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The document summarizes word formation and morphology in Hebrew. It discusses how nouns, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions are derived in Hebrew through root and pattern combinations or concatenation of morphological components. It also describes the verb system and inflectional morphology for nouns, including plural and dual formation. Clitics in Hebrew are discussed, including prepositions and conjunctions that are clitics and the proclitic bet.
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- 1. The Morphology of Hebrew By: Hidaya Moulay Omar
- 3. Nouns, adverbs,djectives and prepositions can be derived in any of the following ways:
- 4. 1. Root & Pattern combination • b.l.t ~v.l.t + -a-a- = balat (stood out) • b.l.t~v.l.t + hi--i-= hivlit (stressed)
- 5. 2. concatenation of morphological components 1. Multi stem concatenation / compounding bet(house)+séfer(book)=(school) basar(flesh)+va(and)+dam(blood)=human being al(on)+yad(hand)=near beyt + ha-yetomim=house the-orphans `orphanage`
- 6. 2. concatenation of morphological components 2. Multi-stem blending arafel(fog)+piah(smoke)=arpiah(smog) midraxa(sidewalk)+rehov(street)= midrehov (promenade)
- 7. 2.concatenation of morphological components • Acronyms: • Sakin(knife)+kaf(spoon)+u-mazleg(fork) =sakum (utensils)
- 8. Verb formation in Hebrew • The verb system in Hebrew is very unique; a verb can take one of the verbal patterns, which are well structured, predictable and limitd in number. • There are 09 verbal patterns in Hebrew.
- 9. Example: Root past 3rd p sing masc (XaXaX) present 3rd p sing masc (XoXeX) future 3rd p sing masc (yiXXoX/yiXXaX) K.L.T (absorb) kalat kolet yiklot l.m.d (study) lamad lomed yilmad
- 10. In a nutshell, Hebrew word formation processes, like other semitic languages, are mainly based on root/pattern combination. Then, inflectional morphemes are added compounds in Hebrew are usually non- compositional, it is hard to predict the meaning from the compound constituents' meanings.
- 12. • Hebrew inflectional categories are gender, number and possesion in nouns • In addition to tense, mood and person in verbs.
- 13. Examples the plural of masculin nouns is usually formed by adding the suffix "im" mahshev ~ mahshevim (computers) the plural of feminine nouns is usually formed by adding the suffix "ot" mita~mitot (beds)
- 14. yet, there are exceptions; the plural of some feminine nouns is formed by the suffix "im" and vice versa. or, there is a suppletive stem for singular & plural • av (M) =avot (*avim) • yom (f) =yamim (days) • iŠa (f) = naŠim (women) • for loan words, the suffixes are regular, yet the stress pattern is irregular banána=banánot ~not bananót
- 15. The dual suffix Example: dual suffix (ay(i)m) The dual number is restricted to time units (weeks, months, etc), symmetrical parts of the body (eyes, hands, legs, etc), and garments and articles that come in pairs (socks, trousers, glasses, etc) • אוזן ózen ("ear") → אוזניים oznáyim ("ears") • נעל ná al ("shoe") →ʿ נעלים na alʿ áyim ("shoes") • וםֹםי yom ("day") → ייםִםימִַי וֹםי yomáyim ("two days") מיםִםי יָמ והשהֹםהשל shəlosha yamim ("three days")
- 16. `ayim` appears to be inflectional because: It is obligatory for certain nouns like: shamaym ('skies'), mitsraym ('Egypt'), maym ('waters'). There is an agreement relationship between the noun and the adjective in terms of number and definitness.
- 17. Clitics in Hebrew • most prepositions and conjunctions are clitics • the letter bet /b-/ is a proclitic, which is used as a proposition meaning in ,at or with Example: Ani babinyan = I am in the building
- 18. Reference: • Ora (Rodrigue) Schwarzwald • Three Related Analyses in Modern Hebrew Morphology
- 19. Thank you