![2 Self-Organized Construction in...Conway's Game of Life
time step t is determined, according to a transition rule,1
by those of a set of
in-neighbors at step t — 1, and its own state at step t — 1 can affect the state of i
out-neighbors at t. In GoL, in-neighbors and out-neighbors coincide, and include
the cell itself. The neighborhood is a 3 x 3 square of cells. GoL's transition rule
specifies that a cell is in state 1 at step t if and only if either of the following
held at t - 1.
1. The cell and either two or three other cells in its neighborhood were in state
1.
2. The cell was in state 0, and exactly three other cells in its neighborhood were
in state 1.
By a random array, I mean one in which the initial probability p of each
cell being in state 1 is the same for all cells, and the initial state is determined
independently for each cell. Of course, we cannot actually construct such an
array, but we can reason about it. Toward the end of the chapter, large finite
random arrays will be considered, but it is simpler to start with the infinite
case. In fact, none of the reasoning used in the infinite case depends upon the
distribution of state 1 cells being strictly random, provided the frequency of all
finite arrangements of cell-states is as expected in a random array with the same
density of state 1 cells. A sparse random array is one in which p is very low (a
more precise definition is given below).
In a popular book on GoL, Poundstone [20] says:
Speculation about "living" Life patterns focuses on infinite, low-density
random fields.... If there are self-reproducing Life patterns, they would
have room to grow in such a field [pp. 175-176].
Poundstone may have drawn on material published in Berlekamp et al. [3], which
claims that self-replicating patterns can be shown to exist in GoL. (Such patterns
are finite arrangements of state 1 cells that produce multiple disjoint copies of
themselves in an otherwise empty—state 0—array.) Berlekamp et al. [3], then
say:
Inside any sufficiently large random broth, we expect just by chance, that
there will be some of these self-replicating creatures.... It's
probable.. .that after a long time, intelligent self-reproducing animals
will emerge and populate some parts of the space [p. 849] (emphasis in
original).
lr
The chapter uses a good deal of CA and Game of Life terminology, some of it novel.
Terms of this kind are italicized when first used, and explained unless their meaning is clear
from context.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/87856-250426212546-4a04223e/85/New-Constructions-in-Cellular-Automata-David-Griffeath-20-320.jpg)
![not to divulge things proposed for examination, and in particular
Decrees, before they were published in open session."[4]
The Cardinal is apparently also under an impression that the extent
of silence imposed in the two cases was at least substantially the
same. Was that so? Did the legates censure the admission of laymen
to hear the theologians argue? Did they censure the permission
given to theologians who were not bishops even by the fiction of a
see in partibus, to dispute in presence of the Council? Did they
censure any remarks made out of doors on speeches, opinions or
projects? Did they censure anything but the one indiscretion of
circulating proposed Decrees, or other things proposed, while yet the
formulae were, "so to speak, unshaped," but were in their inchoate
condition made public as if they had been passed? Did the legates
suggest that the duty of secrecy extended further than that of not
publishing such tentative formulae, of not sending them out of the
city, and of forbidding persons attached to the households of bishops
to commit those indiscretions? At Trent there were faults and causes
of complaint in no small number. But what Cardinal Manning calls
"the secret" which would shut up every mouth as to all subjects
proposed, as to all opinions expressed, as to all speeches made, as
to all designs mooted—"the secret" which forbade men to print their
own speeches, to read the official reports taken of them, to read
those of their brother bishops, and other extravagances besides, of
which the True Story has not one syllable to tell—that "secret," or
any such, is not hinted at in the a monition of the legates at Trent.
The extent of silence imposed at the Vatican would seem to have
been as original as the mortal sin there invented.
Still further, the Cardinal would appear to be under an impression
that the reason why at Trent certain inconvenient publications
occurred was because that, at the outset, the strict precautions had
been there omitted which at the Vatican were not only taken in time,
but, with manifold forethought, were, before the time, as our story
will tell, tied and bound by edict and by oath. As to disclosures,
however, that occurred at the Vatican, which most Romans would](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/87856-250426212546-4a04223e/85/New-Constructions-in-Cellular-Automata-David-Griffeath-26-320.jpg)
![hand, but will go to the fountains, and learn about things in Rome as
things in Rome in reality have been.
FOOTNOTES:
[4] Theiner, Acta Genuina, i. 686.
LIST OF WORKS QUOTED OR REFERRED TO AS
AUTHORITIES
The titles and editions being here given, the references in each
particular instance will be no longer than is sufficient to identify the
work.
Some works cited only once are not here entered, their titles being
given at full in the body of the book. The few English writers quoted
are not inserted here.
Acta et Decreta Sacrosancti Œcumenici Concilii Vaticani. Romæ
Impensis Paulini Lazzarini Typographi Concilii Vaticani: 1872.
Acta et Decreta Sacrosancti et Œcumenici Concilii Vaticani cum
permissione Superiorum. Friburgi Brisgoviæ: Herder, 1871. Contains
the Encyclical and Syllabus of December 8, 1864, and some other
useful documents not published in the Roman edition; but does not
contain its brief historical notes of the public sessions.
Acta Genuina SS. Œcumenici Concilii Tridentini, nunc primum integra
edita ab Augustino Theiner. Zagrabiæ Croatiæ: 2 vols, small folio,
1874. Always referred to as Theiner.
Acta Sanctæ Sedis in Compendium Opportune Redacta. Romæ S.C.
De Propaganda Fide. A volume has appeared annually since 1865.
Actes et Histoire du Concile Œcuménique de Rome, 1869, Publiés
sous la direction de Victor Frond. Paris: Abel Pilou. 8 vols, large folio,
with numerous illustrations. A brief of the Pope warrants to the
Editor the "counsel and approbation of the Holy Apostolical See;"](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/87856-250426212546-4a04223e/85/New-Constructions-in-Cellular-Automata-David-Griffeath-32-320.jpg)
New Constructions in Cellular Automata David Griffeath
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- 5. New Constructions in Cellular Automata David Griffeath Digital Instant Download Author(s): David Griffeath, Cristopher Moore ISBN(s): 9780195137170, 0195137183 Edition: illustrated edition File Details: PDF, 22.57 MB Year: 2003 Language: english
- 7. New Constructions in Cellular Automata
- 8. Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity Lecture Notes Volume Author Eric Bonabeau, Marco Dorigo, and Guy Theraulaz M. E. J. Newman and R. G. Palmer Title Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial Systems Modeling Extinction Proceedings Volumes Editor James H. Brown and Geoffrey B. West Timothy A. Kohler and George J. Gumerman Lee A. Segel and Irun Cohen H. Randy Gimblett James P. Crutchfield and Peter Schuster David Griffeath and Cristopher Moore Title Scaling in Biology Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies Design Principles for the Immune System and Other Distributed Autonomous Systems Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Agent-Based Modeling Techniques Evolutionary Dynamics: Exploring the Interplay of Selection, Accident, Neutrality, and Function New Constructions in Cellular Automata
- 9. New Constructions in Cellular Automata Editors David Griffeath University of Wisconsin Madison, WI Cristopher Moore Santa Fe Institute Santa Fe, NM and University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity OXFORD UNIVE
- 10. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 2003 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue. New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-19-513717-5; ISBN 0-19-513718-3 (pbk.) 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
- 11. About the Santa Fe Institute research and education center, founded in 1984. Since its founding, SFI has research and education center, founded in 1984. Since its founding, SFI has devoted itself to creating a new kind of scientific research community, pursuing emerging science. Operating as a small, visiting institution, SFI seeks to catalyze new collaborative, multidisciplinary projects that break down the barriers between the traditional disciplines, to spread its ideas and methodologies to other individuals, and to encourage the practical applications of its results. All titles from the Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity series will carry this imprint which is based on a Mimbres pottery design (circa A.D. 950-1150), drawn by Betsy Jones. The design was selected because the radiating feathers are evocative of the out-reach of the Santa Fe Institute Program to many disciplines and institutions.
- 12. Santa Fe Institute Editorial Board September 2000 Ronda K. Butler-Villa, Chair Director of Publications, Facilities, & Personnel, Santa Fe Institute Dr. David K. Campbell Department of Physics, Boston University Prof. Marcus W. Feldman Institute for Population & Resource Studies, Stanford University Prof. Murray Gell-Mann Division of Physics & Astronomy, California Institute of Technology Dr. Ellen Goldberg President, Santa Fe Institute Prof. George J. Gumerman Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona Dr. Thomas B. Kepler Vice President for Academic Affairs, Santa Fe Institute Prof. David Lane Dipartimento di Economia Politica, Modena University, Italy Prof. Simon Levin Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University Prof. John Miller Department of Social & Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University Prof. David Pines Department of Physics, University of Illinois Dr. Charles F. Stevens Molecular Neurobiology, The Salk Institute
- 13. Contributors List Kellie M. Evans, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330; E-mail: kellie.m.evans@csun.edu Nick M. Gotts, MLURI, Land Use Science Group, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland, United Kingdom; E-mail: n.gotts@mluri.sari.ac.uk Janko Gravner, University of California, Mathematics Department, Davis, CA 95616; E-mail: gravner@math.ucdavis.edu David Griffeath, University of Wisconsin, Department of Mathematics, Van Vleck Hall, 480 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706; E-mail: griffeat@math.wisc.edu Dean Hickerson, Mathematics Department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; E-mail: dean@rnath.ucdavis.edu George E. Homsy, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; E-mail: ghomsy@ai.mit.edu Joy V. Hughes, 3954 Jarvis Road, Scotts Valley, CA 95066; E-mail: hughes@scruznet. com Norman H. Margolus, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 545 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139; E-mail: nhm@mit.edu Bernd Mayer, Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, and Radiation Chemistry, University of Vienna, UZAII, Althanstrafte 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; E-mail: bernd@asterix. msp.univie.ac. at Cristopher Moore, Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501 and University of New Mexico, Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Albuquerque, NM 87131; E-mail: moore@santafe.edu Gadi Moran, Department of Mathematics, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Isreal; E-mail: gadi@mathcsS.haifa.ac.il Mark D. Niemiec, S260 Par Lane PH7, Willoughby Hills, OH 44094; E-mail: mniemiec@interserv. com Martin Nilsson, Los Alamos National Laboratory, EES-5 & T-CNLS, Mail Stop D450, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 ; E-mail: nilsson@lanl.gov Nienke A. (Domes, University of Wisconsin, Department of Economics, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706; E-mail noomes@ssc.wisc.edu Steen Rasmussen, Los Alamos National Laboratory, EES-5 & T-CNLS, Mail Stop D450, Los Alamos, NM 87545; E-mail: steen@lanl.gov Rudy Rucker, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192; E-mail: rucker@mathcs.sjsu.edu Raissa D'Souza, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; E-mail: raissa@im.lcs.mit.edu David Whitten, CST-1 MS J565, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545; E-mail: whitten@lanl.gov
- 14. This page intentionally left blank
- 15. Contents Preface Cristopher Moore and David Griffeath xi Self-Organized Construction in Sparse Random Arrays of Conway's Game of Life Nicholas M. Gotts 1 Synthesis of Complex Life Objects from Gliders Mark D. Niemiec 55 A Two-Dimensional Cellular Automaton Crystal with Irrational Density David Griffeath and Dean Hickerson 79 Still Life Theory Matthew Cook 93 Replicators and Larger-than-Life Examples Kellie Michele Evans 119 Growth Phenomena in Cellular Automata Janko Gravner 161 Constructive Molecular Dynamics Lattice Gases: Three-Dimensional Molecular Self-Assembly Martin Nilsson, Steen Rasmussen, Bernd Mayer, and David Whitten 183 Simulating Digital Logic with the Reversible Aggregation Model of Crystal Growth Raissa D'Souza, George E. Homsy, and Norman H. Margolus 211 Universal Cellular Automata Based on the Collisions of Soft Spheres Norman H. Margolus 231 IX
- 16. Contents Emerging Markets and Persistent Inequality in a Nonlinear Voting Model Nienke A. Oomes 261 Cellular Automata for Imaging, Art, and Video Joy V. Hughes 285 Continuous-Valued Cellular Automata in Two Dimensions Rudy Rucker 295 Phase Transition via Cellular Automata Gadi Moran 317 Index 323
- 17. Preface This book is the long-awaited proceedings of a conference, held at the Santa Fe Institute in December, 1998, and sponsored by the National Science Foundation. "New Constructions in Cellular Automata" brought people together to discuss topics ranging from modeling physics and economics, to reversible computation, to the latest discoveries of bugs, puffers, and all the flora and fauna of the cellular automaton world. The first part of the book focuses on the best-loved CA rule, Conway's Life, and its variants. In the first chapter, Nick Gotts answers the cosmological question of what happens in a random low-density initial condition, showing that a surprising amount can be learned about what structures self-organize in the early Life universe. In the next chapter, Mark Niemiec shows us the latest methods of constructing complex objects from collisions of gliders, an essential engineering skill for Life devotees. David Griffeath and Dean Hickerson answer one of Life's open questions: whether an initial seed exists that populates the universe with an irrational density. Matthew Cook shows that telling when a "still life," a configuration which is stable under the Life rule, can be divided into New Constructions in Cellular Automata, edited by David Griffeath and Cristopher Moore, Oxford University Press. Xi
- 18. XII Preface separate pieces is an NP-complete problem. Moving on to Life's generalizations, Kellie Evans introduces Larger than Life and HighLife, and finds many families of replicators in these rules. To bring the book alive and to help the reader explore the many open ques- tions remaining in the field, many of the Life patterns discussed in these chapters can be downloaded from the book's companion web page, (http://psoup.math.wisc.edu/NewConstructions). In the next chapters, we put cellular automata to work as platforms for simulating phenomena in physics and economics. Janko Gravner introduces us to the mathematics of growth phenomena and studies the asymptotic shapes of various rules. Martin Nilsson, Steen Rasmussen, Bernd Mayer, and David Whitten discuss how to use lattice gases to simulate hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers. (In recent work, they have achieved the formation of micelles with this method, and shown that CAs can reach time-scales several orders of magnitude longer than standard molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.) Raissa D'Souza, George Homsy and Norman Margolus then use reversible CAs to model how an aggregating cluster reaches equilibrium with its environ- ment, and show that their reversible aggregation (RA) rule can simulate universal reversible logic. Margolus shows that a soft-sphere model also has this degree of computational power, and Nienke Oomes rounds out this section by using CAs to model how economic inequality can persist in emerging markets. In the concluding chapters, Joy Hughes gives us beautiful examples of how CAs can be used in art and video, Rudy Rucker extols the virtues of CAs whose states are continuous rather than discrete, and Gadi Moran shows a phase tran- sition in majority-voting rules on graphs. We are deeply indebted to the Santa Fe Institute and Oxford University Press for making this book possible, and especially to Delia Ulibarri and Ronda K. Butler-Villa for their tireless work and extraordinary patience. We also thank the University of Wisconsin, Madison, for hosting the Primordial Soup web page and the book's companion page, <http://psoup.math.wisc.edu/NewConstructions), where many patterns and simulations relevant to these chapters can be down- loaded. Finally, we dedicate this book to Oscar, Rascal, Scurry, and Spootie the Cat. Cristopher Moore Santa Fe Institute and University of New Mexico David Griffeath University of Wisconsin
- 19. Self-Organized Construction in Sparse Random Arrays of Conway's Game of Life Nicholas M. Gotts 1 INTRODUCTION The construction problems and techniques described in this chapter arose out of a single problem: What happens in very low density infinite random arrays of Conway's Game of Life? However, the work reported has wider implications, briefly discussed in the final section. Conway's Game of Life (henceforth GoL) is a deterministic cellular automa- ton (CA), which is binary (a cell has two possible states: 0 and 1) and runs on an infinite two-dimensional grid of cells. A deterministic CA cell's state at New Constructions in Cellular Automata, edited by David Griffeath and Cristopher Moore, Oxford University Press. 1
- 20. 2 Self-Organized Construction in...Conway's Game of Life time step t is determined, according to a transition rule,1 by those of a set of in-neighbors at step t — 1, and its own state at step t — 1 can affect the state of i out-neighbors at t. In GoL, in-neighbors and out-neighbors coincide, and include the cell itself. The neighborhood is a 3 x 3 square of cells. GoL's transition rule specifies that a cell is in state 1 at step t if and only if either of the following held at t - 1. 1. The cell and either two or three other cells in its neighborhood were in state 1. 2. The cell was in state 0, and exactly three other cells in its neighborhood were in state 1. By a random array, I mean one in which the initial probability p of each cell being in state 1 is the same for all cells, and the initial state is determined independently for each cell. Of course, we cannot actually construct such an array, but we can reason about it. Toward the end of the chapter, large finite random arrays will be considered, but it is simpler to start with the infinite case. In fact, none of the reasoning used in the infinite case depends upon the distribution of state 1 cells being strictly random, provided the frequency of all finite arrangements of cell-states is as expected in a random array with the same density of state 1 cells. A sparse random array is one in which p is very low (a more precise definition is given below). In a popular book on GoL, Poundstone [20] says: Speculation about "living" Life patterns focuses on infinite, low-density random fields.... If there are self-reproducing Life patterns, they would have room to grow in such a field [pp. 175-176]. Poundstone may have drawn on material published in Berlekamp et al. [3], which claims that self-replicating patterns can be shown to exist in GoL. (Such patterns are finite arrangements of state 1 cells that produce multiple disjoint copies of themselves in an otherwise empty—state 0—array.) Berlekamp et al. [3], then say: Inside any sufficiently large random broth, we expect just by chance, that there will be some of these self-replicating creatures.... It's probable.. .that after a long time, intelligent self-reproducing animals will emerge and populate some parts of the space [p. 849] (emphasis in original). lr The chapter uses a good deal of CA and Game of Life terminology, some of it novel. Terms of this kind are italicized when first used, and explained unless their meaning is clear from context.
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- 22. The True Story affords us some foretaste of what history is to be after dogma has completed the conquest over it which has been promised. Had my narrative been written after its appearance, the topics totally ignored, and those virtually ignored, in the True Story, might easily have been thrown into stronger relief. As it is, however, the succession of events necessarily brings them again and again into view, and perhaps the effect of the outline may be rendered more distinct to the English reader through the contrast with the True Story. Of the prelates on this side of the Alps, Cardinal Manning was not the one from whom we should have expected that in an account of the five years preceding the Vatican Council, with a brief retrospect of the whole of the present pontificate, and a history of the Council itself, scarcely one clear utterance should be made as to the bearing of the movement on those governments, liberties and institutions which to the Vatican are very evil and to us are very dear. It was not so in 1867 and 1869. In both of those years the Cardinal indicated the political relations of the movement in words of warning which, if only echoes of those of the Jesuits in Rome, were perhaps more intelligible and vehement than those of any other prelate on this side of the Alps. Statements of mine will frequently be found to conflict with statements made in the True Story. In most of those cases—I hope in all—the materials from known sources furnished to the general reader will suffice for a not unsatisfactory comparison, while the authorities indicated will enable the scholar to form a judgment. In very many of these cases statements of Cardinal Manning, made in previous works and virtually amounting to the same as the most material of those made in the True Story, will be found side by side with the statements of other authorities, with official documents, or with facts no longer disputable. Of these statements, one to which the Cardinal seems to attach much importance is his assertion that none of the prelates, or at most a number under five, disbelieved or denied the dogma of Papal infallibility, and that all their objections turned on questions of prudence. This is not a slip, nor a hasty
- 23. assertion, and it is very far from being peculiar to Cardinal Manning. It is now the harmonious refrain of all that hierarchy of strange witnesses of which he has made himself a part. The point is one on which illustrations will occur again and again, in events, in words, and in those documents which, in spite of all precautions, have been gained to publicity. Notwithstanding the method adopted in the True Story, the fact crops out at every turn that the modern strife of the Papacy is not to make men and women, as such, godly and peaceable, but to bring kings as kings, and legislatures as legislatures, and nations as nations, into subjection to the Pope. It crops out sufficiently, at least, to be obvious to all who know the difference, in the Cardinal's phraseology, between the two sets of terms employed to indicate those two distinct objects. For instance, what an excellent description of that Catholic Civilization which, in the great contest of the Vatican, is ever signalized as the goal, does the Cardinal give when, picturing the "public life and laws and living organization of Christendom" in the times when all these, according to his ideas, were "Christian," he says, "Princes and legislatures and society professed the Catholic faith, and were subject to the head of the Catholic Church." Cardinal Manning does not here use the word "society" in the domestic but in the political sense. He means, not families or social parties, but nations—as the Jesuit writers almost always do. Any one may, therefore, possess himself of a key to the true meaning of many pious phrases which occur in the following pages, if he will first of all clearly realize in his own thoughts just what it would involve for England; and for us were the conditions stated by the Cardinal fulfilled by our princes, our legislature, and our "society." One seeking to do this must realize the fact that the prince and the legislature not as individuals, and the "society" not in its separate members, but the prince as a prince, the legislature as a legislature, and the nation as a society, shall profess the Catholic faith. Ordinary Englishmen do not realize all that is meant by that formula. But beyond that, the prince as a prince, the legislature as a legislature, the nation as a society, are not only to believe in the
- 24. Pope, but to be subject to him. What fulness of meaning that formula possesses will gradually open up to the reader as the narrative unfolds. He will often hear ecclesiastical politicians of the school to which Cardinal Manning belongs, talking in their native dialect, not modulating their voice to win the are of Protestants. This national profession of the faith, and this subjection of kings, lawgivers, and nations to the Pope, constitute in one word the Civiltá Cattolica (the Catholic civilization); or, in plain English, the Catholic civil system; or, in other terms, the true Catholic constitution, the reign of Christ over the world, to establish which in all nations the Vatican is to move heaven and earth. In his first paper Cardinal Manning seeks to impress us with the belief that the raising of Papal infallibility to the rank of a dogma was not a chief object of the Pontiff, much less his only one, in convoking the Vatican Council. On that point the narrative will often incidentally present the expressions of prelates, official writers, and others, so that the reader will be able to form an opinion of his own. In his second paper the Cardinal shows that throughout the whole of the present pontificate the dogma has been kept in view as an essential object. Of that position illustrations will frequently occur. In the second paper, also, the Cardinal repeats his old allegation that it was Janus who invented "the fable of an acclamation." The course of the tale will tell whether it was or was not Janus who originated the talk of a design to get up an acclamation, and whether that talk was or was not a fable. The Cardinal, while attempting to justify, though for the most part keeping out of sight, the disabilities imposed upon the bishops by the Pope, disabilities of which they loudly complained, glances at one out of many of the real ones. He says that the Commission which was empowered to say whether any proposal emanating from a bishop was worthy to be recommended to the Pope for consideration, without which recommendation it could not come before the Council, was "a representative commission." The fact is that it was a selection of prelates made by the Pope, who excluded from it all who had avowed themselves opponents of his infallibility,
- 25. and included in it creatures of his own, who had nothing of the bishop but the orders and the pay which the favour of the Court had given to them. The Cardinal, after ample time for correction, repeats his old declaration that in the Vatican Council "the liberty of speech was as perfectly secured as in our Parliament." That assertion has the merit of being free from all ambiguity, and moreover is one on which plain men can judge. As I have told the story, the readers will over and over again meet with facts, equally free from ambiguity and equally patent to plain men, which will show whether the assertion is true or not. On the great question of secrecy the Cardinal risks a statement which exceeds what Italian Jesuits, if writing for a periodical of the rank of the Nineteenth Century, would be likely to hazard. He says: "At the beginning of the Council of Trent this precaution (of secrecy) was omitted; wherefore, on February 17, 1562, the legates were compelled to impose the secret upon the bishops." The Cardinal would seem to imagine that there was at least a substantial agreement, if not an actual identity, between the acts by which silence was enjoined, and also between the extent of the silence demanded in Trent and at the Vatican; and that indeed from February 17, 1562, forwards, the Council of Trent was laid under a bond something like that by which the Vatican Council was from the beginning fettered. Was it so? Was there a substantial agreement in the two acts by which silence was enjoined? Was there a substantial agreement in the extent of silence imposed? Was there at Trent a formal decree? Was there an oath imposed on the officers? Was there an exclusion of the theologians from debates, and of the public from the debates of the theologians? Was there any vow required, any threat held out? And does even Cardinal Manning fancy that there was at Trent a new mortal sin made on purpose for the benefit of the bishops? Of all this there was nothing. The act of the legates was simply what it is described as having been by Massarellus, the Secretary of the Council, who says: "The Fathers were admonished
- 26. not to divulge things proposed for examination, and in particular Decrees, before they were published in open session."[4] The Cardinal is apparently also under an impression that the extent of silence imposed in the two cases was at least substantially the same. Was that so? Did the legates censure the admission of laymen to hear the theologians argue? Did they censure the permission given to theologians who were not bishops even by the fiction of a see in partibus, to dispute in presence of the Council? Did they censure any remarks made out of doors on speeches, opinions or projects? Did they censure anything but the one indiscretion of circulating proposed Decrees, or other things proposed, while yet the formulae were, "so to speak, unshaped," but were in their inchoate condition made public as if they had been passed? Did the legates suggest that the duty of secrecy extended further than that of not publishing such tentative formulae, of not sending them out of the city, and of forbidding persons attached to the households of bishops to commit those indiscretions? At Trent there were faults and causes of complaint in no small number. But what Cardinal Manning calls "the secret" which would shut up every mouth as to all subjects proposed, as to all opinions expressed, as to all speeches made, as to all designs mooted—"the secret" which forbade men to print their own speeches, to read the official reports taken of them, to read those of their brother bishops, and other extravagances besides, of which the True Story has not one syllable to tell—that "secret," or any such, is not hinted at in the a monition of the legates at Trent. The extent of silence imposed at the Vatican would seem to have been as original as the mortal sin there invented. Still further, the Cardinal would appear to be under an impression that the reason why at Trent certain inconvenient publications occurred was because that, at the outset, the strict precautions had been there omitted which at the Vatican were not only taken in time, but, with manifold forethought, were, before the time, as our story will tell, tied and bound by edict and by oath. As to disclosures, however, that occurred at the Vatican, which most Romans would
- 27. tell any Englishman, except a priest or a convert, would be certain to occur, namely, that the "pontifical secret" would be dealt in as a thing to be sold. Did the precautions omitted at Trent, but adopted at the Vatican, prevent so much from transpiring as compelled the Pope to loose from the bond four selected prelates, including the eminent author of the True Story, in order that they might disabuse the outside world? Did it prevent the famous canons which opened the eyes of Austrian and French statesmen from making a quick passage to Augsburg and to Printing House Square?—of which canons, by the way, as of most essential matters, the True Story tells not a word. It would be very tempting to select for remark other assertions of the Cardinal, but this may suffice to do all that I here wish to do; that is, to set the reader upon intelligently watching and sifting statements of my own; for what is to be desired on this subject is that the public shall cease to be easily contented with what is said on one side or the other. My statements, like those of others, are sure to contain a fair proportion of mistakes, but when all these are winnowed away, there will remain a considerable peck of corn. Not content with formally vouching, in his title, for his own truthfulness, the Cardinal formally impeaches that of others. Both of these proceedings would be perfectly natural in a priest in Rome, and especially in one attached to the Jesuit school. Had I foreseen the cautious beginning of such habits that was so soon to be made by high authority, certainly I should not have so far yielded to the repugnance one feels to put specimens of priestly imputations into our language—a language which had for ages, up to the date of the Tracts for the Times, been steadily acquiring an antipathy to all the arts of untruthfulness, and consequently to all the forms in which other languages habitually insinuate or openly allege it. But I cannot regret that my story purposely excludes full specimens, and only by force of frequent necessity admits morsels, of the style in which in Rome every shade of untruthfulness, from suppression and equivocation to the worst kinds of perjury and forgery, is on the one hand charged upon heretics, on Liberal Catholics, on statesmen, and
- 28. is on the other hand in return, and with extreme good will, charged upon bishops, cardinals and popes. The veracity of Pomponio Leto—that is, as all Italy knows, of the Marchese Francesco Vitelleschi, brother of the late Cardinal Vitelleschi—is openly impugned by Cardinal Manning. We already know, on more points than one, the opinion of Vitelleschi as to the eminent author of the True Story; and retaliation would have been natural had it only been fair. If Vitelleschi wrote English, and if he cared to compare his truthfulness with that of such a competitor, it would be interesting to hear him fairly fight out the question, Which of us two has, to the best of his power, tried just to tell what he knew, inventing nothing and concealing nothing? It does not seem at all certain that the Englishman would bear away from the Italian the palm of straightforwardness. The Cardinal is evidently not aware that certain alleged particulars of the famous Strossmayer scene, which he ascribes to Pomponio Leto, are not in his description of it either in the Italian or in the English version. From where the Cardinal gets them I do not know. But his picture of Schwarzenberg "carried fainting from the ambo to his seat," his idea that Pomponio professes on that day to have been outside the Council door and to have seen "the servants rushing," and his other idea that at the fourth session Pomponio professes to have been inside and consequently forgot that many of those who were outside could see through the great door which was wide open, are all alike. He certainly did not get any of them from Vitelleschi. As it is after stating these errors, that his Eminence cries, "Such melodramatic and mendacious stuff!" we must imagine how Vitelleschi will smile at this new display of certain qualities which did not escape his keen eye. Professor Friedrich is slightingly spoken of by the Cardinal. Here again retaliation, if fair, would have been natural; for Cardinal Manning has already felt the steel of Friedrich. Judging from my own impression that under the slashes of Friedrich what the Cardinal had employed as if he took it for argument appeared perfectly helpless, I should expect that it the learned professor should think it worth
- 29. while to try his strength on the sort of history, theology, and logic which the Cardinal thinks may pass in England, they would in his hands, at almost every debatable point, fly to pieces. As to veracity, however, Friedrich has already, on that score, as our story will show, crossed swords with more bishops than one; and whether on that or other matters, certainly he is not the man to turn his back on Cardinal Manning, whose measure he has long ago taken, as, even under the eyes of the Papal police, he did not fear to show. Cardinal Manning occupies pages with imputations, and with quotations which he apparently thinks warrant the imputations. Does he, or do the witnesses he calls, disprove any of the specific facts alleged? Yes, he does disprove one. Vitelleschi, in describing the great session of the Council, said that Cardinal Corsi and other discontented Cardinals pulled down their red hats over their eyes. Now, Cardinal Manning properly says that on that occasion they had no hats of any colour, meaning that they wore the mitre. Therefore a real blot is hit. And it is curious how exactly this is the same kind of blot as the Jesuits of the Civiltá were able to hit in the early part of Vitelleschi's book, when, like the True Story, it first appeared in a periodical. They clearly convicted the author, then unknown even to them, of saying that in certain solemnities the robes were red, whereas in fact they were white. We must, however, do the Roman Jesuits the justice to say that from this tremendous error they did not attempt to prove that the writer was given to "mendacious stuff," though they did argue that he was wanting in reflection. But it is a well-known fact that grave matters—very grave matters— were with sufficient particularity alleged against the Pope, against the Presidents, against the Rules of Procedure, against the authorized Press, against the favourites of the Court among the bishops, against the secret way in which "the Council was made beforehand," and above all against the political designs which were entertained; and, one must ask, with what single fact of all these is any manly attempt made to grapple by the Cardinal, or by the bishops whom he cites in his support? Besides these facts, of which some were amusing, some absurd, some discreditable, there were
- 30. others which for all good men except Papists, in the proper sense, were seriously alarming, and these were alleged by Catholic and Liberal Catholic, by men in opposition and by men in all places of authority up to the highest—by Vitelleschi, by Friedrich, by Veuillot, by Guérin, by Frond and his contributors, by Ce Qui se Passe au Concile, by Hefele, by Kenrick, by Darboy, by Rauscher, by Place, by Dupanloup, by the hundred and thirty bishops who signed the protest against even discussing infallibility, by the groups of bishops who signed that against the Rules of Procedure, by those who signed the solemn one against the new Rules, by those who petitioned for the A B C of deliberative freedom, by the scores who signed the historical petition of April 10, 1870, by those who protested against the unfair and arbitrary attempt of July 5, and by those fifty-five who, the day before the final session, placed in the hands of the Pope their protest, saying that if they voted in the public session they could only repeat, and that with stronger reasons, their previous vote—that is, of Non placet; a protest of which Cardinal Manning has taken a strangely inaccurate and misleading view. Such facts were alleged by La Liberté du Concile, by La Dernière Heure du Concile, by Mamiani, by Bonghi, by Beust, by Daru, by Arnim, by Acton, by Montalembert, by Döllinger; and still more by the Civiltá Cattolica, the Stimmen aus Maria Laach, the Univers, the Monde, and the Unitá Cattolica; and most of all were they embodied in the words and official manifestoes of Pope Pius IX. What one of these alarming or discreditable or equivocal facts is disposed of by the passages which Cardinal Manning in his need has cited? He cites Hefele to prove that people who were outside of the Council told falsehoods as to what passed inside. But with the wonted sequence of his logic, what he proves out of the mouth of Hefele is that people who were inside of the Council sold the secret, though in doing so they incurred the pains of mortal sin. The proof is quite as apposite as many of those relied upon by Cardinal Manning, and it is no wonder that such a habit of reasoning should have landed him where he is. He cites of all men Ketteler. Now supposing that Ketteler was the person to invalidate serious testimony, what particular fact is disproved by the passage cited? The only one it
- 31. affects to touch is the question as to whether, in substance, the anti- infallibilist doctrine of Döllinger was not also that of the majority of the German bishops. That question is not faced in front. Ketteler only raises a side issue. He denies that on some certain occasion, certain bishops had in a certain way made a statement to that effect. Cardinal Manning has not lived so long in Rome, and learned so much there, without knowing something of the value of such contradictions. But if he means—as, however reluctantly, one must take him to mean—to use Ketteler to prove to Englishmen that the majority of the German bishops were not, before July 1870, opposed to that as a doctrine which is now a dogma of their creed, then let Ketteler by all means stand on one side, but pamphlets, memoranda, speeches, petitions, votes, protests stand on the other. Ketteler is cited against Döllinger, and agreeably to the all but infallible felicity of the Cardinal's logic, about the most definite thing Ketteler says against the Provost is that Janus, for falsification of history, can hardly be compared to anything but the Provincial Letters of Pascal. Had the Cardinal cited the whole body of the German bishops, he might, indeed, with English Catholics have gained some show of authority; but how would it have been with the fellow-countrymen of those prelates? or with any who, like their fellow-countrymen, had, in the two Fulda manifestoes of 1869 and 1870, and in other words and deeds of those mitred diplomatists—words and deeds which cannot be erased—learned at what rate to prize statements signed by their episcopal crosses? There are in Europe few bodies of functionaries who stood in sorer need than did these German bishops of something to rehabilitate the credit of their Yea and Nay; not that even yet it seems to have fallen quite so low as that of their superiors of the Curia; at least, not quite so low in matters of purely personal reputation, when no official obligation exists to make a public impression which is contrary to the facts, and when dissimulation, if practised, arises from a habit partly professional, partly personal, and one sometimes indulged in as an exercise of cleverness. Cardinals hardly do prudently to raise on English soil questions about truthfulness; for the English public will not much longer be content to take information at haphazard or at second-
- 32. hand, but will go to the fountains, and learn about things in Rome as things in Rome in reality have been. FOOTNOTES: [4] Theiner, Acta Genuina, i. 686. LIST OF WORKS QUOTED OR REFERRED TO AS AUTHORITIES The titles and editions being here given, the references in each particular instance will be no longer than is sufficient to identify the work. Some works cited only once are not here entered, their titles being given at full in the body of the book. The few English writers quoted are not inserted here. Acta et Decreta Sacrosancti Œcumenici Concilii Vaticani. Romæ Impensis Paulini Lazzarini Typographi Concilii Vaticani: 1872. Acta et Decreta Sacrosancti et Œcumenici Concilii Vaticani cum permissione Superiorum. Friburgi Brisgoviæ: Herder, 1871. Contains the Encyclical and Syllabus of December 8, 1864, and some other useful documents not published in the Roman edition; but does not contain its brief historical notes of the public sessions. Acta Genuina SS. Œcumenici Concilii Tridentini, nunc primum integra edita ab Augustino Theiner. Zagrabiæ Croatiæ: 2 vols, small folio, 1874. Always referred to as Theiner. Acta Sanctæ Sedis in Compendium Opportune Redacta. Romæ S.C. De Propaganda Fide. A volume has appeared annually since 1865. Actes et Histoire du Concile Œcuménique de Rome, 1869, Publiés sous la direction de Victor Frond. Paris: Abel Pilou. 8 vols, large folio, with numerous illustrations. A brief of the Pope warrants to the Editor the "counsel and approbation of the Holy Apostolical See;"
- 33. and also gives him the Apostolic Benediction "as a guarantee of the divine patronage." The references are always to Frond. Acton, Lord—Zur Geschichte des Vaticanischen Conciles. München: 1871.—Sendschreiben an einen Deutschen Bischof des Vaticanischen Concils. Nördlingen: September, 1870. Annuario Pontificio, 1870. Roma Tipografia della Rev. Cam. Apostolica. Bibliothèque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Lausanne. Montalembert's L'Espagne et la Liberté is contained in Nos. 217-21, from January to May, 1876. Ce Qui se Passe au Concile. Paris: 1870. Condemned by the Council. Cecconi, Eugenio (now Archbishop of Florence)—Storia del Concilio Vaticano scritta sui documenti originali. Parte prima Antecedenti del Concilio, Vol. I. Roma: A Spese di Paulini Lazzarini, Tipografo del Concilio Vaticano, 1873. The official history of the secret proceedings of five years. Civiltá Cattolica (La), Anno Vigesimottavo. Serie X. vol. i. Quaderno, 641. Firenze: 3 Marco, 1877. This is the title of the latest number. It has appeared fortnightly since the year 1850. It is quoted as Civiltá (e.g.) X. i. 5—the first numeral noting the series, the second the volume, the third the page. Concile du Vatican, le, et le Mouvement Anti-infaillibiliste en Allemagne. 2 vols, octavo. Brussels: 1871. Concile Œcuménique, le. Par Mgr. l'Evêque de Grenoble. Paris: 1869. Dernière Heure du Concile. München: 1870. Condemned by the Council; said by Quirinus to be by a member of the Council, possessing "almost unique opportunities." Desanctis, L.—Roma Papale descritta in una serie di Lettere. Firenze: 1871.—Il Papa, osservazioni Dottrinali e Storiche. Firenze: 1864. Deschamps, Archbishop of Malins (now Cardinal).—Réponse à Mgr. l'Evêque D'Orléans. Paris: 1870.
- 34. Documenta. See Friedrich. Documenti (i) Citati nel Syllabus edito per ordine del Sommo Pontifico Pio Papa IX. Preceduti da Analoghe Avvertenze. Firenze: 1865. Like the French Recueil, contains the documents cited in the Syllabus, but with Italian notes, and without any translation. Döllinger, D.—Erwägungen für die Bischöfe des Concilium's über die Frage der päpstlichen Unfehlbarkeit. München: October, 1869.—Die neue Geschäftsordnung des Concils und ihre theologische Bedeutung. Augsburg: 1870.—Erklärung an den Erzbischof von München-Freising. München: 1871. Dupanloup—Lettre de Mgr., L'Evêque D'Orléans au clergé de son Diocése relativement à la définition de l'infaillibilité au prochain Concile. Paris: 1869. The original is reprinted with the English version of Vitelleschi. Eight Months at Rome.—Réponse de Mgr. L'Evêque D'Orléans à Mgr. Deschamps. Paris: Duniol, 1870.— Réponse de Mgr. L'Evêque D'Orléans à Mgr. Spalding, Archevêque de Baltimore, accompagne d'une lettre de plusieurs Archevêques et Evêques Américain à Mgr. l'Evêque d'Orléans. Naples: 1870. Fessler, Dr. Joseph, Bishop of St. Pölten—Das letzte und das nächste allgemeine Concil. Freiburg-in-Brisgau: 1869. Friedberg, Dr. Emil, Professor, Leipsic—Sammlung der Aktenstücke zum ersten Vaticanischen Concil. Tübingen: 1872. Always quoted as Friedberg. Friedrich, Dr. J., Professor, Munich—Tagebuch während des Vaticanischen Concils geführt. Zweite vermehrte Auflage. Nördlingen: 1873.—Documenta ad Illustrandum Concilium Vaticanum, anni 1870. Both the first and second Abtheilung are of Nördlingen, 1871. Quoted as Documenta.—Der Mechanismus der Vaticanischen Religion. Bonn: 1876. Fromman, Theodor—Geschichte und Kritik des Vaticanischen Concils. Gotha: 1872. A Protestant writer, therefore scarcely ever cited. Frond, Victor—Actes et Histoire, etc. 8 vols. fol. See "Actes," etc.
- 35. Gury, P. Joanne Petro—Compendium Theologiæ Moralis, S.I. editio in Germania Quarta. Ratisbon: 1868.—Casus Conscientiæ in Præcipuas Quæstiones Theologiæ Moralis editio in Germania prima. Ratisbon: 1865. Guérin, Mgr. Paul, Chamberlain to Pius IX.—Concile Œcuménique du Vatican son Histoire ses décisions en Latin et en Francais. Professes to give all the documents, but gives only a portion even of those officially published. Bar-le-Duc: 1871. 2nd ed. Gregorovius, Ferdinand.—Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Miltelalter vom V. bis zum XVI. Jahrhundeyt. Zweite Auflage: 1869. 8 vols, octavo. Hefele, Carolus Josephus Episcopus Rottenburgensis—Causa Honorii Papæ. Neapoli: 1870. Hergenröther, Dr. Joseph, Professor, Würzburg—Katholische Kirche und Christlicher Staat in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwickelung und in Bezichung auf die Fragen der Gegenwart. Freiburg-in-Brisgau: 1873. —Kritik der v. Döllingerschen Erklärung vom 28 Marz d.I. Freiburg- in-Brisgau: 1871. Holtgreven, Anton, Königl. Preuss. Kreisrichter—Das Verhältniss Zwischen Staat und Kirche. Berlin: 1875. Kenrick, Archbishop of St. Louis in America—Concio Petri Ricardi Kenrick, Archiepiscopi S. Ludovici in Statibus Fœderatis Americæ Septentrionalis in Concilio Vaticano Habenda at non Habita. Neapoli: 1870. This invaluable pamphlet is reprinted with Friedrich's Documenta, and is always cited as there found, the pamphlet itself being within the reach of but very few. Ketteler, von, Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr, Bishop of Mainz—Das Allgemeine Concil und seine Bedeutung für unsere Zeit. Mainz: 1869. —Die Unwahrheiten der Römischen Briefe vom Concil in der Allgemeinen Zeitung. Mainz: 1870. Several other pamphlets by Bishop von Ketteler not referred to are of value.
- 36. Langen, Dr. Joseph, Professor, Bonn—Das Vaticanische Dogma in seinem Verhältniss zum Neuen Testament, etc. Bonn: 1873. Liverani, Monsignor Francesco, Prelato Domestico e Protonotorio dell Santa Sede.—Il Papato, L'Impero e Il Regno D'Italia. Firenze: 1861. Maret, Mgr. H.L.C., Bishop of Sura, Dean of the Theological Faculty of Paris—Le Concile Générale et la Paix Religieuse. 2 vols, octavo. Paris 1869. Martin, Conrad, Bishop of Paderborn.—Omnium Concilii Vaticani Quæ ad doctrinam et Disciplinam pertinent Documentorum Collectio. Paderbornæ: 1873. A very incomplete collection, but very useful.— Katechismus des Römisch-Katolischen Kirchenrechts. Zweite Auflage: 1874. Menzel, Professor—Ueber das Subject der Kirchlichen Unfehlbarkeit (als Manuscript gedruckt). Braunsberg: 1870. Menzel, Wolfgang—Geschichte der neuesten Jesuitenumtriebe in Deutschland. Stuttgart: 1873.—Die Wichtigsten Weltbegebenheiten vom Prager Frieden bis zum Kriege mit Frankreich (1866-70). 2 vols. Stuttgart: 1871. Michaud, L'Abbé—De la Falsification des Catéchismes Francais. Paris, 1872. Many other works of Michaud, not cited, are of great value. Michelis, Dr. F., Professor, Braunsberg.—Kurze Geschichte des Vaticanischen Concils. Constanz: 1875.—Der Neue Fuldaer Hirtenbrief in seinem Verhältniss zur Wahrheit. Braunsberg: 1870.— Der häretische Charakter der Infallibilitä Islehre. Eine Katholische Antwort auf die Römische Excommunication, 1872. Observationes Quædam de Infallibilitatis Ecclesiæ Subjecto. Vindobonæ: 1870. Cardinal Rauscher (see Friedberg, 1111). Also published in Naples, without name of printer or publisher. Phillips, George—Kirchenrecht. 7 vols, octavo. Regensburg: 1855-72. Pope Pius IX—Discorsi del Sommo Pontefice Pius IX Pronunziati in Vaticano ai fedeli di Roma e dell' Orbe; raccolti e pubblicati dal P.
- 37. Don Pasquale de Franciscis. Roma: 1872; and the second volume, 1873. It is to be regretted that these curious and instructive volumes are not translated into English. Recueil des Allocutions Consistoriales Encycliques et Autres Lettres Apostolique des Souverains Pontifs Clement XII, Benoit XIV, Pie VI, Pie VII, Léon XII, Grégoire XVI, et Pie IX, citées dans l'Encyclique et le Syllabus du 8 Décembre, 1864. Octavo, p. 580. Paris: 1865. Every document cited in the Syllabus is given at full, with a French translation. Reform der Römischen Kirche an Haupt and Gliedern. Leipsig: 1869. Reinkens, Dr. Joseph Hubert. Bishop—Revolution und Kirche Beantwortung einer Tagesfrage mit Rücksight auf die gegenwärtige Tendenz und Praxis der Römischen Curie. Bonn: 1876.—Ueber päpstliche Unfehlbarkeit. München: 1870. Rheinischer Merkur. Erscheint jeden Samstag. Köln. A weekly journal, organ of the old Catholics. Now published in Munich as the Deutscher Merkur. Sambin, Le R.P. de la Compagnie de Jesus—Histoire du Concile Œcuménique et Général du Vatican. Lyon: 1871. Schrader, P. Clemens, S.I.—Pius IX als Papst und als Kœnig. Wien: 1865—Der Papst und die Modernen Ideen. Wien: 1865. Sepp, Professor Abgeordneter—Deutschland und der Vatikan. München: 1872. Soglia—Septimii M. Vecchiotti, Institutiones Canonicæ ex operibus Joannis Card. Soglia excerptæ et ad usum seminariorum accommodatæ. Editio decimasexta ad meliorem formam redacta et additamentis focupleta. In 3 vols, octavo. Turin: 1875. Sold at Milan, Venice, Naples, and Romæ apud Tipographiam de Propaganda Fide. Stimmen aus der Katholischen Kirche München. A series of pamphlets containing writings of Döllinger, Friedrich, Huber, Schmitz, Reinkens, Liano, and others—of great value.
- 38. Stimmen aus Maria Laach, Katholische Bläter—Freiburg-in-Brisgau. The first number appeared in 1865, after the publication of the Syllabus; the Neue Folge, commenced in 1869, has on the title "Unter Benützung Römischer Mittheilungen und der Arbeiten der Civiltá." Summi Pontificis Infallibilitate Personali (de). Naples: 1870. Friedberg (p. 111 says that this tract was distributed by Cardinal Prince Schwarzenberg, but written by the Cistercian Franz Salesius Mayer.) Tarquini, Camillo E., Societate Jesu (Cardinal)—Juris Ecclesiastici Publici Institutiones. Editio quarta. Roma S.C. de Propaganda Fide. 1875. Theologisches Literaturblatt. Erscheint alle 14 Toge. Bonn, herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. F.H. Reusch. A fortnightly publication, of great value to all who wish to understand the literature of the modern phases of Romanism, and also of the old Catholic movement. Unitá Cattolica, edited by Don Margotti, appears daily in Turin. Holds in Italy a position similar to that of the Univers in France. Univers, edited by M. Louis Veuillot, appears daily, Paris. Veuillot is a layman. Veuillot, Louis—Rome pendant le Concile. 2 vols, octavo. Paris: 1872. Contains important matter dating from 1867. Vitelleschi, Marchese Francesco—Otto Mesi a Roma durante il Concilio Vaticano per Pomponio Leto. Firenze: 1873. An English translation has now appeared entitled Eight Months at Rome, by Pomponio Leto. Always referred to as Vitelleschi. The real authorship of the work is no secret in Rome, nor is it treated as such. CONTENTS
- 39. PAGE BOOK I FROM THE ISSUE OF THE SYLLABUS TO ITS SOLEMN CONFIRMATION, DECEMBER 1864 TO JUNE 1867 CHAPTER I The First Secret Command to commence Preparations for a General Council, December 6, 1864—Meeting of Congregation—All but Cardinals sent out— Secret Order—Events of the 8th—Solemn Anniversary—A historical coup de soleil 1 CHAPTER II The Encyclical Quanta Cura, December 8, 1864 —Causes of the Ruin of Modern Society: rejection of the "force" of the Church— Religious Equality—Pretensions of Civil Law and of Parents to Control Education—Laws of Mortmain—Remedies—Restoration of the Authority of the Church—Connecting Links between Encyclical and Syllabus— Retrospect of Evidences that all Society was in Ruins—The Movement for Reconstruction 5 CHAPTER III Foundation of a Literature of Reconstruction, Serial and Scholastic—The Civiltá Cattolica: its Views on Education and on Church and State—Tarquini's Political Principles of Pope and King—Measures Preparatory to the Syllabus 14
- 40. CHAPTER IV Further Measures Preparatory to the Syllabus— Changes in Italy since 1846—Progress of Adverse Events—A Commination of Liberties—A Second Assembly of Bishops without Parliamentary Functions—The Curse on Italy—Origin of the phrase "A Free Church in a Free State"—Projected Universal Monarchy 28 CHAPTER V The Syllabus of Errors, December 8, 1864— Character of the Propositions condemned —Disabilities of the State—Powers of the Church 43 CHAPTER VI The Secret Memoranda of the Cardinals, February 1865 57 CHAPTER VII A Secret Commission to prepare for a Council, March 1865—First Summons—Points determined—Reasons why Princes are not consulted—Plan for the Future Council 62 CHAPTER VIII Memoranda of Thirty-six chosen Bishops, consulted under Bond of Strictest Secrecy, April to August, 1865—Doctrine of Church and State—Antagonism of History and the Embryo Dogma—Nuncios admitted to the Secret—And Oriental Bishops 65 CHAPTER IX
- 41. Interruption of Preparations for Fourteen Months, through the consequences of Sadowa—The French evacuate Rome— Alleged Double Dealing of Napoleon III— The Civiltá on St. Bartholomew's—Change of Plan—Instead of a Council a Great Display—Serious Complaints of Liberal Catholics 70 CHAPTER X Reprimand of Darboy, Archbishop of Paris, for disputing the Ordinary and Immediate Jurisdiction of the Pope in his Diocese— Sent in 1864 Published in 1869 76 CHAPTER XI Great Gathering in Rome, June 1867— Impressions and Anticipations— Improvements in the City—Louis Veuillot on the Great Future 83 CHAPTER XII The Political Lesson of the Gathering, namely, All are called upon to recognize in the Papal States the Model State of the World —Survey of those States 87 CHAPTER XIII Solemn Confirmation of the Syllabus by the Pope before the assembled Hierarchy, and their Acquiescence, June 17, 1867 110 BOOK II
- 42. FROM THE FIRST PUBLIC INTIMATION OF A COUNCIL TO THE EVE OF THE OPENING, JUNE 1867 TO DECEMBER 1869 CHAPTER I First Public Intimation of the intention to hold a Council, June 26 to July 1, 1867— Consistory—Acquiescence in the Syllabus of the assembled Bishops—The Canonized Inquisitor—Questions and Returns preparatory to Greater Centralization— Manning on the Ceremonies—O'Connell on the Doctrines of the Papists—The Doctrine of Direct and Indirect Power 113 CHAPTER II Six Secret Commissions preparing—Interrupted by Garibaldi—A Code for the Relations of the Church and Civil Society—Special Sitting with Pope and Antonelli to decide on the Case of Princes—Tales of the Crusaders—English Martyrs—Children on the Altar—Autumn of 1867 to June 1868 131 CHAPTER III Bull of Convocation—Doctrine of the Sword— The Crusade of St. Peter—Incidents— Mission to the Orientals, and Overtures to Protestants in different Countries—June 1868 to December 1868-69 143 CHAPTER IV Princes, Ministers, and their Confessors— Montalembert's part in the Revival—His Posthumous Work on Spain—Indignation 153
- 43. against the New Assumptions—Debate of Clergy in Paris on the Lawfulness of Absolving a Liberal Prince or Minister— Wrath at Rome—True Doctrines taught to Darboy and his Clergy CHAPTER V What is to be the Work of the Council—Fears caused by Grandiose Projects—Reform of the Church in Head and Members— Statesmen evince Concern 164 CHAPTER VI Agitation in Bavaria and Germany—The Golden Rose—Fall of Isabella—The King of Bavaria obtains the opinion of the Faculties— Döllinger—Schwarzenberg's Remonstrance 176 CHAPTER VII Intention of proposing the Dogma of Infallibility intimated—Bavarian Note to the Cabinets, February to April, 1869—Arnim and Bismarck 182 CHAPTER VIII Indulgences—Excitement—The Two Brothers Dufournel—Senestrey's Speech—Hopes of the Ruin of Germany—What the Council will do—Absurdity of Constitutional Kings— The True Saviour of Society—Lay Address from Coblenz—Montalembert adheres to it —Religious Liberty does not answer— Importance of keeping Catholic Children apart from the Nation—War on Liberal 186
- 44. Catholics—Flags of all Nations doing Homage to that of the Pope CHAPTER IX Publication of Janus—Hotter Controversy— Bishop Maret's Book—Père Hyacinth—The Saviour of Society again—Dress—True Doctrine of Concordats not Contracts but Papal Laws—Every Catholic State has Two Heads—Four National Governments condemned in One Day—What a Free Church means—Fulda Manifesto—Meeting of Catholic Notables in Berlin—Political Agitation in Bavaria and Austria—Stumpf's Critique of the Jesuit Schemes 197 CHAPTER X Conflicting Manifestoes by Bishops—Attacks on Bossuet—Darboy—Dupanloup combats Infallibility—His relations with Dr. Pusey— Deschamps replies—Manning's Manifesto— Retort of Friedrich—Discordant Episcopal Witnesses 215 CHAPTER XI Diplomatic Feeling and Fencing in Rome, November 1869—Cross Policies on Separation of Church and State—Ollivier, Favre, De Banneville—Doctrines of French Statesmen ridiculed at Rome—Specimens of the Utterances approved at Court— Forecasts of War between France and Prussia—Growing Strength of the Movement in France for Universities Canonically Instituted 231
- 45. CHAPTER XII Mustering, and Preparatory Stimuli—Pope's Hospitality—Alleged Political Intent— Friedrich's First Notes—The Nations cited to Judgment—New War of the Rosary— Tarquini's Doctrine of the Sword—A New Guardian of the Capitol—November and December, 1869 239 CHAPTER XIII Great Ceremony of Executive Spectacle, called a Pro-Synodal Congregation, to forestall Attempts at Self-Organization on the Part of the Council—The Scene—The Allocution —Officers appointed by Royal Proclamation —Oath of Secrecy—Papers Distributed— How the Nine had foreseen and forestalled all Questions of Self-Organization—The Assembly made into a Conclave, not a General Council—Cecconi's Apology for the Rules 249 CHAPTER XIV The Eve of the Council—Rejoicings—Rome the Universal Fatherland—Veuillot's Joy— Processions—Symbolic Sunbeams—The Joy bells—The Vision of St. Ambrose—The Disfranchisement of Kings 262 BOOK III FROM THE OPENING OF THE COUNCIL TO THE INTRODUCTION OF THE QUESTION OF INFALLIBILITY CHAPTER I
- 46. The First Session, December 8, 1869, or Opening Ceremony—Mustering—Robing— The Procession—The Anthem and Mass— The Sermon—The Act of Obedience—The Allocution—The Incensing—Passing Decrees—The Te Deum—Appreciations of various Witnesses 271 CHAPTER II First Proceedings—Unimportant Committees and All-Important Commissions—No Council if Pope dies—Theologians discover their Disfranchisement—Father Ambrose— Parties and Party Tactics—Were the Bishops Free Legislators?—Plans of Reconstruction—Plan of the German Bishops—Segesser's Plan—New Bull of Excommunications 308 CHAPTER III Further Party Manœuvres—Election of Permanent Committees—Bull of Excommunications—Various opinions of it —Position of Antonelli—No serious Discussion desired—Perplexities of the Bishops—Reisach's Code suppressed—It may reappear—Attitude of Governments 333 CHAPTER IV First open Collisions of Opinion—Pending Debate—Fear of an Acclamation— Rauscher opens—Kenrick—Tizzani— General discontent with the Draft—Vacant Hats—Speaking by Rank—Strossmayer— No permission to read the Reports, even of 358
- 47. their own Speeches—Conflicting Views— Petitions to Pope from Bishops—Homage of Science—Theism CHAPTER V The Second Public Session—Swearing a Creed never before known in a General Council— Really an Oath including Feudal Obedience 379 CHAPTER VI Speech of the Pope against the Opposition— Future Policy set before France—Count Arnim's Views—Resumed Debate—Haynald —A New Mortal Sin—Count Daru and French Policy—Address calling for the New Dogma—Counter Petitions against the Principle as well as the Opportuneness 391 CHAPTER VII Matters of Discipline—Remarks of Friedrich on the Morals of the Clergy—Also on the War against Modern Constitutions—Morality of recent Jesuit Teaching—Darboy's Speech— Melcher's Speech—A Dinner Party of Fallibilists—One of Infallibilists—Gratry— Debate on the Morals of the Clergy 411 CHAPTER VIII Church and State—Draft of Decrees with Canons—Gains Publicity—Principles involved—Views of Liberal Catholics—The Papal View of the Means of Resistance possessed by Governments 431 CHAPTER IX
- 48. The Courts of Vienna and Paris manifest Anxiety—Disturbances in Paris—Daru's Letters—Beust moves—His Despatches— His Passage of Arms with Antonelli—Daru's Despatch and Antonelli's Reply—Daru's Rejoinder—Beust lays down the Course which Austria will follow—Arnim's Despatch—The Unitá on the Situation— Veuillot on the Situation—Satisfaction of the Ultramontanes 442 CHAPTER X Personal Attack on Dupanloup—Attempts at a Compromise—Impossibility of now retreating—Daru Resigns—Ollivier's Policy —Feeling that the Proceedings must be Shortened—The Episode of the Patriarch of Babylon—Proposal for a New Catechism— Michaud on Changes in Catechism—The Rules revised—An Archbishop stopped— Protest of One Hundred Bishops— Movement of Sympathy with Döllinger— The Pope's Chat—Pope and M. de Falloux —Internal Struggle of Friedrich 457 BOOK IV FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF THE QUESTION OF INFALLIBILITY TO THE SUSPENSION OF THE COUNCIL CHAPTER I Joy of Don Margotti—New Feelers for an Acclamation—Suggested Model of the Scene—Its Political Import—A Pause—Case of the Jesuit Kleutgen—Schwarzenberg out 479
- 49. of Favour—Politics of Poland—Döllinger on the New Rules—Last Protest of Montalembert—His Death—Consequent Proceedings in Rome CHAPTER II Threat of American Prelates—Acclamation again fails—New Protest—Decrees on Dogma—Ingenious connexion of Creation with the Curia—Serious Allegations of Unfair and Irregular Proceedings of the Officials—Fears at the Opening of the New Session—The Three Devotions of Rome— More Hatred of Constitutions—Noisy Sitting; Strossmayer put down—The Pope's Comments—He compares the Opposition to Pilate and to the Freemasons—He is reconciled to Mérode—The Idea of Charlemagne—Secret Change of a Formula before the Vote 490 CHAPTER III Important Secret Petition of Rauscher and others—Clear Statement of Political Bearings of the Question—A Formal Demand that the Question whether Power over Kings and Nations was given to Peter shall be argued—Complaints of Manning— Dr. Newman's Letter—The Civiltá exorcises Newman—Veuillot's Gibes at him— Conflicts with the Orientals—Armenians in Rome attacked by the Police—Priests arrested—Broil in the Streets—Convent placed under Interdict—Third Session— 504
- 50. Forms—Decrees unanimously adopted— Their Extensive Practical Effects CHAPTER IV To the end of the General Debate on the Decrees De Ecclesia, June 3—Temporal Benefit to the Curia of Spiritual Centralization—Spalding's Proposals— Impatience of the Pope and Veuillot— Outcry against Ce Qui se Passe au Concile —All other Subjects to be Postponed, and Infallibility to be brought on out of its order—Renewed protest of Minority—Open Change of Dispute from one on Opportuneness to one on the Merits of the Dogma—Anecdotes of Bishops—Violations of Rules—Private Notes of Bishops on the Dogma—Doubts cast on the Authority of the Council—Formula of New Decree—How it will Work 525 CHAPTER V The Great Debate—Bishop Pie—The Virgin Mary on Infallibility—Cullen claims Ireland and MacHale—Kenrick's Reply, and his Account of the first Introduction of the Doctrine into Maynooth—MacHale speaks —Full Report of Darboy's Speech—The Pope gives Signs of Pleasure at Saldanha's Assault on the King of Portugal—New Date fixed for the Great Definition—Manning's Great Speech—Remarkable Reply of Kenrick—McEvilly ascribes Catholic Emancipation not to the Effect of Oaths, but to that of the Fear of Civil War— 546
- 51. Kenrick's Retort—Clifford against Manning —Verot's Scene—Spalding's Attack on Kenrick—Kenrick's Refutation—Speeches of Valerga, Purcell, Conolly, and Maret— Sudden Close of the Debate CHAPTER VI To the Close of the Special Debate on Infallibility, July 4—Proposal of the Minority to resist—They yield once more—Another Protest—Efforts to procure Unanimity— Hope of the Minority in Delay—Pope disregards the Heat—Disgrace of Theiner— Decree giving to Pope ordinary Jurisdiction everywhere—His Superiority to Law— Debate on Infallibility—Speech of Guidi— Great Emotion—Scene with the Pope— Close of the Debate—Present view of the Civiltá as to Politics—Specimens of the Official Histories—Exultation 573 CHAPTER VII To the Eve of the Great Session, July 18—A Fresh Shock for the Opposition—Serious Trick of the Presidents and Committee— Outcry of the French Bishops—Proposal to Quit the Council—They send in another Protest—What is Protestantism?— Immediate War not foreseen—Contested Canon adopted—The Bishops threatened— Hasty Proceedings—Final Vote on the Dogma—Unexpected Firmness of the Minority—Effect of the Vote—Deputation to the Pope—His incredible Prevarication— Ketteler's Scene—Counter Deputation of 579
- 52. Manning and Senestrey—Vast Changes in the Decrees made in a Moment—Petty Condemnations—The Minority flies CHAPTER VIII Grief of M. Veuillot—Final Deputation and Protest 624 CHAPTER IX. From the Great Session to the Suspension of the Council, October 20, 1870—The Time now come for the Fulfilment of Promises— Position and Prospects—Second Empire and Papacy fall together—Style of Address to the Pope—War for the Papal Empire Foreshadowed—Latest Act of the Council— Italy moves on Rome—Capture of the City —Suspension of the Council—Attitude of the Church changed—Last Events of 1870 646 CHAPTER X How far has the Vatican Movement been a Success, and how far a Failure?—As to Measures of the Nature of Means a Success—As to Measures of the Nature of Ends hitherto a Failure—Testimony of Liberal Catholics to the one, and of Ultramontanes to the other—Apparatus of Means in Operation for the Ultimate End of Universal Dominion—Story of Scherr as an Example of the Minority—Different Classes of those who "Submit"—Condition and Prospects of the Two Powers in Italy— Proximate Ends at present aimed at— Control of Elections—Of the Press—Of 671
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