![Normalization Summary
Conversion to First Normal Form
(remove multi-valued attributes)
Conversion to Third
ABEF Normal Form
primary CD primary keys
key (Remove attributes uniquely identified
CD by another non-key attribute
C D AC D
(transitive dependencies)
AC D
AB CDEF AC D
AC D
A B C
Conversion to Second Normal Form
(Remove non-key attributes not fully, functionally primary key
dependent on all attributes in the key
[partial dependencies])
ABC
ABCD primary keys
primary keys AD A B B C
primary key
= dependency = dependency](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/normalizationindbmspptexamples8-130212232859-phpapp02/85/Normalizationindbms-ppt-examples8-46-320.jpg)
Normalizationindbms ppt examples8
- 2. 23 Observations about DATA bc 1 a • Data are the most stable part of an organization’s information system • Permanent data are stored in tables within a database • Permanent storage of data is also referred xyz to as persistent data 7 89
- 3. 2 3 Why do we need database design? a bc 1 • A quality I.S. demands a quality db design • Avoid redundancy (duplication) of data • Insures simple db structures which allow for maximum effective utilization of the data xyz 7 89
- 4. Analysis to Design (Logical model to Physical model) Student Major Analysis (Logical) iD code name name Design Student Major (Physical) iD note: name code majorCode majorCode name is a synonym for code
- 5. Example of Duplicate Data (notice the redundancy in the data values) First Name Last Name Student ID Course Taken Grade John Adams 123-45-6789 IDS-306 B John Adams 123-45-6789 IDS-406 A John Adams 123-45-6789 IDS-315 B+ Susan Baker 987-65-4321 IDS-250 A Susan Baker 987-65-4321 IDS-315 A- Susan Baker 987-65-4321 IDS-306 B Susan Baker 987-65-4321 IDS-480 B Kim Le 789-12-3456 IDS-180 A Kim Le 789-12-3456 IDS-250 A
- 6. Distribute the data into 2 tables (notice the reduction in redundancy) First Last Course Student ID Taken Grade Name Name Student ID 123-45-6789 IDS-306 B John Adams 123-45-6789 123-45-6789 IDS-406 A Susan Baker 987-65-4321 123-45-6789 IDS-315 B+ Kim Le 789-12-3456 987-65-4321 IDS-250 A 987-65-4321 IDS-315 A- 987-65-4321 IDS-306 B 987-65-4321 IDS-480 B 789-12-3456 IDS-180 A 789-12-3456 IDS-250 A Foreign Key
- 7. Hierarchical Components of Persistent Data Bits 01110001 Bytes A, B, ... Z, 0,1...9, #, &, $, etc... Attributes Template First Name Middle Initial Last Name Social Security Number State Ronald J Norman 559-65-8213 CA Values, states, or instances First Name Middle Initial Last Name Social Security Number State Ronald J Norman 559-65-8213 CA Records (each row is a record) Rashmi B Kumar 371-48-4562 MI James R Logan 559-63-8472 OR Susan L Johnson 243-74-5219 NY
- 8. TABLES (Individual Files or all part of a database) First Name Middle Initial Last Name Social Security Number State Table #1 CA Ronald J Norman 559-65-8213 Student Rashmi B Kumar 371-48-4562 MI Information James R Logan 559-63-8472 OR Susan L Johnson 243-74-5219 NY Course Number Course Name Units Department Table #2 Act102 Accounting Principles 3 Accounting Bio101 Intro to Biology 3 Biology Course Chm109 Organic Chemistry 3 Chemistry Information Eco104 Macro Economics 3 Economics Eng100 Beginning English 3 English MIS111 Intro. to Computers 3 M.I.S. Mkt114 Principles of Marketing 3 Marketing Department PEd118Department Head Telephone No. of Majors Beginning Golf 1 Phys. Educ. AccountingPhl108 J.Philosophy Morgan 594-2348 3 Philosophy 275 Biology Soc105 S.Cultural Changes594-4459 3 Tishman Sociology 110 Chemistry P. Dayson 594-7728 120 Table #3 Economics R. Kumar 594-0923 75 Department English J. Amar 594-8276 60 Information M.I.S. K. Kettleman 594-1010 175 Marketing A. Winters 594-2034 140 Phys. Educ. T. Tolner 594-2229 225 Philosophy A. Hayley 594-9011 150 Sociology B. O’Neal 594-3927 70
- 9. Seven Table (file) Types • Master • Transaction • “Table” • Temporary • Log • Mirror • Archive
- 10. Master Table - reference (foundational) data for the information system Student Master Table Social Security First Middle Last Number Name Initial Name Zipcode Telephone etc....... 123-45-6789 Jim R Thomas 91942 464-3782 etc... 321-54-6638 Mary J Wilson 92020 571-2190 etc... 559-38-8921 Minder Chang 91938 291-8374 etc...
- 11. Transaction Table - holds the business activity for the information system Course Registration Transaction Table Course Course Course Transaction Serial # Number Section # Student # Semester Date/Time 10294 Eng100 5 559680843 Spr95 941115/1202 29832 MIS111 2 525987391 Spr95 941115/1202 42198 Act102 2 371234959 Spr95 941115/1202 17620 Soc118 1 559680843 Spr95 941115/1203 10294 Eng100 5 224942874 Spr95 941115/1203 28734 PhE119 3 104873298 Spr95 941115/1203 44398 Chm107 2 525987391 Spr95 941115/1204
- 12. “Table” Table - Static (relatively) table of values State Code Table Sales Tax Code Table Sale Range Sales Tax State Code State Name .00 - .09 .00 AL Alabama .10 - .24 .01 AZ Arizona .25 - .39 .02 CA California .40 - .54 .03 CO Colorado .55 - .69 .04 WY Wyoming .70 - .84 .05 .85 - .99 .06
- 13. Temporary Table - created and used briefly OR over an extended period of time to help the information system accomplish its intended purpose Log Table - contains copies of Master and Transaction table records for audit, statistical, and recovery purposes Mirror Table - an exact copy of one of the other types of tables used to minimize or eliminate information system downtime Archive Table - a historical copy of a master, transaction, “table”, or log table
- 14. DATABASE DESIGN • Database = one or more related tables (files) • Folder = Metaphor for holding a database • Data Structures - another name for records • Simplicity • Non-redundancy • Data Structure Modeling: • Entity-Relationship Diagrams • Object Models: • Generalization-Specialization Structure • Whole-Part Object Connection w/constraints • Object Connection w/constraints
- 15. Attribute (field) Types • Key - used to identify & find one or more records in a table (file) • Primary - unique; identifies one specific record; table may need to combine two or more attributes to accomplish this (Examples: customer #, student #, VIN #, UPC #) • Secondary - non-unique - may identify multiple records; another way to identify one or more records in a file (Examples: customer name, zip code, city, last name) • Foreign - attributes added to a table to associate a record in the table with one or more records in one or more OTHER tables (Example: “Courses Taken” table has a student # in it) • Descriptor - characteristics that describe the data; some of these attributes are used for Audit & Control purposes, Security purposes, or programmer consistency & control purposes
- 16. Key Examples • Student Account Number • Bank Account Number Primary • Vehicle ID Number (unique) • Credit Card Number • University Course Schedule Number • University Course Number + Section Number • Student Last Name Secondary • Vehicle Type • State (non-unique) • Zipcode • Student Account Number -----> Courses Taken Foreign •Vehicle Type -----> Description of this Type (association) • State -----> Table of State Codes & Descriptions • City ---> Table of valid zip codes for each city
- 17. Key Attribute Examples Key Attribute Name Instance (Value or State) Example Student ID Number 68372 Social Security Number 559-68-0923 Vehicle ID Number JA3XC52BONY002400 Course Number MIS-111 VISA Card Number 4128 0022 2048 2552 Checking Account Number 128-0049 Video Store Account Number Norm001
- 18. Foreign Key Example Student Information Table* Course Information Table* Student Name Student ID Number Student ID Number Course Number Adams 371-48-4326 557-33-5849 Bio101 Jones 559-62-0987 243-98-7615 Bio101 Kumar 243-98-7615 558-97-8221 Bio101 Lopez 337-89-6212 371-48-4326 Eng103 Norman 558-97-8221 298-88-7643 Eng103 Smith 557-33-5849 557-33-5849 MIS111 Zumwalt 298-88-7643 558-97-8221 MIS111 337-89-6212 PE118 243-98-7615 Phl125 298-88-7643 Phl125 559-62-0987 Phl125 337-89-6212 Phl125 Foreign Key ote: Both of these tables would have additional attributes (colum
- 19. Seven Table (file) Types • Master • Transaction • “Table” • Temporary • Log • Mirror • Archive These different types of tables have access and organization needs/requirements…next page
- 20. Table Access & Organization Table Access: Method of reading or writing records • Sequential - first to last, vice versa • Direct - any record Table Organization: Method of storing records • Serial - based on arrival time of data • Sequential - based on sorted attribute(s) • Relative or Direct - based on an algorithm • Indexed - based on maintaining a sorted index of attribute values separate from the data
- 21. Serial File Organization E-Mail InBox File From Date Time Subject 1 Dean 11/28/97 09:12 New Enroll 2 President 11/28/97 11:55 Discrim. Policy 3 JSmith 12/01/97 10:16 Grade in Class 4 MChen 12/01/97 15:43 Research Paper 5 Dean 12/01/97 16:28 Faculty Mtg. 6 KHaddad 12/02/97 07:48 Personnel Mtg. Based on arrival date & time attributes
- 22. Sequential File Organization Table ordered by Student ID Number Table ordered by Student (Last) Name Student ID Number Student Name Student ID Number Student Name 102-58-9762 Smith, Fred 204-78-7652 Baker, Jane 204-78-7652 Baker, Jane 450-22-9611 Chang, Minder 371-48-4133 Haddad, Kamal 371-48-4133 Haddad, Kamal 450-22-9611 Chang, Minder 558-56-6749 Favre, Brett 557-38-9120 Rice, Jerry 557-38-9120 Rice, Jerry 558-56-6749 Favre, Brett 102-58-9762 Smith, Fred
- 23. Student Master Table ordered by Student ID Number Student ID Number Student Name Insertion of new records 102-58-9762 Smith, Fred in a Sequential Table 204-78-7652 Baker, Jane 371-48-4133 Haddad, Kamal 450-22-9611 Chang, Minder NEW Student Master Table ordered by Student ID Number 557-38-9120 Rice, Jerry Student ID Number Student Name 558-56-6749 Favre, Brett 102-58-9762 Smith, Fred 204-78-7652 Baker, Jane 298-73-0912 Jackson, Janet Insert new students: 298-73-0912 Jackson, Janet 371-48-4133 Haddad, Kamal 557-93-8247 Carey, Mariah 450-22-9611 Chang, Minder 557-38-9120 Rice, Jerry 557-93-8247 Carey, Mariah 558-56-6749 Favre, Brett
- 24. A discussion of the Direct (Relative) Table Organization Method is in the text but not planned for classroom discussion.
- 25. Conceptual Model of an Index Table Organization Student ID # Index 102-58-9762 4 Student Master Table 204-78-7652 6 298-73-0912 3 Student ID # Student Name Etc... 1 371-48-4133 Haddad, Kamal 371-48-4133 1 450-22-9611 8 2 557-93-8247 Carey, Mariah 557-38-9120 7 3 298-73-0912 Jackson, Janet 557-93-8247 2 4 102-58-9762 Smith, Fred 558-56-6749 5 5 558-56-6749 Favre, Brett 6 204-78-7652 Baker, Jane 7 557-38-9120 Rice, Jerry 8 450-22-9611 Chang, Minder Note: This Table will normally have dozens of attributes. 1. Search Student Index Table to find Student ID Number. 2. Get Pointer Value and access that record in Student Master Table to find the actual student record.
- 27. Relational Database Normalization “The process of simplifying complex data structures so that the resulting data structures will be more easily maintained and more flexible to meet present and future needs of the user.” (Norman, 1996)
- 28. Relational Database Normalization “… data analysis uses a procedure called normalization to simplify entities, eliminate redundancy, and build flexibility into the data model.” (Whitten, 1989)
- 29. Why Normalization? • Find entities (tables) • Avoid anomalies
- 30. Sample Data ROWID ID NAME COURSE GRADE MAJOR 1 020 Jim IDS301 A IDS 2 020 Jim IDS180 B IDS 3 025 Joe CS137 A CS 4 196 Mary IDS301 A IDS 5 196 Mary IDS480 B IDS 6 196 Mary FIN323 B IDS
- 31. Deletion Anomalies • Deletion anomalies: When a value for one attribute is unexpectedly removed when a value for another attribute is deleted. • E.g. deleting row 3 results in the ‘loss’ of the CS major
- 32. Update Anomalies • Update anomalies: In order to effect a change to a single attribute, changes to multiple rows of a table must be made. • E.g. Rows 4-6 must be changed to accommodate a name change for ‘Mary’.
- 33. Insert Anomalies • Insert anomalies: Need to store a value for an attribute but cannot because the value for another attribute is unknown. • E.g. cannot add a complete record for ‘Ron’, until he completes a class and receives a grade!
- 34. E. F. Codd • Each attribute is dependent on the key, the whole key, and nothing but the key, … so help me Codd
- 35. Order Number ABC Incorporated Order Date SALES ORDER FORM Customer Number Customer Name Street Address City State Zip Code Product Product Unit Total Number Name Color Price Quantity Price 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Come to ABC Incorporated for ORDER TOTAL all your technology needs. SALES TAX Thank you for your patronage. SHIPPING You are a valued customer. GRAND TOTAL
- 36. Relational Unnormalized Database Data Structure 1. Remove Attributes Normalization that can have multiple values 2. Data Structure in Remove non-key First Normal Form attributes that are not fully, functionally dependent on all attributes in the primary key Data Structure in 3. (partial Second Normal Remove attributes dependency) Form that are uniquely identified by another non-key attribute 4th Normal Form Data Structure in (transitive Boyce-Codd NF Third Normal Form dependency) 5th Normal Form Domain-Key NF
- 37. Sales Order Class with SalesOrder Objects orderNumber (primary key) orderDate customerNumber customerName customerAddress customerCity customerState customerZipcode For each product ordered (up to 7) productNumber productName productColor productUnitPrice productQuantity productTotalPrice (derived) orderTotal (derived) orderTax (derived) orderDelivery (derived) orderGrandTotal (derived) services
- 38. SalesOrder and ProductsOrdered Classes with Objects in First N.F. SalesOrder 1. orderNumber (primary key) Remove Attributes orderDate that can have multiple values customerNumber 1,7 customerName customerAddress customerCity customerState customerZipcode orderTotal (derived) orderTax (derived) orderDelivery (derived) 1 orderGrandTotal (derived) services ProductsOrdered orderNumber (primary key) productNumber (primary key) productName productColor productUnitPrice productQuantity productTotalPrice (derived) services
- 39. Order Number ABC Incorporated Order Date 34820 SALES ORDER FORM 12/02/97 Customer Number 534 Customer Name Norman Business Systems, Inc. Street Address 7150 University Blvd., Suite 218 City San Diego State CA Zip Code 92108 Product Product Unit Total Number Name Color Price Quantity Price Intel Pentium CPU $675 1 $675 1 IC-PENT Bn 220 V. Power Supply $150 1 $150 2 PS-220 Sl 102-key Keyboard $ 75 1 $ 75 3 KB-102 Tn Mouse - Serial $ 65 2 $130 4 MO-675 Tn 550 MB Hard Disk $325 1 $325 5 HD-550 Sl 6 7 Come to ABC Incorporated for ORDER TOTAL $1,355 all your technology needs. SALES TAX $ 95 Thank you for your patronage. SHIPPING $ 25 GRAND TOTAL $1,475 You are a valued customer.
- 40. SalesOrder orderNumber (primary key) 34820 orderDate 12/02/97 customerNumber 534 customerName Norman Business Systems customerAddress 7150 University Ave., Suite 218 customerCity San Diego customerState CA customerZipcode 92108 orderTotal (derived) 1355 orderTax (derived) 95 orderDelivery (derived) 25 orderGrandTotal (derived) 1475 5 1 ProductsOrdered orderNumber (primary key) 34820 34820 34820 34820 34820 productNumber (primary key) IC-PENT PS-220 KB-102 MO-675 HD-550 Intel Pentium CPU etc... etc... etc... etc... productName Bn Sl Tn Tn Sl productColor 75 325 675 150 65 productUnitPrice 1 1 1 2 1 productQuantity 675 150 75 130 325 productTotalPrice (derived) Sample Objects for SalesOrder and ProductsOrdered
- 41. Sample ProductsOrdered Objects for Several SalesOrders 34820 34820 HD-550 ProductsOrdered 34820 MO-675 etc... 34820 KB-102 etc... Sl orderNumber (primary key) 34820 PS-220 etc... Tn 325 productNumber (primary key) IC-PENT etc... Tn 65 1 productName Intel Pentium CPU Sl 75 2 325 productColor Bn 150 1 130 productUnitPrice 675 1 75 productQuantity 1 150 productTotalPrice (derived) 675 services (continued) 34823 34823 HD-550 34822 IC-80486 etc... 34821 KB-102 34821 Intel 80486 Sl PS-220 102-key IC-80486 CPU 325 220 V. Power Keyboard Intel 80486 CPU Bn 3 Supply Tn Bn 325 975 Sl 75 325 2 150 4 10 650 3 300 3,250 450
- 42. Sales Order Data Structure SalesOrder orderNumber (primary key) in Second Normal Form orderDate customerNumber 2. customerName Remove non-key customerAddress 1,7 attributes that customerCity customerState are not fully, customerZipcode functionally dependent on all orderTotal (derived) orderTax (derived) attributes in the orderDelivery (derived) primary key orderGrandTotal (derived) (partial services dependency) 1 ProductsOrdered Product productNumber (primary key) orderNumber (primary key) 0,m productNumber (primary key) productName productColor 1 productUnitPrice productUnitPrice productQuantity productTotalPrice (derived) services services
- 43. SalesOrder Sample Objects For Second orderNumber (primary key) orderDate Normal Form Sales Order customerNumber customerName customerAddress 1,m customerCity customerState customerZipcode orderTotal (derived) orderTax (derived) 1 orderDelivery (derived) etc..... orderGrandTotal (derived) services ProductsOrdered orderNumber (primary key) 34820 productNumber (primary key) IC-PENT productUnitPrice 675 productQuantity 1 productTotalPrice (derived) 675 Product productNumber (primary IC-80486 PS-220 KB-102 MO-675 HD-550 key) Intel Pentium CPU 220 V. Power 102-key Keyboard Mouse - 550 MB HD productName Bn Supply Tn Serial Sl productColor 675 Sl 75 Tn 325 services productUnitPrice 150 65
- 44. SalesOrder Customer customerNumber (primary key) orderNumber (primary key) 1 orderDate customerName 0,m customerAddress customerNumber customerCity 1,m customerState orderTotal (derived) customerZipcode orderTax (derived) orderDelivery (derived) services orderGrandTotal (derived) services 3. Remove attributes that are uniquely identified by another non-key attribute 1 (transitive dependency) ProductsOrdered Product orderNumber (primary key) productNumber (primary key) 0,m productNumber (primary key) productName productUnitPrice productColor 1 productQuantity productUnitPrice productTotalPrice (derived) services services Sales Order Data Structure in Third Normal Form
- 45. Order Order Customer OrderTotal OrderTax OrderDelivery OrderGrand Number Date Number (derived) (derived) (derived) Total (derived) SalesOrder 34820 12/02/95 534 1355 95 25 1475 34821 12/02/95 871 7200 504 15 7719 34822 12/02/95 290 300 21 17 338 OrderNumber ProductNumber ProductUnitPrice ProductQuantity ProductTotalPrice (derived) ProductsOrdered 34820 IC-PENT 675 1 675 34820 PS-220 150 1 150 34820 KB-102 75 1 75 34820 MO-675 65 2 130 34820 HD-550 325 1 325 34821 IC-80486 325 10 6750 34821 PS-220 150 3 450 34822 KB-102 75 4 300 ProductNumber ProductName ProductColor ProductUnitPrice IC-PENT Intel Pentium CPU Bn 675 IC-80486 Intel 80486/DX4 CPU Sl 325 Product HD-550 550 MB Hard Disk Sl 325 HD-1GB 1-GB Hard Disk Sl 550 KB-102 102-key Keyboard Tn 75 MN-209 NEC .29 Monitor Tn 375 MO-675 Mouse - Serial Customer Customer Tn Customer 65 Customer Cust Custome PS-220 Number Name 220 V. Power Supply Sl Address 150 City St Zipcode 107 Chips ‘N Bits 824 E. Main Street Pasadena CA 92875 290 Computers 4 U 925 W. Broadway Avenue Tucson AZ 85721 Customer 534 Norman Business Systems 7150 University Ave., Suite 218 San Diego CA 92108 871 Computers Unlimited 2978 So. Grand Avenue Lansing MI 48286
- 46. Normalization Summary Conversion to First Normal Form (remove multi-valued attributes) Conversion to Third ABEF Normal Form primary CD primary keys key (Remove attributes uniquely identified CD by another non-key attribute C D AC D (transitive dependencies) AC D AB CDEF AC D AC D A B C Conversion to Second Normal Form (Remove non-key attributes not fully, functionally primary key dependent on all attributes in the key [partial dependencies]) ABC ABCD primary keys primary keys AD A B B C primary key = dependency = dependency
- 47. Normalization Example Course Registration Record Id _________ Name __________ Address ___________________ _____________________ Course Request List Course Title Units Grade ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Year ________ Term ______ Class Level ___ Fees _______
- 48. Why Object-Oriented Database Management Systems? • OODB supports new types of applications that no relational, network, or hierarchical database system is well suited. • Object-oriented languages are rapidly gaining acceptance, and OODB has proven to be able to support the persistent data needs better than the conventional record-based database models (relational, network, and hierarchical). • The majority of conceptual language-design work from object- oriented programming languages carries over easily to OODB. • Information systems are becoming more and more rigorous and sophisticated.
- 49. Object-Oriented Data Model Traditional Semantic Object-Oriented Database Systems Data Model Programming • Persistence • Complex objects • Aggregation • Sharing • Object identity • Generalization • Query Language • Classes & • Transaction Methods Processing • Encapsulation • Inheritance • Extensibility Object-Oriented Data Model
- 50. Common Characteristics of an Object Data Model • Supports the representation of complex objects • Extensibility; allows the definition of new data types as well as operations that act on them • Encapsulation of data and methods • Inheritance of data and methods from other objects • Object identity
- 51. The Object-Oriented Database Management System Manifesto Rules The system must: 1. Support complex objects 2. Support object identity 3. Allow objects to be encapsulated 4. Support types or classes 5. Support inheritance 6. Avoid premature binding 7. Be computationally complete 8. Be extensible 9. Be able to remember data locations 10. Be able to manage very large databases 11. Accept concurrent users 12. Be able to recover from hardware/software failures 13. Support data query in a simple way
- 52. Strengths and Weaknesses of an OODB 1. Data Modeling Strengths 2. Non-homogenous data Weaknesses 3. Variable length and long strings 4. Complex objects 1. New problem solving approach 5. Version control 2. Lack of a common data model 6. Schema evolution with a strong theoretical foundation 7. Equivalent objects 3. Limited success stories 8. Long transactions 9. User Benefits