14. Unlocking of Difficulties
5. HETEROZYGOUS
It refers to the individual with
two types of genes as in Tt. A
homozygous parent can
produce one type of gamete. A
heterozygous parent can
produce two types of gametes.
18. Unlocking of Difficulties
7. PUNNETT SQUARE
A square diagram use to predict the
genotypes and phenotypes of a
particular cross or breeding
experiment. It is used to determine the
probability of an offspring having a
particular genotype. It is named after
Reginald C. Punnett.
21. Which do you
think, among
the three
Gumamela
flowers register
an intermediate
trait? Why?
23. What is Incomplete Dominance?
Is a form of intermediate
inheritance in which one allele for
a specific trait is not completely
dominant over the other allele.
This results in a third
phenotype in which the
expressed physical trait is a
combination of the dominant
and recessive phenotypes.
It is also called semi-
dominance or partial
dominance.
24. Punnett square showing a cross between
red and white four o’clock flowers
EXAMPLE
RR
When a red four o’clock
flower is crossed with a white
four o’clock flower , what will
be the possible offspring?
25. STEPS IN SOLVING GENETIC
PROBLEM USING PUNNETT
SQUARE
STEP 1:
Identify the
traits present
on the genetic
problem.
STEP 2:
Identify the
gene pair of
the said traits.
STEP 3:
Use a Punnett
square.
27. SOLUTION
QUESTIONS
1. How many types of gametes will
each parent produce ?
2. What is the phenotype of a
heterozygous four o’clock
flower?
3. What are the possible
phenotypes of the offspring from
the cross of the parental plants?
29. LEARNING STATION 1
Problem :
Cardo loves growing flowers for his wife Alyana!
Her favorite flowers, Periwinkle, are found in red,
blue, and violet. Use the information provided and
your knowledge of incomplete dominance to
complete each section below.
Write the correct genotype for each color if R
represents a red gene and B represents a blue gene.
Red -__ _____ Blue - ______ Purple - _____
30. LEARNING STATION 2
Problem :
What would happen if Cardo crossed a Periwinkle with red
flowers with a Periwinkle with blue flowers. Use a Punnett
square to determine the chances of each flower color.
(a) Give the genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring.
(b) How many of the plants would have red flowers? _____%
(c) How many of the plants would have purple flowers?
_____ %
(d) How many of the plants would have blue flowers? _____
%
31. LEARNING STATION 3
Problem :
In some cats the gene for tail length shows incomplete
dominance. Cats with long tails and cats with no tails are
homozygous for their respective alleles. Cats with one
long tail allele and one no tail allele have short tails. For
each of the following construct a Punnett square and give
phenotypic and genotype ratios of the offspring.
a) a long tail cat and a cat with no tail
b) a long tail cat and a short tail cat
c) a short tail cat and a cat with no tail
d) two short tail cats.
32. CHALLENGE YOURSELF!
Spongebob and his pal Patrick love to go jellyfishing at Jellyfish Fields. The fields are home to
a special type of green jellyfish known as Goobers and only really great jellyfishermen are
lucky enough to catch some on every trip. Many of the jellyfish are yellow (YY) or blue (BB), but
some end up green as a result of incomplete dominance. Use this information to help you
complete each section below.
What would happen if SpongeBob and Patrick crossed two “goobers” or green jellyfish? Use
a Punnett square to help you determine the probability for each color of jellyfish.
(a) Give the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring.
(b) What percentage of the offspring would be yellow? _____%
(c) What percentage would be blue? _____ %
(d) What percentage would be “goobers” (green)? _____ %
39. HOME TASK!
Problems:
Give the Punnett square, genotype and
phenotype of the parents and the offspring.
a) A white cat and a brown cat mate and the
result is an orange cat.
b) A big American Bulldog and a small
American Bulldog mate and their offspring is
medium-sized.
40. TRUE OR FALSE
Red Santan has a genotype
RR which stands for its
phenotype red. Yellow santan’s
genotype is YY. Red and
yellow santan when crossed
will produce orange santan
with genotype RY.
43. CODOMINANCE
• It occurs when two heterozygous
alleles are expressed in the
phenotype of the offspring.
• It exhibits the traits of both parents.
• It means one allele is dominant
over the other allele.
46. ACTIVITY: WHERE DO I
BELONG?
Cross breed black
(BB) chicken and a
white (WW) chicken.
47. ACTIVITY: WHERE DO I
BELONG?
1. What is the phenotype of the chicken which
will produce speckled chicken?
2. Which Punnett square has 100% speckled
offspring?
48. ACTIVITY: WHERE DO I
BELONG?
3. Identify the phenotypes of the parent chickens
which will produce the following traits:
a. 100% white chickens
b. 100% specked chickens
c. 25% black chickens
d. 100% black chickens
e. 25% white chickens
53. MULTIPLE ALLELE
•is a type of Non Mendelian inheritance that
involves more than just a typical two allelles
that usually code for a certain characteristics in
a species.
•Alleles are alternative forms of a gene, and
they are responsible for differences in
phenotype expression of a given trait.(e.g.
brown eyes versus green eyes).
54. MULTIPLE ALLELE
•A gene for which at least two alleles exist is
said to be polymorphic.
•Instances in which a particular gene may exist
in three or more allelic forms are known as
multiple allele conditions.
•While multiple alleles occur and maintained
within a population, any individual possesses
only two such alleles (at equivalent loci on
homologous chromosomes)
55. MULTIPLE ALLELE
•The ABO system in humans is controlled by
three alleles, usually referred to as IA, IB and O
(the I stands for isohaemagglutinin).
•isohaemagglutinin – is an antibody that
agglutinates red blood cells from others of the
same species.
•IA and IB are codominant and produce type a
and type B antigens, respectively, which
migrate to the surface of RBC,while type O is
56. MULTIPLE ALLELE
•Recessive allele and produces no antigen.
•There are 3 alleles that governed ABO system,
IA, IB, i
PHENOTYPES GENOTYPES
Homozygous Type A
Heterozygous Type A
IAIA
IAi
Homozygous Type B
Heterozygous Type B
IBIB
IBi
Type O ii
57. ARE WE COMPATIBLE?
Write the blood antigens of the following blood types.
1. AA
2. BO
3. AB
4. OO
5. AO
58. WHAT’S YOUR BLOOD TYPE?
Make a Punnett square and answer the following
questions below.
If the mother’s blood type is B and her husband’s blood
type is A, what would be the possible blood type of their
offspring?
59. WHAT’S THE COLOR?
Make a Punnett square and answer the following
questions below.
If the mother’s blood type is B and her husband’s blood
type is a, what would be the possible blood type of their
offspring?
62. SEX RELATED TRAITS
• The expression of certain traits depends
on whether one is male or female.
• Apparently, the expression of the traits
is determined by or related to one’s sex.
• Humans have 46 chromosomes in each
cell. Observation of the human body
cells shows 23 pairs of chromosomes
for both males and females.
63. SEX RELATED TRAITS
• Twenty- two pairs are somatic
chromosomes.
• The 23rd pair consists of sex chromosomes.
• Human males and some other male
organisms, such as other mammals and fruit
flies, have non-identical sex chromosomes
(XY).
• Females have identical (XX) sex
chromosomes.
64. SEX DETERMINATION
• Sex determination comes when an egg is
fertilized by a sperm with a Y chromosome, the
offspring is male.
• When an egg is fertilized by a sperm carrying an
X chromosome, the offspring is female. Note
that there is a 50 percent chance of having a
male or female offspring.
• The greater the number of offspring, the greater
is the chance of getting the expected 1:1 ratio of
male and female
65. SEX DETERMINATION
• Sex determination comes when an egg is
fertilized by a sperm with a Y chromosome, the
offspring is male.
• When an egg is fertilized by a sperm carrying an
X chromosome, the offspring is female. Note
that there is a 50 percent chance of having a
male or female offspring.
• The greater the number of offspring, the greater
is the chance of getting the expected 1:1 ratio of
male and female
66. Activity No. 1: HE or SHE?
Male and female have
two different kind of
chromosomes and these
are known as sex
chromosomes. Females
have XX chromosomes
while males have XY
chromosomes.
67. Activity No. 1: HE or SHE?
1.What is the probability of the gender of the
offsprings?
A.2 female : 2 male C. all males
B.1 female : 3 male D. all females
2. What will be the gender of a child produced
when an egg is fertilized by a
sperm that has a Y chromosome?
A. female B. male C. hermaphrodite D. can’t be
determined
68. Activity No. 1: HE or SHE?
3. What will be the gender of a child produced
when an egg is fertilized by a
sperm that has an X chromosome?
A. female C. hermaphrodite
B. male D. can’t be determined
4. Who is known as sex determiner?
A. female C. both female and male
B. male D. neither male nor female
69. Activity No. 1: HE or SHE?
5. How many chromosomes do normal humans have in their
body cells?
A. 12 B. 23 C. 46 D. 92
6. Which of the following statement is NOT true about sex
chromosomes?
A. Male and female have different sex chromosomes.
B. Male may have a chance of having an extra Y chromosome
(XYY).
C. Egg cell always carries X chromosome.
D. Sex chromosomes carry the traits of individual.
70. SEX-LINKED TRAITS
• Sex-linked traits are controlled by the
genes located on the sex
chromosomes.
• Genes located on the X chromosomes
are called X-linked
genes.
• Genes on the Y chromosomes are
called Y-linked genes.
71. SEX-LINKED TRAITS
• Colorblindness is
a sex-linked
recessive trait in
humans:
• C - is an allele for
normal vision
• c-is an allele for
color blind or
infected vision
72. QUESTIONS
1. Write the phenotype of the mother.________________
2. Write the phenotype of the father._________________
3. Write the percentage of the following offspring:
A. female normal but carrier of the gene_______________
B. color blind male ____________
C. normal male vision _________
D. color blind female___________
E. normal female vision ________
4. What is the genotype of the mother?_________________
73. QUESTIONS
1. Write the phenotype of the mother.________________
2. Write the phenotype of the father._________________
3. Write the percentage of the following offspring:
A. female normal but carrier of the gene_______________
B. color blind male ____________
C. normal male vision _________
D. color blind female___________
E. normal female vision ________
4. What is the genotype of the mother?_________________
74. HEMOPHILIA-is an
example of X linked
trait. A person
suffering
hemophilia could die
from loss of blood
even from a small
wound because
the blood either clots
very slowly.
75. The Y-linked trait,hypertrichosis pinnae auris, a
genetic disorder in humans that causes hairy ears.
Since the trait is found in the Y chromosome, then
only males can have the trait. A father who has the
condition will pass it on to all his sons, and they, in
turn, will pass it on to their own sons.
76. SEX- LIMITED TRAITS
-are generally autosomal, which means that
they are not found on the X or Y chromosomes.
-are expressed in only one gender.
-is in the expression of the genes in the
phenotype of the individual.
78. SEX-INFLUENCED TRAITS
-are also autosomal, meaning that their genes are
not carried on the sex chromosomes.
EXAMPLE:
Pattern Baldness in humans, though the condition is not
restricted to males. This gene has two alleles, “bald” and
“non-bald”. The behaviors of the products of these genes
are highly influenced by the hormones in the individual,
particularly by the hormone testosterone. All humans
have testosterone, but males have much higher levels of
this hormone than females do.
79. SEX-INFLUENCED TRAITS
-are also autosomal, meaning that their genes are
not carried on the sex chromosomes.
EXAMPLE:
Pattern Baldness in humans, though the condition is not
restricted to males. This gene has two alleles, “bald” and
“non-bald”. The behaviors of the products of these genes are
highly influenced by the hormones in the individual, particularly
by the hormone testosterone. All humans
have testosterone, but males have much higher levels of this
hormone than females do. In males, the baldness allele
behaves like a dominant allele, while in females it behaves like a
recessive allele.
80. BIODIVERSITY
• The Philippines is identified as one of the world’s
biologically richest countries.
• The Philippines is situated at the apex of the Coral
Triangle, which is the global center for marine
biodiversity.
• Despite being ecologically rich, the Philippines still
ranks among the top ten countries with the largest
number of species threatened with extinction.m
81. BIODIVERSITY
Population- is a group of living things within a certain area
that are all of the same species.
Several different populations may be found in a
community.
Biodiversity- refers to the variety of life in the area. It is a
compound word derived from the “biological diversity”. It
consists of microorganisms, plants, animals and
ecosystems and refers to the richness of nature and
resources available to us.
82. THREE ELEMENTS OF BIODIVERSITY
Genetic diversity- refers to the total genetic information
contained in the gene of individuals of plants, animals and
microorganisms.
Species Diversity-is the most common level of diversity,
and comprise the number of different species at a place.
Ecosystem Diversity- relates to variety of habitats, biotic
communities and ecological processes in the biosphere
and is considered as complex level of diversity.
These diversities vary globally and within the region
due to many factors such as temperature, altitude, soils
and relations of species.
83. INDEX OF BIODIVERSITY
Scientists use a formula called the biodiversity index to
describe the amount of species diversity in a given
area.
84. INDEX OF BIODIVERSITY
A community with very low index diversity is more at
risk of extinction if environmental changes occur.
86. Ecosystem-is a community of organisms interacting with
the physical environment. It has two components which
include biotic(living) and abiotic(non-living) components.
To continuously survive, organisms depend on their
ecosystem that needs a balanced environment.
In a balanced ecosystem. All organisms interact
successfully in a place where there is enough supply of
non-living components to sustain life
87. Limiting Factor- is a resource or environmental condition
which limits the growth, distribution, or abundance of
organisms within an ecosystem. These factor can either be
biotic or abiotic.
BIOTIC LIMITING FACTOR
Food
Mates
Competition with other organisms for resources
89. If there are not enough food to feed a
large population of consumers, then
food becomes a limiting factor.
If there is not enough food to feed a
large population of consumers, then
food becomes a limiting factor.
90. The limiting factors determine the
carrying capacity of a habitat.
Carrying Capacity- refers to the
maximum size of the population it can
support.
If an organism, group, or population
does not have enough resources to
sustain it, individuals will through
starvation, or they will fail to produce
offspring.
91. Population density- number of
individuals divided by the size of the
area.
An increase in biodiversity also
increases the adaptability of the
ecosystem to changing environmental
conditions thus, increasing the
population density. This means that
high biodiversity also increases the
survival of the organisms.
92. TRY THIS!
1.Suppose 60 ants live in a 4 sq. m. plot
of grass. What would be the population
density of the ants? What would be the
population density be if 100 ants live in
an 8 sq. m. plot of grass?
2. If 40 carabaos live in a 1.5 sq. km.
area., what is their population density
per sq. km.?
93. Threatened- population of
species decreases rapidly.
Endangered- population is
very low
Extinction- when the last
member of species die.
94. IDENTIFY ME
1. Refers to the variety of life in a
certain area.
2. Group of organisms of the same
species living in a certain area.
3. Group of organisms of different
populations living together in an area.
4. A mathematical measure of species
diversity in an area.
95. IDENTIFY ME
1. Refers to the variety of life in a
certain area.
2. Group of organisms of the same
species living in a certain area.
3. Group of organisms of different
populations living together in an area.
4. A mathematical measure of species
diversity in an area.
Editor's Notes
#2:Mendel has done research on heredity with garden peas from 1856 to 1868. The results of his research were published in 1866.
At first, Mendel’s work was not understood but later, his research formed the foundation of genetics.
Although he formed the base for the understanding of heredity and variation, Mendels work
Failed to discuss thoroughly the gene he mentioned in his laws of inheritance.That’s why
Other scientists prompted to study further into the mystery of heredity. Several researches were conducted after the rediscovery of mendels work.
It was Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri who found the best evidence that an inherited trait is determined by chromosome. Chromosome theory of Inheritance explained that genes are in the chromosome.
#3:In todays lesson, you will find out that certain traits do not always follow the mendelian principles of heredity. It is called the Non Mendelian pattern of inheritance.One of the Non Mendelian patterns of inheritance is the INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE. In order to appreciate this topic there are certain terms that must be understood and familiarized with.Lets us define these terms.
#6:Genes are found in chromosomes. Chromosomes are found in cells.
Gene is a basic unit of heredity.They contain information needed for a specific trait.
#8:It is the observable characteristics of an individual. The physical form or structure of a thin.
Exampe; he is tall, her eyes are brown, the flower is red etc.
#10:The set of genetic material of an individual. The individual’s collection of genes
#16:These are involve in the process of fertilization where in a zygote is formed.
#18:It looks like a window pane. It is a useful tool in solving genetic problems.
#20:A form of a gene. It contributes to the organisms phenotype.
Alleles could be dominant or recessive.
Dominant is expressed
Recessive is hidden.
#21:What is meant by intermediate?
Halfway or in between, in the middle
Why is the pink flower intermediate? Because it is a result of the blending/combination/mixture of red flower trait and white flower trait.
Pink flower here is an example of Incomplete Dominance.
#23:The offspring will produce neither red nor white flowers.. Instead, all offspring will become pink.
Half the gametes of the pink offspring carry the allele for red and half carry the allele for white.
#24:P1- parental generation
F1- first filial generation
Questions:
Genotypes of parent
Phenotypes of parent
How many gametes of gametes will each parent produce? Red= 1 gamete, white = 1 gamete
What is the probability of the offsprings? 100% pink or 100 percent RW
Probability means= possibility, how likely something is to happen.
#26: I will draw names who will come infront to solve.
