Nomenclature & Hand instruments
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The document provides a comprehensive overview of dental nomenclature and hand instruments used in dentistry. It details various tooth numbering systems, terminologies related to caries and tooth defects, as well as classifications of cavity preparations and different hand instruments. Key concepts include the description and function of various dental instruments, along with their methods of use and material properties.
Nomenclature & Hand instruments
- 2. Nomenclature & hand Instruments PRESENTED BY: DR. ANUBHUTI
- 4. Introduction Tooth Numbering Terminology Related to various Tooth surface Terminology Related to Dental caries Terminology Related to other Defect of Tooth Nomenclature Related to cavity preparation / Tooth preparation Classification of cavity preparations Dental Institute ,RIMS 4 Contents
- 5. Introduction Nomenclature refer to a set of terms used in communication by individuals in the same profession that enables them to understand one another better. Dental Institute ,RIMS 5
- 6. Tooth Numbering System The combined primary and deciduous dentition result in a total 52 teeth ,a clear and convenient means of identification of specific teeth is necessary . There are several systems which are proposed for tooth numbering system. These are :- Dental Institute ,RIMS 6
- 7. The 3 popular system which are currently popular. They are :- 1 Zsigmondy / Palmer system 2 American Dental Association (ADA) system or Universal Numbering system 3 Federation Dentaire International (FDI) System Dental Institute ,RIMS 7
- 8. Zsigmondy/Palmer System It is oldest system also called as Grid or Angular system In this system Primary Dentition are denoted by English Upper case Latter and Permanent Dentition are denoted by Number Dental Institute ,RIMS 8
- 9. ADA System or Universal System The Primary Dentition are denoted by consecutive English upper case latter starting from maxillary 2nd Molar The Permanent Teeth are indicated by number 1 to 32 . Dental Institute ,RIMS 9
- 10. FDI System Dental Institute ,RIMS 10
- 11. Dental Institute ,RIMS 11
- 12. Terminology related to various tooth surfaces Dental Institute ,RIMS 12
- 13. Terminology Related to Dental caries Dental Institute ,RIMS 13 Dental caries is an infectious microbiological disease of teeth that results in localized dissolution and destruction of the calcified tissues.
- 14. Dental Institute ,RIMS 14
- 15. Caries can be described according to Location, Extent and Rate Dental Institute ,RIMS 15
- 16. According to Location Primary caries : primary caries is the original carious lesion of the tooth. Morphologically 3 types of primary caries are evident Dental Institute ,RIMS 16
- 17. 1. Pits and fissure caries: caries involving pit and fissure area of teeth because of imperfect coalescence of the developmental enamel lobe 2. Smooth surface caries : caries originating on smooth surface area of teeth that are usually covered by plaque . 3. Root surface caries / Senile caries : caries may occur on the tooth root that has been exposed to the oral environment and habitually covered with plaque Dental Institute ,RIMS 17
- 18. 2.secondary caries / Recurrent caries: It occurs at junction of a tooth restoration and the tooth and may progress under the restoration Dental Institute ,RIMS 18
- 19. According to Extent Incipient / Reversible caries : This represents early carious lesion which is in its initial stage. it can be remineralised if immediate corrective measures alter the stage. Cavitated / Irreversible caries: in this condition enamel surface is broken and usually lesion has advanced into dentin. Restoration is usually indicated. Dental Institute ,RIMS 19
- 20. According to Rate Acute / Rampant caries : it refers to disease that is rapidly damaging the tooth . Chronic / Arrested caries: it is slow or it may be arrested after several active phase. Dental Institute ,RIMS 20
- 21. Dental Institute ,RIMS 21 Terminology Related to other Defect of Tooth
- 22. Attrition Abrasion Erosion Abfraction Dental Institute ,RIMS 22
- 23. Fracture Non Hereditary Enamel hypoplasia Amelogenesis Imperfecta Dentinogenesis Imperfecta: Dental Institute ,RIMS 23
- 24. Dental Institute ,RIMS 24 Tooth preparation Terminology
- 25. Cavity: This refers to a defect in the tooth enamel or both in enamel and dentin due to carious progress. Dental Institute ,RIMS 25
- 26. Dental Institute ,RIMS 26 Tooth (Cavity) Preparations: It is mechanical alteration of a defective injured or diseased tooth to receive a restorative material that reestablishes a healthy state for the tooth including aesthetic correction where indicated and normal form and function.
- 27. Dental Institute ,RIMS 27 Simple tooth preparation: A cavity preparation involving only one tooth surface.
- 28. Dental Institute ,RIMS 28 Compound tooth preparation: If two surface are involved den termed as compound tooth preparation.
- 29. Dental Institute ,RIMS 29 Complex tooth preparation: When preparation involves 3 or more surfaces then it is called as complex tooth preparations.
- 30. Abbreviation O: occlusal surface MO: involving mesial and occlusal surface MOD : involving the mesial occlusal and distal surface Dental Institute ,RIMS 30 The tooth description of tooth preparation is abbreviated by using first letter capitalised of each tooth surface involved . for example…
- 31. Dental Institute ,RIMS 31 Tooth preparation walls Fascial walls Labial wall Buccal wall Lingual /palatal wall Incisal/occlusal walls Mesial/Distal wall
- 32. Textbook of operative Dentistry -Vimal sikri ,pg no :15 32 Tooth preparation walls Axial wall Pulpal wall Gingival wall Subpulpal wall
- 33. Angles in a cavity preparations Line angle Point angle Axial line angle Cavosurface angle Dental Institute ,RIMS 33 INTERNAL EXTERNAL
- 34. Dental Institute ,RIMS 34 BEVEL Partial bevel Short bevel Inverted bevel Reversed bevel
- 35. Dental Institute ,RIMS 35 Classification of Tooth Preparation Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI
- 36. In order to properly prepare a cavity ,the tooth tissue, enamel and dentin must be excised with specific instruments in an efficiently ordered sequence . The hardness of enamel makes it difficult to excise, shape & refine the tooth. Textbook of operative Dentistry -Vimal K sikri pg no 108 36
- 37. Hand cutting instruments are used to produce intricate details of the cavity preparations and to insert and finish the restorative material Dental Institute ,RIMS 37
- 38. Hand instruments accounts for only a small portion of the tooth reduction ,probably less than 10% but hand cutting instruments are still an integral part of any dental armamentarium. Dental Institute ,RIMS 38
- 39. Metals used in manufacturing Carbon steel Stainless steel Stellite Dental Institute ,RIMS 39
- 40. Carbon steel Harder than stainless steel When unprotected it will corodes Stainless steel Its passive and can withstand repeated sterilization cycles Becomes blunt soon & require sharpening Stellite High resistance to acid hardness Dental Institute ,RIMS 40
- 41. Design of Hand Instruments Dental Institute ,RIMS 41
- 42. HANDLE OR SHAFT- its mostly straight and may be serrated to increase friction for hand gripping . If the shank and blade are separate from the shaft or handle and intend to be screwed into it, the instrument is known as conesocket instrument Dental Institute ,RIMS 42
- 43. SHANK -Connects the shaft with the blade or working point It is here where any angulation of the instrument can be placed Have one or more bends to avoid the instrument from having tendency to twist in use where force is applied Dental Institute ,RIMS 43
- 44. BLADE/NIB- working end of cutting instrument is called the blade whereas working end of the non cutting instrument such as condenser is called a nib. Dental Institute ,RIMS 44
- 45. CUTTING EDGE – it’s the working part of the instrument. Its usually in the form of bevel with different shapes Dental Institute ,RIMS 45
- 46. G.V.Black’sclassification CUTTING INSTRUMENTS CONDENSING INSTRUMENTS PLASTIC INSTRUMENTS FINISHING & POLISHING INSTRUMENTS ISOLATION INSTRUMENTS MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUMENTS Dental Institute ,RIMS 46
- 47. CUTTING Hand- chisel, excavators, hatchets, hoe Rotary – Burs, Stones, discs CONDENSING Hand and mechanical pluggers PLASTIC Spatulas , Carriers, Carvers, Burnishers Dental Institute ,RIMS 47
- 48. FINISHING & POLISHING Hand Orangewood sticks, Polishing points Finishing strips Rotary Finishing burs, Mounted brushes, rubber cups & discs ISOLATION Rubber damn kit ,saliva ejector ,high volume evacuator, cotton roll holder MISCELLANEOUS Mouth mirrors, Probes ,Scissors ,Pilers ,tweezer,etc Dental Institute ,RIMS 48
- 49. Spoon Excavators Dental Institute ,RIMS 49
- 51. Hoe Dental Institute ,RIMS 51
- 53. Gingival margin trimmer Dental Institute ,RIMS 53
- 54. Hand and mechanical pluggers Dental Institute ,RIMS 54
- 55. Plastic & Cement Spatulas Dental Institute ,RIMS 55
- 56. Amalgam Carriers Dental Institute ,RIMS 56
- 57. Hollenback carver Dental Institute ,RIMS 57
- 58. Cleoid-discoid carvers Dental Institute ,RIMS 58
- 59. Frahms carver Dental Institute ,RIMS 59
- 60. Dental Institute ,RIMS 60 Burnishers
- 61. Rubber cups & discs Dental Institute ,RIMS 61
- 62. Rubber damn kit Dental Institute ,RIMS 62
- 63. saliva ejector Dental Institute ,RIMS 63
- 64. Mouth mirrors Dental Institute ,RIMS 64
- 68. Dental Institute ,RIMS 68 Strudevant’s Art & Science of operative Dentistry Textbook of operative Dentistry -Vimal K sikri Pre Clinical Conservative Dentistry –KS K arthikeyan & N Velmurgan