Network Analysis and Synthesis
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- 2. © PHI Learning Private Limited Network Analysis and Synthesis A. ANAND KUMAR Advisor to Dean Academics and Dean Quality K.L. University Green Fields, Vaddeswaram Guntur District Andhra Pradesh © PHI Learning Private Limited
- 3. © PHI Learning Private Limited BOOK ORGANISATION AND STRUCTURE CHAPTER 1 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS AND KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS CHAPTER 2 METHODS OF ANALYSING CIRCUITS CHAPTER 3 NETWORK THEOREMS. CHAPTER 4 SINGLE-PHASE AC CIRCUITS CHAPTER 5 STEADY STATE AC ANALYSIS CHAPTER 6 RESONANCE CHAPTER 7 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS CHAPTER 8 COUPLED CIRCUITS CHAPTER 9 TRANSIENTS CHAPTER 10 GRAPH THEORY CHAPTER 11 FOURIER ANALYSIS CHAPTER 12 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS CHAPTER 13 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS USING LAPLACE TRANSFORMS CHAPTER 14 NETWORK FUNCTIONS CHAPTER 15 TWO-PORT NETWORKS CHAPTER 16 FILTERS, ATTENUATORS AND EQUALIZERS CHAPTER 17 NETWORK SYNTHESIS
- 4. © PHI Learning Private Limited Chapter 1 Circuit Elements and Kirchhoff’s Laws
- 5. © PHI Learning Private Limited VOLTAGE • Potential difference in electrical terminology is known as voltage. V = W/Q or v = dw/dq • It is denoted by either V or v. • The unit of voltage is volt. 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb
- 6. © PHI Learning Private Limited CURRENT • Current is defined as the rate of flow of charge (or electrons) in a conductive or semi conductive material. I = Q/T • The unit of current is ampere. • Types of Current – Direct current – Alternating current
- 7. © PHI Learning Private Limited RESISTANCE • Resistance opposes the flow of current. R = r(l/a) where r is a constant of proportionality, known as resistivity of the material. The unit of resistivity r is W-m. • The unit of resistance is ohm (W). • I = V/R or i = v/R
- 8. © PHI Learning Private Limited CONDUCTANCE AND CONDUCTIVITY • Conductance is defined as the reciprocal of resistance. G = 1/R • The unit of conductance is siemens. • s = 1/r is called the conductivity or specific conductance of a conductor.
- 9. © PHI Learning Private Limited OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT • For open circuit R = and I = 0 • For short circuit R = 0 and V = 0
- 10. © PHI Learning Private Limited OHM’s LAW • Ohm’s law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference between its two ends • From Ohm’s law, V I i.e., V = IR
- 11. © PHI Learning Private Limited INDUCTANCE • Inductance is defined as the ratio of flux linkage to the current flowing through the coil. • The unit of inductance is henry • It is represented by the symbol H
- 12. © PHI Learning Private Limited CAPACITANCE • Capacitance is the property of a capacitor to store an electric charge when its plates are at different potentials. • It is denoted by C. • The unit of capacitance is farad, denoted by F.
- 13. © PHI Learning Private Limited ENERGY AND POWER • Energy is nothing but stored work. • The unit of energy is joule (J). • Power is the rate of doing work. • It is denoted by P or p • The unit of power is watt (W).
- 14. © PHI Learning Private Limited NETWORK ELEMENTS • Active and Passive Elements • Bilateral or unilateral elements • Linear or Nonlinear Elements • Lumped or Distributed Elements
- 15. © PHI Learning Private Limited ENERGY SOURCES • Electrical energy sources are categorized into voltage sources and current sources. • The electrical energy sources may also be classified as independent sources or dependent sources (a) Independent Energy Sources (b) Dependent Energy Sources
- 16. © PHI Learning Private Limited ENERGY SOURCES Independent Sources • Voltage source: An ideal voltage source is a two-terminal network element • Current source: An ideal current source is a two-terminal network element Dependent Sources • Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS): A voltage controlled voltage source is a four- terminal network component • Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS): A current controlled voltage source is a four-terminal network component • Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS): A voltage controlled current source is a four-terminal network component • Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS): A current controlled current source is a four- terminal network component
- 17. © PHI Learning Private Limited KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL) • The algebraic sum of all branch voltages around any closed path in a circuit is always zero at all instants of time.
- 18. © PHI Learning Private Limited SERIES CONNECTION OF RESISTORS In series combination: • The current is same through all the resistors. • The voltage across each resistor is different (assuming each resistor to be of a different value).
- 19. © PHI Learning Private Limited POWER IN A SERIES CIRCUIT The total power supplied by the source in a series resistive circuit is equal to the sum of the powers in each resistor in series, i.e., Ps = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . . + Pm
- 20. © PHI Learning Private Limited KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW • The algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at a node (junction point) in an electric circuit at any instant is equal to zero.
- 21. © PHI Learning Private Limited PARALLEL CONNECTION OF RESISTORS • In a parallel circuit, same voltage is applied across each resistor, but the current through each is different (if the resistors are of different values).
- 22. © PHI Learning Private Limited POWER IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT • Total power supplied by the source in any parallel resistive circuit is equal to the sum of the powers in each resistor in parallel, i.e., Ps = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . . + Pm
- 23. © PHI Learning Private Limited INDUCTORS • The inductors can also be connected in series as well as in parallel. ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR
- 24. © PHI Learning Private Limited CAPACITORS • The capacitors can also be connected in series or in parallel.
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