1n-CurvingA Method of Creating Beautiful Mathematical CurvesBased on Functional Theoretic AlgebrasReferences: Sebastian Vattamattam & R. Sivaramakrishnan, “A Note on Convolution Algebras”, Chapter 6, Recent Trends in Mathematical Analysis, Allied Publishers, 2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional-theoretic_algebra
2/17/20102Basic DefinitionsFunctionIf X and Y are two sets, Then, f is a function from X to Y if every element in X is related to exactly one element in Y. If x is related to y we write y = f(x).
2/17/20103ExampleX = [0, 1], Y = RFor tε [0, 1], define f(t) = 2πtSee the figure
2/17/20104f(t) = 2πtf(1)f(0)2π010As t varies from 0 to 1, = 2πt varies from 0 to 2πAnd f([o, 1]) = [0, 2π]
2/17/20105CurvesFormal Definition
2/17/20106f(t) = 2πt, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 as a curve
2/17/20107Examples ofClosed Curves
2/17/20108Examples of Closed Curves(Loops)01
2/17/201013/41/21/42/17/2010990
2/17/201010(-1/2, 1/2)01/41/23/412/17/2010102/17/201010
2/17/20101102/17/201011111
2/17/201012012/17/2010122/17/201012
2/17/201013012/17/2010132/17/201013
2/17/20101401
2/17/20101501
2/17/201016Functional Theoretic AlgebraIn a nutshell
2/17/201017Ref: Sebastian Vattamattam, “Non-Commutative Function Algebras”,Bulletin of Kerala Mathematics Association, Vol. 4, No. 2(2007 December)
2/17/201018
2/17/201019Examples of Open Curves
2/17/2010200120
2/17/20102101
2/17/20102201
2/17/20102301
2/17/20102401
2/17/201025n-Curving ?Ref: Sebastian Vattamattam, Transforming Curves by n-Curving, Bulletin of Kerala Mathematics Association, Vol. 5, No.1(2008 December)
2/17/201026N-Curving the Line Segment  l
2/17/201027Unit Circle – Line Segment
2/17/201028N-Curving the Line Segment  l
2/17/201029Cardioid – Line Segment
2/17/201030N-Curving the Line Segment  l
2/17/201031Rhodonea-Cos2 – Line Segment
2/17/201032N-Curving the Line Segment  l
2/17/201033Rhodonea-Cos3 – Line Segment n = 1n = 2n = 10n = 3
2/17/201034N-Curving the Line Segment  l
2/17/201035RhodoneaSin2 – LineSegment
2/17/201036N-Curving the Line Segment  l
2/17/201037DoubleFolium – LineSegmentn = 2n = 1n = 4n = 3
2/17/201038N-Curving the Line Segment  l
2/17/201039Limacon– LineSegment
2/17/201040Random Examples
Example 1n-Curved Cosine  with Rhodonea-cos22/17/201041
2/17/201042Example 2n-Curved Cosine  with Double Folium
2/17/201043Example 3n-Curved Archimedean Spiral with Unit Circle
2/17/201044Example 4n-Curved Archimedean Spiral with Cardioid

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n-Curving - A Transformation of Curves