Networking on Aflatoxins
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This document outlines the work packages of the AflaNet project, which aims to establish a scientific network between African and German partners to reduce aflatoxins in the food supply chain. The project involves 6 work packages: 1) conducting field surveys in Kenya; 2) evaluating rapid test kits for aflatoxin detection; 3) studying the relationship between aflatoxin B1 in feed and aflatoxin M1 in milk; 4) examining methods to inactivate aflatoxin biosynthesis; 5) building capacity through training Kenyan scientists in Germany; and 6) disseminating results and networking partners. The goal is to initiate long-term cooperation between research institutions to minimize aflatoxin risks in
Networking on Aflatoxins
- 1. Bilder:©CarloSchrodt,VerenaN.,MichaelBührke/PIXELIO Networking on Aflatoxins Dr. Christine Schwake-Anduschus, Dr. Norbert Haase Department of Safety and Quality of Cereals
- 2. Filamentous fungi Soil microorganism Dependent on the inclusion of high-energy organic nutrients Development dependent on aw (water activity) and pH of the substrate Pronounced secondary metabolism Co-occurrence of mycotoxins possible Example: fumonisines and aflatoxins 2 Fusarium sp. Aspergillus ochroceus source: MRI Mycotoxins Filamentous fungi 15.08.16Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals 2
- 3. Filamentous fungi and the corresponding mycotoxins Fusarium spp. Claviceps spp. Alternaria alternata (u.a. spp.) Aspergillus flavus >25°C Penecillium (aurantiogriseum, viridicatum, verrucosum, hordei) Aspergillus (candidus, flavus, fumigatus) DON deoxynivalenol often ZON zearalenone middel T2/HT-2 Toxin seldom in wheat fumonisins frequent in maize ergot alkaloids middel in rye alternariol, AME etc. seldom aflatoxins ochratoxin A aflatoxins >25°C 3 Frequency in GermanyIn the field During storage Source: BMEL aw water aktivity << compared to field 15.08.16Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals 3
- 4. structures of mycotoxins secondary metabolites chemicaly different differ in detection solubel in water or insolubel DON deoxynivalenol ZON zearalenone T2/HT-2 toxin fumonisines ergot alkaloid alternaria toxins ochratoxin A aflatoxins O OH CH3 CH2OH CH3 H H O OH H O stabil ~ 120 °C Bilder: MRI 415.08.16Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals 4
- 5. Time course of aflatoxin formation and reduction in maize 15.08.16Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals Formation: via insect damage, drought stress •Slow drying •Poor storage Reduction: •Analysis •Rejection of lots •Nixtamalization (cooking with Ca(OH)2 lime , dehulling) •Milling 5 John I.Pitt et al. Food Control 32 (2013) 205-215
- 6. 15.08.16 6 Associated partners JKI Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants FLI Federal Research Institute for Animal Health PAEPARD Platform for African – European Partnership EAFF Eastern Africa Farmers Federation KALRO Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization ILRI International Livestock Research Institute AflaStop Project funded by the ACDI/VOCA organization Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals The goal is to initiate a long-lasting scientific network between African and German partners by working out the possibilities to reduce aflatoxins in the food value chain via close contacts. Project leader MRI Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Dr. Christine Schwake-Anduschus Budget 158.644 – Duration: 13 month 01.07.16 – 31.07.17 AflaNet Project - Partners
- 7. Workpackages of AflaNet Project 15.08.16 7Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals WP 2 Applicability of rapid test kits for aflatoxin detection WP 3 Aflatoxin M1 development: Knowledge about the ratio B1 feed/M1milk WP 4 Aflatoxin B1 inactivation of biosynthesis at the molecular level WP 6 dissemination of project results, Networking East-Africa and Kenya-Germany Prospects of Minimization of Aflatoxin in Feed and Food in Kenya Long lasting Cooperation of German Federal Institutes and Kenyan/ East-African Key Actors Installation of sustainable relationships WP 1 Liasion officer in Kenya Excursion and Experts survey on site Conference and exchange with scientists and active groups in Kenya, e.g. EAFF, KALRO, ILRI, PACA, MRI, JKI, FLI Germany Kenya WP 5 Capacity building: visits of Kenyan scientists at MRI
- 8. At the beginning of the project a study tour to various stakeholders in the agricultural production chain, visits of acreages for maize and visits to research institutions and laboratories are planned. The liaison officer together with the associated organizations and the coordinator will plan and organize this 6 day visiting tour starting in Nairobi. The aim is to evaluate which groups and projects are working on aflatoxin minimization and which parameters of minimization strategies for aflatoxins in maize and dairy products are already established and applied. In addition, approx. 10-12 representatives from research institutions, projects, stakeholders of crop production, storage and processing facilities as well as from consumer protection associations are invited to participate in a one-day-conference in order to generate the necessary further research (~ May/June 2017) 15.08.16 8Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals Workpackages of AflaNet Project
- 9. Workpackages of AflaNet Project 15.08.16 9Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals WP 2 Applicability of rapid test kits for aflatoxin detection WP 3 Aflatoxin M1 development: Knowledge about the ratio B1 feed/M1milk WP 4 Aflatoxin B1 inactivation of biosynthesis at the molecular level WP 6 dissemination of project results, Networking East-Africa and Kenya-Germany Prospects of Minimization of Aflatoxin in Feed and Food in Kenya Long lasting Cooperation of German Federal Institutes and Kenyan/ East-African Key Actors Installation of sustainable relationships WP 1 Liasion officer in Kenya Excursion and Experts survey on site Conference and exchange with scientists and active groups in Kenya, e.g. EAFF, KALRO, ILRI, PACA, MRI, JKI, FLI Germany Kenya WP 5 Capacity building: visits of Kenyan scientists at MRI
- 10. 15.08.16 10Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals Workpackages of AflaNet Project Analysis R ejection Controlling the goods is one important lever for food security
- 11. Example of a test system Easy to use Easy to prepare the samples: Extraction (water, ethanol, included in test kit) Application of a spezific volume on the strip Strip into the reader (or mobile device) Automatic determination Results/Numbers have to be interpreted easily Little information and training required 15.08.16Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals 11 Handheld device Test strips
- 12. What MRI/GE can do Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals - More elucidations - Develop and hand out recommendations - Training and science transfer - Suitability testing of test systems 3 test kit systems have to be tested Which one? Requirements for Kenya? 1215.08.16
- 13. Workpackages of AflaNet Project 15.08.16 13Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals WP 2 Applicability of rapid test kits for aflatoxin detection WP 3 Aflatoxin M1 development: Knowledge about the ratio B1 feed/M1milk WP 4 Aflatoxin B1 inactivation of biosynthesis at the molecular level WP 6 dissemination of project results, Networking East-Africa and Kenya-Germany Prospects of Minimization of Aflatoxin in Feed and Food in Kenya Long lasting Cooperation of German Federal Institutes and Kenyan/ East-African Key Actors Installation of sustainable relationships WP 1 Liasion officer in Kenya Excursion and Experts survey on site Conference and exchange with scientists and active groups in Kenya, e.g. EAFF, KALRO, ILRI, PACA, MRI, JKI, FLI Germany Kenya WP 5 Capacity building: visits of Kenyan scientists at MRI
- 14. 15.08.16 14Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals What MRI/GE can do Experiments with oral administration of aflatoxin B1 by bolus (accurate dosing) and the administration of naturally contaminated feed (field conditions) are planned. The daily intake should be at 10 or 50 micrograms per cow per day and not exceed the limit of 5 micrograms / kg aflatoxin B1 for single feed. Analysis of milk is carried out Produce milk product below the official limits in the urban centers and on the other hand enable the dairy industry to produce milk products which can be exported to other countries. Analyze the aflatoxin M1 in the products (cheese, yogurt,.. Binding of aflatoxin have to be checked by adding different probiotic cultures and looking on the bioavailability of the aflatoxin afterwards. An evaluation of necessary experiments should be in focused during this work package after consultations in Kenya
- 15. Workpackages of AflaNet Project 15.08.16 15Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals WP 2 Applicability of rapid test kits for aflatoxin detection WP 3 Aflatoxin M1 development: Knowledge about the ratio B1 feed/M1milk WP 4 Aflatoxin B1 inactivation of biosynthesis at the molecular level WP 6 dissemination of project results, Networking East-Africa and Kenya-Germany Prospects of Minimization of Aflatoxin in Feed and Food in Kenya Long lasting Cooperation of German Federal Institutes and Kenyan/ East-African Key Actors Installation of sustainable relationships WP 1 Liasion officer in Kenya Excursion and Experts survey on site Conference and exchange with scientists and active groups in Kenya, e.g. EAFF, KALRO, ILRI, PACA, MRI, JKI, FLI Germany Kenya WP 5 Capacity building: visits of Kenyan scientists at MRI
- 16. 15.08.16 16Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals What MRI/GE can do WP 4 Aflatoxin B1 inactivation of biosynthesis at the molecular level ddPCR System for aflatoxin producing fungi will be established as a very sensitive tool to monitor the presence of A. flavus and/or A. parasiticus and to analyze the transcription of the aflatoxin biosynthesis genes under various conditions. After establishment the system can be used to correlate biomass and/or gene expression with the aflatoxin actually analyzed in a sample. These data will be useful for the development of new measures based on molecular principles to control aflatoxin biosynthesis. Together with the expertise of African partners concerning endogenous maize production treatments and drying technologies, the influence of various environmental parameters, resulting from these treatments on the activation of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes will be analyzed by ddPCR (or qPCR). Especial emphasis will be laid on the combination between drying and temperature
- 17. Workpackages of AflaNet Project 15.08.16 17Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals WP 2 Applicability of rapid test kits for aflatoxin detection WP 3 Aflatoxin M1 development: Knowledge about the ratio B1 feed/M1milk WP 4 Aflatoxin B1 inactivation of biosynthesis at the molecular level WP 6 dissemination of project results, Networking East-Africa and Kenya-Germany Prospects of Minimization of Aflatoxin in Feed and Food in Kenya Long lasting Cooperation of German Federal Institutes and Kenyan/ East-African Key Actors Installation of sustainable relationships WP 1 Liasion officer in Kenya Excursion and Experts survey on site Conference and exchange with scientists and active groups in Kenya, e.g. EAFF, KALRO, ILRI, PACA, MRI, JKI, FLI Germany Kenya WP 5 Capacity building: visits of Kenyan scientists at MRI
- 18. 15.08.16 18Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals WP 5 Capacity building: visits of Kenyan scientists at MRI Workpackages of AflaNet Project Two African scientists will join the working groups from WP 2, 3 or 4 for approximately three weeks in Germany. The persons will be trained in MRI laboratories to transfer the gathered knowledge and the so far conducted results to the associated African partners within the duration of the work packages. The time of the visit, the work plan and the question which department of MRI and institution in Kenya will be involved need to be discussed at the beginning of the project
- 19. Workpackages of AflaNet Project 15.08.16 19Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals WP 2 Applicability of rapid test kits for aflatoxin detection WP 3 Aflatoxin M1 development: Knowledge about the ratio B1 feed/M1milk WP 4 Aflatoxin B1 inactivation of biosynthesis at the molecular level WP 6 dissemination of project results, Networking East-Africa and Kenya-Germany Prospects of Minimization of Aflatoxin in Feed and Food in Kenya Long lasting Cooperation of German Federal Institutes and Kenyan/ East-African Key Actors Installation of sustainable relationships WP 1 Liasion officer in Kenya Excursion and Experts survey on site Conference and exchange with scientists and active groups in Kenya, e.g. EAFF, KALRO, ILRI, PACA, MRI, JKI, FLI Germany Kenya WP 5 Capacity building: visits of Kenyan scientists at MRI
- 20. 15.08.16 20Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals Thank you for your attention Questions?
Editor's Notes
- #6: Mycotoxin production in major crops are influenced by growing, harvesting, storage and processing, with emphasis on the achievement of Food Safety Objectives Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide. B. thuringiensis also occurs naturally in the gut of caterpillars of various types of moths and butterflies, as well on leaf surfaces, aquatic environments, animal feces, insect-rich environments, and flour mills and grain-storage facilities.[1][2] During sporulation, many Bt strains produce crystal proteins (proteinaceous inclusions), called δ-endotoxins, that have insecticidal action. This has led to their use as insecticides, and more recently to genetically modified crops using Bt genes, such as Bt
- #11: The possibility to analyse and reject the maize is one of the opportunities for major reduction.