
ITP improves user-perceived latency using application-level framing
(ALF) and out-of order application data unit (ADU) delivery, achieving
significantly better interactive performance as measured by the
evolution of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) with time at the receiver.
ITP runs over UDP, incorporates receiver-driven selective reliability,
uses the congestion manager (CM) to adapt to network congestion, and
is customizable for specific image formats (e.g., JPEG and JPEG2000).
ITP enables a variety of new receiver post-processing algorithms such
as error concealment that further improve the interactivity and
responsiveness of reconstructed images.
Performance experiments using our implementation across a variety of
loss conditions demonstrate the benefits of ITP in improving the
interactivity of image downloads at the receiver.

Index Terms
Computer networks, congestion control, Internetworking, network
adaptation, selective reliability, transport protocols.

A REPUTATION BASED TRUST MODEL FOR
PEER TO PEER ECOMMERCE COMMUNITIES

Peer-to-Peer eCommerce communities are commonly perceived as
an environment ordering both opportunities and threats. One way
to minimize threats in such an open community is to use
community-based reputations, which can be computed, for
example, through feedback about peers' transaction histories.
Such reputation information can help estimating the
trustworthiness and predicting the future behavior of peers. This
paper presents a coherent adaptive trust model for quantifying
and comparing the trustworthiness of peers based on a
transaction-based feedback system.
There are two main features of our model. First, we argue that the
trust models based solely on feedback from other peers in the
community is inaccurate and ineffective. We introduce three basic
trust parameters in computing trustworthiness of peers.
In addition to feedback a peer receives through its transactions
with other peers, we incorporate the total number of transactions a
peer performs, and the credibility of the feedback sources into the
model for evaluating the trustworthiness of peers.
Second, we introduce two adaptive factors, the transaction context
factor and the community context factor, to allow the metric to
adapt to different domains and situations and to address common
problems encountered in a variety of online communities.
We also developed a concrete method to validate the proposed
trust model and obtained initial results, showing the feasibility and
benefit of our approach.

IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING

EFFICIENT ROUTING IN INTERMITTENTLY CONNECTED
MOBILE NETWORKS: THE MULTIPLE-COPY CASE

Intermittently connected mobile networks are wireless networks where most
of the time there does not exist a complete path from the source to the
destination. There are many real networks that follow this model, for
example, wildlife tracking sensor networks, military networks, vehicular ad
hoc networks, etc.
In this context, conventional routing schemes fail, because they try to
establish complete end-to-end paths, before any data is sent. To deal with
such networks researchers have suggested to use flooding-based routing
schemes.
While flooding-based schemes have a high probability of delivery, they waste
a lot of energy and suffer from severe contention which can significantly
degrade their performance. Furthermore, proposed efforts to reduce the
overhead of flooding-based schemes have often been plagued by large
delays.
With this in mind, we introduce a new family of routing schemes that “spray”
a few message copies into the network, and then route each copy
independently towards the destination.
We show that, if carefully designed, spray routing not only performs
significantly fewer transmissions per message, but also has lower average
delivery delays than existing schemes; furthermore, it is highly scalable and
retains good performance under a large range of scenarios.
Finally, we use our theoretical framework proposed in our 2004 paper to
analyze the performance of spray routing.We also use this theory to show
how to choose the number of copies to be sprayed and how to optimally
distribute these copies to relays.

Index Terms
Ad hoc networks, delay tolerant networks, intermittent connectivity, routing

MODELING PEER-PEER
FILE SHARING SYSTEMS

Peer-peer networking has recently emerged as a new paradigm for building
distributed networked applications. In this paper we develop simple
mathematical models to explore and illustrate fundamental performance
issues of peer-peer file sharing systems. The modeling framework introduced
and the corresponding solution method are flexible enough to accommodate
different characteristics of such systems.
Through the specification of model parameters, we apply our framework to
three different peer-peer architectures: centralized indexing, distributed
indexing with flooded queries, and distributed indexing with hashing directed
queries.
Using our model, we investigate the effects of system scaling, freeloaders,
file popularity and availability on system performance. In particular, we
observe that a system with distributed indexing and flooded queries cannot
exploit the full capacity of peer-peer systems.
We further show that peer-peer file sharing systems can tolerate a significant
number of freeloaders without suffering much performance degradation. In
many cases, freeloaders can benefit from the available spare capacity of
peer-peer systems and increase overall system throughput.
Our work shows that simple models coupled with efficient solution methods
can be used to understand and answer questions related to the performance
of peer-peer file sharing systems.
A wireless distributed intrusion detection system and a new attack model
Denial-of-Service attacks, and jamming in particular, are a threat to wireless
networks because they are at the same time easy to mount and difficult to
detect and stop.
We propose a distributed intrusion detection system in which each node
monitors the traffic flow on the network and collects relevant statistics about
it. By combining each node’s view we are able to tell if (and which type of) an
attack happened or if the channel is just saturated.
However, this system opens the possibility for misuse. We discuss the
impact of the misuse on the system and the best strategies for each actor.

IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 10, NO. 4, AUGUST 2002

DYNAMIC PARALLEL ACCESS TO
REPLICATED CONTENT IN THE INTERNET

Popular content is frequently replicated in multiple servers or caches in the
Internet to offload origin servers and improve end-user experience. However,
choosing the best server is a nontrivial task and a bad choice may provide
poor end user experience.
In contrast to retrieving a file from a single server, we propose a parallel-
access scheme where end users access multiple servers at the same time,
fetching different portions of that file from different servers and
reassembling them locally.
The amount of data retrieved from a particular server depends on the
resources available at that server or along the path from the user to the
server. Faster servers will deliver bigger portions of a file while slower
servers will deliver smaller portions.
If the available resources at a server or along the path change during the
download of a file, a dynamic parallel access will automatically shift the load
from congested locations to less loaded parts (server and links) of the
Internet.
The end result is that users experience significant speedups and very
consistent response times. Moreover, there is no need for complicated server
selection algorithms and load is dynamically shared among all servers.
The dynamic parallel-access scheme presented in this paper does not
require any modifications to servers or content and can be easily included in
browsers, peer-to-peer applications or content distribution networks to
speed up delivery of popular content.

Index Terms
Content distribution, HTTP, Internet, mirroring, parallel access, peer-to-peer,
replication, Web.

NO. 4, APRIL 2007

A FULLY DISTRIBUTED PROACTIVELY SECURE
THRESHOLD-MULTISIGNATURE SCHEME

Threshold-multisignature schemes combine the properties of threshold
group-oriented signature schemes and multisignature schemes to yield a
signature scheme that allows a threshold or more group members to
collaboratively sign an arbitrary message.
In contrast to threshold group signatures, the individual signers do not
remain anonymous, but are publicly identifiable from the information
contained in the valid threshold-multisignature. The main objective of this
paper is to propose such a secure and efficient threshold-multisignature
scheme.
The paper uniquely defines the fundamental properties of threshold
multisignature schemes and shows that the proposed scheme satisfies these
properties and eliminates the latest attacks to which other similar schemes
are subject. The efficiency of the proposed scheme is analyzed and shown to
be superior to its counterparts.
The paper also proposes a discrete logarithm based distributed-key
management infrastructure (DKMI), which consists of a round optimal,
publicly verifiable, distributed-key generation (DKG) protocol and a one
round, publicly verifiable, distributed-key redistribution/updating (DKRU)
protocol.
The round optimal DKRU protocol solves a major problem with existing
secret redistribution/updating schemes by giving group members a
mechanism to identify malicious or faulty share holders in the first round,
thus avoiding multiple protocol executions.

Index Terms
Security and protection, distributed systems, group-oriented cryptography,
threshold-multisignature, secret sharing, distributed-key management
infrastructure, publicly verifiable distributed-key generation, publicly
verifiable distributed-key update, publicly verifiable distributed-key
redistribution

NO. 3, MARCH 2007

A NEW OPERATIONAL TRANSFORMATION
FRAMEWORK FOR REAL-TIME GROUP EDITORS

Group editors allow a group of distributed human users to edit
a shared multimedia document at the same time over a
computer network. Consistency control in this environment
must not only guarantee convergence of replicated data, but
also attempt to preserve intentions of operations.
Operational transformation (OT) is a well-established method
for optimistic consistency control in this context and has
drawn continuing research attention since 1989. However,
counterexamples to previous works have often been identified
despite the significant progress made on this topic over the
past 15 years.
This paper analyzes the root of correctness problems in OT
and establishes a novel operational transformation framework
for developing OT algorithms and proving their correctness.

Index Terms
Consistency control, group editors, groupware, operational
transformation

DISTRIBUTED COLLABORATIVE KEY
AGREEMENT PROTOCOLS FOR DYNAMIC
PEER GROUPS

We consider several distributed collaborative key agreement protocols for
dynamic peer groups. This problem has several important characteristics
which make it different from traditional secure group communication.
They are
(1) distributed nature in which there is no centralized key server,
(2) collaborative nature in which the group key is contributive; i.e., each
group member will collaboratively contribute its part to the global
group key, and
(3) dynamic nature in which existing members can leave the group while
new members may join. Instead of performing individual rekey
operations, i.e., recomputing the group key after every join or leave
request, we consider an interval based approach of rekeying.

In particular, we consider three distributed algorithms for updating the group
key:
(1) the Rebuild algorithm,
(2) the Batch algorithm, and
(3) the Queuebatch algorithm. We analyze the performance of these
distributed algorithms under different settings, including different
population sizes and different join/leave probabilities.
We show that these three distributed algorithms significantly outperform the
individual rekey algorithm, and that the Queue-batch algorithm performs the
best among the three distributed algorithms.
Moreover, the Queue-batch algorithm has the intrinsic property of balancing
the computation/ communication workload such that the dynamic peer group
can quickly begin secure group communication.
This provides fundamental understanding about establishing a collaborative
group key for a distributed dynamic peer group.

VOL. 16, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2008 105

TWO TECHNIQUES FOR FAST COMPUTATION OF
CONSTRAINED SHORTEST PATHS

Computing constrained shortest paths is fundamental to some important
network functions such as QoS routing, MPLS path selection, ATM circuit
routing, and traffic engineering. The problem is to find the cheapest path that
satisfies certain constraints.
In particular, finding the cheapest delay-constrained path is critical for real-
time data flows such as voice/video calls. Because it is NP-complete, much
research has been designing heuristic algorithms that solve the -
approximation of the problem with an adjustable accuracy.
A common approach is to discretize (i.e., scale and round) the link delay or
link cost, which transforms the original problem to a simpler one solvable in
polynomial time. The efficiency of the algorithms directly relates to the
magnitude of the errors introduced during discretization.
In this paper, we propose two techniques that reduce the discretization
errors, which allows faster algorithms to be designed. Reducing the
overhead of computing constrained shortest paths is practically important
for the successful design of a high-throughput QoS router, which is limited at
both processing power and memory space.
Our simulations show that the new algorithms reduce the execution time by
an order of magnitude on power-law topologies with 1000 nodes. The
reduction in memory space is similar.

Index Terms
Approximation algorithms, constrained shortest paths, QoS routing.

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