![Introduction
What is pultrusion?
Research objectives
Background
Overview of presentation
Part 1-2: Resin impregnation,
heat transfer, and cure
Material characterisation:
Curing kinetics and
chemorheology
Impregnation flow:
Characterisation of
permeability
Results – simulations
Results – experiments
Part 3: Flow-induced fibre
compaction
Material characterisation:
Compaction behaviour
Results – simulations
Part 4: Process-induced stress
and deformation
Results - Simulations
Questions?
19/34
Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure
Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and
chemorheology
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
1
2
·10 2
Degree-of-cure, ↵ [-]
(a)
Cure
rate,
R
↵
[s
1
]
70 C
90 C
110 C
120 C
130 C
Experiment
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
)
Degree-of-cure,
↵
[-]
70 C
90 C
110 C
120 C
Figure: Cure rate vs. cure degree (left) and development of viscosity in dynamic test (right, constant temperature
ramp). (credit to PhD student, Onur Yuksel)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dcapresentationonlineversion-211012181624/85/Numerical-Modelling-of-Material-Flow-in-the-Resin-injection-Pultrusion-Process-9-320.jpg)
![Introduction
What is pultrusion?
Research objectives
Background
Overview of presentation
Part 1-2: Resin impregnation,
heat transfer, and cure
Material characterisation:
Curing kinetics and
chemorheology
Impregnation flow:
Characterisation of
permeability
Results – simulations
Results – experiments
Part 3: Flow-induced fibre
compaction
Material characterisation:
Compaction behaviour
Results – simulations
Part 4: Process-induced stress
and deformation
Results - Simulations
Questions?
19/34
Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure
Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and
chemorheology
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
1
2
·10 2
Degree-of-cure, ↵ [-]
(a)
Cure
rate,
R
↵
[s
1
]
70 C
90 C
110 C
120 C
130 C
Experiment
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Degree-of-cure,
↵
[-]
70 C
90 C
110 C
120 C
0 500 1,000 1,500
0
1
2
(a)
Storage-
(G
0
)
and
loss
modulu
2.5 C/min
5.0 C/min
7.5 C/min
G’
G”
0 500 1,000 1,500
100
101
102
103
104
Time, t [s]
(b)
Complex
viscosity
[Pa·s]
2.5 C/min
5.0 C/min
7.5 C/min
Experiment
Figure: Cure rate vs. cure degree (left) and development of viscosity in dynamic test (right, constant temperature
ramp). (credit to PhD student, Onur Yuksel)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dcapresentationonlineversion-211012181624/85/Numerical-Modelling-of-Material-Flow-in-the-Resin-injection-Pultrusion-Process-10-320.jpg)
![Introduction
What is pultrusion?
Research objectives
Background
Overview of presentation
Part 1-2: Resin impregnation,
heat transfer, and cure
Material characterisation:
Curing kinetics and
chemorheology
Impregnation flow:
Characterisation of
permeability
Results – simulations
Results – experiments
Part 3: Flow-induced fibre
compaction
Material characterisation:
Compaction behaviour
Results – simulations
Part 4: Process-induced stress
and deformation
Results - Simulations
Questions?
21/34
Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure
Results – simulations
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pressure [bar]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Degree-of-cure [-]
0
40
80
120
160
200
Temperature [ C]
Flow front
<latexit sha1_base64="CLfvXzk5Xrr2U1DEDAx6ckhbEkI=">AAACEnicZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkpSD3osCOKxgv3BNpTNdtMu3eyG3Y1aQt+iV30Qb+LVF/A5fAGTNohpBxaGmW/YYbyQM21s+9sqbGxube8Ud0t7+weHR+Xjk7aWkSK0RSSXquthTTkTtGWY4bQbKooDj9OON7lJ/c4TVZpJ8WCmIXUDPBLMZwSbRHq85fIZ+UoKMyhX7Zq9AFonTkaqkKE5KP/0h5JEARWGcKx1z7FD48ZYGUY4nZX6kaYhJhM8or2EChxQ7caLxjN0nihD5EuVPGHQQv2fiHGg9TTwkssAm7Fe9VLxzyvl3HA81YzoXIHYsOT3lU7Gv3ZjJsLIUEGWlfyIIyNROhTK51/SnnqWrOSsbrJO2vWac1lz7uvVRiXbqwhnUIELcOAKGnAHTWgBAQFzeIU3a269Wx/W5/K0YGWZU8jB+voFaQGepA==</latexit>
Resin inlet
<latexit sha1_base64="9r/z7qnAhLkV7whNL5pxmt1kyCM=">AAACE3icZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkpSD3osePFYxf5AG8pm+7VdutkN2Y1YQh+jV30Qb+LVB/A5fAGTNohpBxaGmW/YYbxAcG1s+9sqbG3v7O4V90sHh0fHJ+XTs7ZWUciwxZRQYdejGgWX2DLcCOwGIVLfE9jxpnep33nGUHMln8wsQNenY8lHnFGTSL1H1FwSLgWaQblq1+wlyCZxMlKFDM1B+ac/VCzyURomqNY9xw6MG9PQcCZwXupHGgPKpnSMvYRK6qN242XlOblMlCEZqTB50pCl+j8RU1/rme8llz41E73upeKfV8q5wWSmOdO5ArHhye9rnczo1o25DCKDkq0qjSJBjCLpUiSff0l76nmykrO+ySZp12vOdc15qFcblWyvIlxABa7AgRtowD00oQUMFCzgFd6shfVufVifq9OClWXOIQfr6xcph58K</latexit>
Pultrusion die
<latexit sha1_base64="9LmTIQctydk1WtyDO+P4y+IVSFs=">AAACFnicZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkpSD3osePFYwf5AW8tmu2mXbjZh94tYQt+jV30Qb+LVq8/hC5i0QUw7sDDMfMMO44ZSGLTtb6uwtb2zu1fcLx0cHh2flE/P2iaINOMtFshAd11quBSKt1Cg5N1Qc+q7knfc6V3qd565NiJQjzgL+cCnYyU8wSgm0lMzkqij1CUjwYflql2zlyCbxMlIFTI0h+Wf/ihgkc8VMkmN6Tl2iIOYahRM8nmpHxkeUjalY95LqKI+N4N42XpOLhNlRLxAJ08hWar/EzH1jZn5bnLpU5yYdS8V/7xSzg0nMyOYyRWIUSS/r3VC73YQCxVGyBVbVfIiSTAg6Vgkn39Je5p5spKzvskmaddrznXNeahXG5VsryJcQAWuwIEbaMA9NKEFDDQs4BXerIX1bn1Yn6vTgpVlziEH6+sX4tKggg==</latexit>
Die entrance
<latexit sha1_base64="B38w+LASBD4pth496YaPIP4Jk5o=">AAACFHicZVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfVZduQovgqiR1ocuCLlxWsA9oQ5lMb9uhk8mQmYgl9De61Q9xJ27d+x3+gJM2iGkPDBzOuffO4fiSM6Ud59sqbG3v7O4V90sHh0fHJ+XTs7YK44hii4Y8jLo+UciZwJZmmmNXRkgCn2PHn96lfucZI8VC8aRnEr2AjAUbMUq0kfr3DG0UOiKC4qBcdWrOEvYmcTNShQzNQfmnPwxpHJgDlBOleq4jtZeQSDPKcV7qxwoloVMyxp6hggSovGSZeW5fGmVoj8LIPKHtpfp/IyGBUrPAN5MB0RO17qXin1fKuXIyU4yqXIBEM/P7WiY9uvUSJmSsUdBVpFHMbR3aaVV2fv8lzanmpiV3vZNN0q7X3Oua+1ivNipZX0W4gApcgQs30IAHaEILKEhYwCu8WQvr3fqwPlejBSvbOYccrK9fwtqfWQ==</latexit>
Die exit
<latexit sha1_base64="DXMuWZIK0th2L1zoCYLf2pZTVy0=">AAACEHicZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkpSD/VY0IPHCvYH2lA22y/t0s0mZDfSEvoSveqDeBOvvoHP4QuYtEFMO7AwzHzDDuMEgittmt9GYWd3b/+geFg6Oj45PSufX3SUH4UM28wXfthzqELBJbY11wJ7QYjUcwR2nel96ndfMFTcl896HqDt0bHkLmdUJ1LvgSPBGdfDctWsmSuQbWJlpAoZWsPyz2Dks8hDqZmgSvUtM9B2TEPNmcBFaRApDCib0jH2Eyqph8qOV30X5DpRRsT1w+RJTVbq/0RMPaXmnpNcelRP1KaXin9eKecGk7niTOUKxJonv2900u6dHXMZRBolW1dyI0G0T9KZSD4/S3uqRbKStbnJNunUa9ZtzXqqV5uVbK8iXEEFbsCCBjThEVrQBgYClvAKb8bSeDc+jM/1acHIMpeQg/H1C4SinZs=</latexit>
Profile
<latexit sha1_base64="mKgw6apxgqy+O4VAEm4X7vMJWV4=">AAACD3icZVDLSsNAFL3xWeur6tJNaBFclaQudFlw47KCfUAbymR60w6dR8hMxBL6Ed3qh7gTt36C3+EPmLRBTHtg4HDOPczh+CFn2jjOt7W1vbO7t186KB8eHZ+cVs7OO1rFEcU2VVxFPZ9o5Exi2zDDsRdGSITPsetP7zO/+4yRZko+mVmIniBjyQJGiUmlbitSAeM4rNScurOEvUncnNQgR2tY+RmMFI0FSkM50brvOqHxEhIZRjnOy4NYY0jolIyxn1JJBGovWdad21epMrIDFaVPGnup/k8kRGg9E356KYiZ6HUvE/+8csENJzPNqC4USAxLf1/rZII7L2EyjA1KuqoUxNw2ys5Wsov5l6ynnqcrueubbJJOo+7e1N3HRq1ZzfcqwSVU4RpcuIUmPEAL2kBhCgt4hTdrYb1bH9bn6nTLyjMXUID19QsyHZ12</latexit>
Curing from centre
<latexit sha1_base64="C284qwFDl9pjms2ZBblqEQIFVho=">AAACHHicZVBLawIxGMzal7WvrT32EpRCT7JrD+1R8NKjhfoAXSQbsxrMY0myRVn8K17bH9Jb6bXQ39E/0KxK6epAYJj5hgwTxoxq43nfTmFv/+DwqHhcOjk9O79wL8sdLROFSRtLJlUvRJowKkjbUMNIL1YE8ZCRbjhtZn73hShNpXg285gEHI0FjShGxkpDt9xMFBVjGCnJISbCKDJ0q17NWwHuEn9DqmCD1tD9GYwkTrhNY4a07vtebIIUKUMxI4vSINEkRniKxqRvqUCc6CBddV/AG6uMYCSVfcLAlfo/kSKu9ZyH9pIjM9HbXib+eaWcG0/mmmKdK5Aaan/f6mSihyClIk4MEXhdKUoYNBJmk8F8fpb11Au7kr+9yS7p1Gv+Xc1/qlcblc1eRXANKuAW+OAeNMAjaIE2wGAGluAVvDlL5935cD7XpwVnk7kCOThfvx+loiE=</latexit>
Curing from die-walls
<latexit sha1_base64="zBFlgVSqi4cke6bHFCKXDi8xVrw=">AAACH3icZVDNSsNAGPzib61/UfHkZWkRvFiSetBjoRePFewPtKFstpt26WY37G7UEvowveqDeBOvfQ5fwLQNYtqBhWHmG3YYP+JMG8eZW1vbO7t7+4WD4uHR8cmpfXbe0jJWhDaJ5FJ1fKwpZ4I2DTOcdiJFcehz2vbH9YXffqFKMymezSSiXoiHggWMYJNKffuyHismhihQMkQDRm9fMee6b5edirME2iRuRsqQodG3f3oDSeKQCkM41rrrOpHxEqwMI5xOi71Y0wiTMR7SbkoFDqn2kmX9KbpOlQEKpEqfMGip/k8kONR6EvrpZYjNSK97C/HPK+bcaDTRjOhcgcSw9Pe1TiZ48BImothQQVaVgpgjI9FiNZTPvy166mm6kru+ySZpVSvuXcV9qpZrpWyvAlxBCW7AhXuowSM0oAkEEpjBO3xYM+vT+rK+V6dbVpa5gBys+S9KrqNA</latexit>
Injection of fresh resin
<latexit sha1_base64="Ern3C518K1h5R1jZ65WCfRELpqY=">AAACInicZVDLSgMxFL3js9ZX1Y3gJrQIrspMXeiy4EZ3FewD2qFk0kwbm0mGSUYsQ/2abvVD3Ikrwb/wB8y0gzjthYTDOfeQk+OFnClt21/W2vrG5tZ2Yae4u7d/cFg6Om4pGUeENonkMup4WFHOBG1qpjnthBHFgcdp2xvfpHr7iUaKSfGgJyF1AzwUzGcEa0P1S6d34pGSFCPpIz+iaoTMxYxUsav2fNAqcDJQgWwa/dJPbyBJHFChCcdKdR071G6CI80Ip9NiL1Y0xGSMh7RroMABVW4y/8EUnRtmgHwZmSM0mrP/HQkOlJoEntkMsB6pZS0l/7RiTg1HE8WIygVINDOvL2XS/rWbMBHGmgqyiOTHHGmJ0uJQ3v+c5lRT05Kz3MkqaNWqzmXVua9V6uWsrwKcQRkuwIErqMMtNKAJBF5gBq/wZs2sd+vD+lysrlmZ5wRyY33/As13pJE=</latexit>
x2
<latexit sha1_base64="HqxDRy17bmCEhm+c6x/W/krWvIE=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQInkpSBT0WvHisaH+gDWWz3bRLN5slu5GW0EfoVR/Em3j1IXwOX8BNG8S0AwvDzDfsMJ7kTGnb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61lZhHBHaIiEPo66HFeVM0JZmmtOujCgOPE473uQ+9TsvNFIsFM96Jqkb4JFgPiNYG+lpOqgPylW7Zi9hbRInI1XI0ByUf/rDkMQBFZpwrFTPsaV2ExxpRjidl/qxohKTCR7RnqECB1S5ybLq3Lo0ytDyw8g8oa2l+j+R4ECpWeCZywDrsVr3UvHPK+VcOZ4pRlSuQKKZ+X2tk/bv3IQJGWsqyKqSH3NLh1a6kJXPT9Oeam5WctY32STtes25rjmPN9VGJdurCBdQgStw4BYa8ABNaAGBESzgFd7QAr2jD/S5Oi2gLHMOOaCvX6lym4g=</latexit>
x3
<latexit sha1_base64="0v8P1b880hnfVn3NmQBl6Tq/XpY=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQInkpiBT0WvHisaH+gDWWz3bRLN5slu5GW0EfoVR/Em3j1IXwOX8BNG8S0AwvDzDfsMJ7kTGnb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61lZhHBHaIiEPo66HFeVM0JZmmtOujCgOPE473uQ+9TsvNFIsFM96Jqkb4JFgPiNYG+lpOqgPylW7Zi9hbRInI1XI0ByUf/rDkMQBFZpwrFTPsaV2ExxpRjidl/qxohKTCR7RnqECB1S5ybLq3Lo0ytDyw8g8oa2l+j+R4ECpWeCZywDrsVr3UvHPK+VcOZ4pRlSuQKKZ+X2tk/bv3IQJGWsqyKqSH3NLh1a6kJXPT9Oeam5WctY32STt65pTrzmPN9VGJdurCBdQgStw4BYa8ABNaAGBESzgFd7QAr2jD/S5Oi2gLHMOOaCvX6sXm4k=</latexit>
x1
<latexit sha1_base64="X7x3Z3MPWNhfMTojlr7ayBZoMeI=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoZWkRPJVEC3osePFY0f5AG8pmu2mXbnZDdiMtoY/Qqz6IN/HqQ/gcvoBJG8S0AwvDzDfsMG4guDaW9Y0KW9s7u3vF/dLB4dHxSfn0rK1VFFLWokqosOsSzQSXrGW4EawbhIz4rmAdd3Kf+p0XFmqu5LOZBczxyUhyj1NiEulpOrAH5apVs5bAm8TOSBUyNAfln/5Q0chn0lBBtO7ZVmCcmISGU8HmpX6kWUDohIxYL6GS+Ew78bLqHF8myhB7KkyeNHip/k/ExNd65rvJpU/MWK97qfjnlXJuMJ5pTnWuQGx48vtaJ+PdOTGXQWSYpKtKXiSwUThdCOfz07Snnicr2eubbJL2dc2+qdmP9Wqjku1VhAuowBXYcAsNeIAmtIDCCBbwCm9ogd7RB/pcnRZQljmHHNDXL6fNm4c=</latexit>
Initial fibre temperature
<latexit sha1_base64="khYU/GOXynqfIgUX7OAXy2yPavY=">AAACI3icZVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqitxM7QIrkpSF7osuNFdBfuANpTJ9KYdOpmEmRuxhOLXdKsf4k7cuPAr/AHTB2LaAwOHc+7lnjleJIVB2/6ychubW9s7+d3C3v7B4VHx+KRpwlhzaPBQhrrtMQNSKGigQAntSAMLPAktb3Q781tPoI0I1SOOI3ADNlDCF5xhKvWKZ/dKoGCS+sLTQBGCCDTDWEOvWLYr9hx0nThLUiZL1HvFn24/5HEACrlkxnQcO0I3YRoFlzApdGMDEeMjNoBOShULwLjJ/AsTepEqfeqHOn0K6Vz9v5GwwJhx4KWTAcOhWfVm4p9XyLjRcGwEN5kACYr0+kom9G/cRKgoRlB8EcmPJcWQzpqj2f3nWU4zSVtyVjtZJ81qxbmqOA/Vcq207CtPzkmJXBKHXJMauSN10iCcvJApeSVv1tR6tz6sz8VozlrunJIMrO9fHJ6lSg==</latexit>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dcapresentationonlineversion-211012181624/85/Numerical-Modelling-of-Material-Flow-in-the-Resin-injection-Pultrusion-Process-14-320.jpg)
![Introduction
What is pultrusion?
Research objectives
Background
Overview of presentation
Part 1-2: Resin impregnation,
heat transfer, and cure
Material characterisation:
Curing kinetics and
chemorheology
Impregnation flow:
Characterisation of
permeability
Results – simulations
Results – experiments
Part 3: Flow-induced fibre
compaction
Material characterisation:
Compaction behaviour
Results – simulations
Part 4: Process-induced stress
and deformation
Results - Simulations
Questions?
22/34
Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure
Results – simulations
1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
1 2
⇥3c
⇥
3e
⇥
4
6 7
(a)
Pressure
[bar]
Inside die
Outside die
1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
50
100
150
⇥
Th1
⇥
Th2
⇥
Th3
1 2
⇥
3c
⇥
3e
⇥
4
⇥
5
6 7
(b)
Temperature
[
C]
1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 2
⇥
3c
⇥
3e
⇥
4
6 7
Position, x1 [m]
(c)
Degree-of-cure
[-]
Figure: Stationary profiles: An overview of how the pressure, temperature, and the degree-of-cure developed towards,
inside, and after the pultrusion die.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dcapresentationonlineversion-211012181624/85/Numerical-Modelling-of-Material-Flow-in-the-Resin-injection-Pultrusion-Process-15-320.jpg)
![Introduction
What is pultrusion?
Research objectives
Background
Overview of presentation
Part 1-2: Resin impregnation,
heat transfer, and cure
Material characterisation:
Curing kinetics and
chemorheology
Impregnation flow:
Characterisation of
permeability
Results – simulations
Results – experiments
Part 3: Flow-induced fibre
compaction
Material characterisation:
Compaction behaviour
Results – simulations
Part 4: Process-induced stress
and deformation
Results - Simulations
Questions?
23/34
Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure
Results – experiments
1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0
50
100
150
200
⇥
(⇤)
⇥
(⇤⇤)
Temperature
[
C]
(a) 100% speed
Inside die Outside die
Simulation Experiment 1
Experiment 2
1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0
50
100
150
200
Temperature
[
C] (b) 110% speed
Simulation Experiment 1
Experiment 2 Experiment 3
1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0
50
100
150
200
Position, x1 [m]
Temperature
[
C]
(c) 120% speed
Simulation Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Figure: Comparison of temperature profiles obtained from the simulation model and measurements from an industrial
pultrusion line at di↵erent pulling speeds.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dcapresentationonlineversion-211012181624/85/Numerical-Modelling-of-Material-Flow-in-the-Resin-injection-Pultrusion-Process-16-320.jpg)
![Introduction
What is pultrusion?
Research objectives
Background
Overview of presentation
Part 1-2: Resin impregnation,
heat transfer, and cure
Material characterisation:
Curing kinetics and
chemorheology
Impregnation flow:
Characterisation of
permeability
Results – simulations
Results – experiments
Part 3: Flow-induced fibre
compaction
Material characterisation:
Compaction behaviour
Results – simulations
Part 4: Process-induced stress
and deformation
Results - Simulations
Questions?
26/34
Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction
Results – simulations
x2
<latexit sha1_base64="HqxDRy17bmCEhm+c6x/W/krWvIE=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQInkpSBT0WvHisaH+gDWWz3bRLN5slu5GW0EfoVR/Em3j1IXwOX8BNG8S0AwvDzDfsMJ7kTGnb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61lZhHBHaIiEPo66HFeVM
0JZmmtOujCgOPE473uQ+9TsvNFIsFM96Jqkb4JFgPiNYG+lpOqgPylW7Zi9hbRInI1XI0ByUf/rDkMQBFZpwrFTPsaV2ExxpRjidl/qxohKTCR7RnqECB1S5ybLq3Lo0ytDyw8g8oa2l+j+R4ECpWeCZywDrsVr3UvHPK+VcOZ4pRlSuQKKZ+X2tk/bv3IQJGWsqyKqS
H3NLh1a6kJXPT9Oeam5WctY32STtes25rjmPN9VGJdurCBdQgStw4BYa8ABNaAGBESzgFd7QAr2jD/S5Oi2gLHMOOaCvX6lym4g=</latexit>
x3
<latexit sha1_base64="0v8P1b880hnfVn3NmQBl6Tq/XpY=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQInkpiBT0WvHisaH+gDWWz3bRLN5slu5GW0EfoVR/Em3j1IXwOX8BNG8S0AwvDzDfsMJ7kTGnb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61lZhHBHaIiEPo66HFeVM
0JZmmtOujCgOPE473uQ+9TsvNFIsFM96Jqkb4JFgPiNYG+lpOqgPylW7Zi9hbRInI1XI0ByUf/rDkMQBFZpwrFTPsaV2ExxpRjidl/qxohKTCR7RnqECB1S5ybLq3Lo0ytDyw8g8oa2l+j+R4ECpWeCZywDrsVr3UvHPK+VcOZ4pRlSuQKKZ+X2tk/bv3IQJGWsqyKqS
H3NLh1a6kJXPT9Oeam5WctY32STt65pTrzmPN9VGJdurCBdQgStw4BYa8ABNaAGBESzgFd7QAr2jD/S5Oi2gLHMOOaCvX6sXm4k=</latexit>
x1
<latexit sha1_base64="X7x3Z3MPWNhfMTojlr7ayBZoMeI=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoZWkRPJVEC3osePFY0f5AG8pmu2mXbnZDdiMtoY/Qqz6IN/HqQ/gcvoBJG8S0AwvDzDfsMG4guDaW9Y0KW9s7u3vF/dLB4dHxSfn0rK1VFFLWokqosOsSzQSX
rGW4EawbhIz4rmAdd3Kf+p0XFmqu5LOZBczxyUhyj1NiEulpOrAH5apVs5bAm8TOSBUyNAfln/5Q0chn0lBBtO7ZVmCcmISGU8HmpX6kWUDohIxYL6GS+Ew78bLqHF8myhB7KkyeNHip/k/ExNd65rvJpU/MWK97qfjnlXJuMJ5pTnWuQGx48vtaJ+PdOTGXQWSYpKtK
XiSwUThdCOfz07Snnicr2eubbJL2dc2+qdmP9Wqjku1VhAuowBXYcAsNeIAmtIDCCBbwCm9ogd7RB/pcnRZQljmHHNDXL6fNm4c=</latexit>
Largest deformation
No vertical deformation
Flow front
Resin inlet
Profile
Pultrusion die
Die exit
Die entrance
(i.e., no detachment)
Dense fibre packing
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Resin pressure
p/pin [-]
0
1.5
3
4.5
6
7.5
Fibre displacement
!
(uf )i(uf )i/wc · 10−4
[-]
0.93
0.96
0.99
1.02
1.05
1.08
Fibre vol. frac.
Vf /Vf0 [-]
Loose fibre packing (near inlet)
Streamlines of fibres
(deformation scaled 10×)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dcapresentationonlineversion-211012181624/85/Numerical-Modelling-of-Material-Flow-in-the-Resin-injection-Pultrusion-Process-19-320.jpg)
![Introduction
What is pultrusion?
Research objectives
Background
Overview of presentation
Part 1-2: Resin impregnation,
heat transfer, and cure
Material characterisation:
Curing kinetics and
chemorheology
Impregnation flow:
Characterisation of
permeability
Results – simulations
Results – experiments
Part 3: Flow-induced fibre
compaction
Material characterisation:
Compaction behaviour
Results – simulations
Part 4: Process-induced stress
and deformation
Results - Simulations
Questions?
28/34
Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation
Results - Simulations: Process-induced strains
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
Temperature,
T
[
C]
T Tg
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
(Resin modulus, Er, between
(3.4 and 1124.6 MPa, at exit)
Degree
of
cure,
↵
[-]
200
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
Strains
[µ✏]
✏th
11 ✏ch
11
✏
pr
11
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0
3,000
6,000
9,000
12,000
15,000
18,000
Strains
[µ✏]
✏th
22 = ✏th
33 ✏ch
22 = ✏th
33
✏pr
22 = ✏pr
33
2 0 2 4 6 8 10
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
x1 [m]
Stress,
11
[MPa]
11 Inside die Ref.
2 0 2 4 6 8 10
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
x1 [m]
22
,
33
[MPa]
22 33
Figure: Temperature, degree of cure, stress, and strain probed at the centre (blue) and the top (red) of the profile.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dcapresentationonlineversion-211012181624/85/Numerical-Modelling-of-Material-Flow-in-the-Resin-injection-Pultrusion-Process-21-320.jpg)
![Introduction
What is pultrusion?
Research objectives
Background
Overview of presentation
Part 1-2: Resin impregnation,
heat transfer, and cure
Material characterisation:
Curing kinetics and
chemorheology
Impregnation flow:
Characterisation of
permeability
Results – simulations
Results – experiments
Part 3: Flow-induced fibre
compaction
Material characterisation:
Compaction behaviour
Results – simulations
Part 4: Process-induced stress
and deformation
Results - Simulations
Questions?
29/34
Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation
Results - Simulations: Shape distortions
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.8 0.915 1
0
0.02
0.04
!
*See caption
(I)
0.8 0.915 1
0
0.7
·10 3
⇥
x1 = 0.887 [m]
(detached 28 mm
before the die-exit)
(II)
x1 [m]
Displacement
[mm]
(a)
u2
u3
u3 w/o stress release
Ref.
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0.005
0.01 (x = 0.91)(x = 0.95)
(x = 4)
(x = 7)
(x = 10)
Die-walls !
0 0.3 0.6 0.915
0
2
4
6
8
·10 4
✏11
✏22 + ✏33
x1 [m]
Cross-sectional
average
of
volumetric
strain
V/V
=
✏
ii
[-]
(b)
Inside die
V/V
V/V w/o stress release
Figure: The e↵ects of including release of stress normal to the die-walls upon exit.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dcapresentationonlineversion-211012181624/85/Numerical-Modelling-of-Material-Flow-in-the-Resin-injection-Pultrusion-Process-22-320.jpg)
Numerical Modelling of Material Flow in the Resin-injection Pultrusion Process
- 1. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 1/34 Presentation of PhD project: Numerical Modelling of Material Flow in the Resin-injection Pultrusion Process Kompositsektionens Årsmøde 2021 Michael Sandberg Technical University of Denmark DTU Mechanical Engineering Section of Manufacturing Engineering Process Modelling Group
- 2. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 2/34 Numerical modelling of material flow in the resin-injection pultrusion process (handed in November 2020) PhD candidate: Michael Sandberg Supervisor: Associate professor, Jon Spangenberg Technical University of Denmark Co-supervisors: Professor, Jesper H. Hattel Technical University of Denmark Assistant professor, Ismet Baran University of Twente Project partners: External research stay: Funding: (Grant no. DFF-6111-00112)
- 3. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 3/34 Short CV: Michael Sandberg Specialisation: Manufacturing engineering (polymers + composites) Education: • PhD Mechanical engineering, Technical University of Denmark Q3, 2017 - Q4, 2020 • MSc Mechanical engineering, Technical University of Denmark Q3, 2013 - Q2, 2015 • BEng Mechanical engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark Q3, 2010 - Q1, 2013 Experience: • Assistant professor, Mechanical and Production Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark Q1, 2022 – • Postdoc, DIGIT, Aarhus University, Denmark Q4, 2020 – Q4, 2021 • Academic guest, CMASlab, ETH Zürich, Switzerland Q1, 2019 – Q2, 2019 • Engineer, Composites engineering and technology, LM Wind Power, Denmark Q3, 2015 – Q3, 2017 • Visiting research student, Applied mechanics lab, National University of Singapore Q3, 2014 – Q4, 2014 • Various smaller positions as engineer/assistant in DK industry; 2009-2015
- 4. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 8/34 Introduction Pultrusion die Figure: Cut-view of a resin-injection pultrusion die.
- 5. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 14/34 Introduction Research objectives • Predictive modelling for design and optimisation; • A mature process ready for the next level; • Equip the pultrusion industry with tools for Industry 4.0; • Material flow comes with inherent complexity due to multiple physics interactions, current state-of-the-art is weak on multiphysics modelling and the associated experimental verification.
- 6. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 16/34 Introduction Background – modelling approaches Semantic models (based on “training data”) First-principle models (based on physics) Prediction Material properties Geometry Process conditions Data Prediction
- 7. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 17/34 Introduction Overview of presentation
- 8. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 18/34 Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure • Curing kinetics and chemorheological behaviour of the resin system; • Impregnation flow – how the resin system saturates the dry fibre reinforcement; and • Results – simulations and measurements from the pultrusion line
- 9. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 19/34 Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 1 2 ·10 2 Degree-of-cure, ↵ [-] (a) Cure rate, R ↵ [s 1 ] 70 C 90 C 110 C 120 C 130 C Experiment 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 ) Degree-of-cure, ↵ [-] 70 C 90 C 110 C 120 C Figure: Cure rate vs. cure degree (left) and development of viscosity in dynamic test (right, constant temperature ramp). (credit to PhD student, Onur Yuksel)
- 10. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 19/34 Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 1 2 ·10 2 Degree-of-cure, ↵ [-] (a) Cure rate, R ↵ [s 1 ] 70 C 90 C 110 C 120 C 130 C Experiment 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Degree-of-cure, ↵ [-] 70 C 90 C 110 C 120 C 0 500 1,000 1,500 0 1 2 (a) Storage- (G 0 ) and loss modulu 2.5 C/min 5.0 C/min 7.5 C/min G’ G” 0 500 1,000 1,500 100 101 102 103 104 Time, t [s] (b) Complex viscosity [Pa·s] 2.5 C/min 5.0 C/min 7.5 C/min Experiment Figure: Cure rate vs. cure degree (left) and development of viscosity in dynamic test (right, constant temperature ramp). (credit to PhD student, Onur Yuksel)
- 11. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 20/34 Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Local low volume fraction <latexit sha1_base64="mJCGoeQQH447hYEE424mm1+o1VQ=">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</latexit> High degree of uniformity <latexit sha1_base64="CeW7h6ko+zGcRsxlnu/7r4Az9Ac=">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</latexit> Conventional unidirectional roving<latexit sha1_base64="u/fpS54kHrwQ0k8Mgps6Wy7qjOg=">AAACLHicZVDLTgIxFL2DL8TXqEs3DcTEFZnBhS5J2LjERB4JENIpHWjotJNph0gm7P0atvohboxx6w/4A3ZgYhy4SZNzz7m3PT1eyJnSjvNhFXZ29/YPioelo+OT0zP7/KKtZBwR2iKSy6jrYUU5E7Slmea0G0YUBx6nHW/aSPXOjEaKSfGk5yEdBHgsmM8I1oYa2uWGFDMq0gZzFAs2YhElWRvJGRPjoV1xqs6q0DZwM1CBrJpD+6c/kiQOzLWEY6V6rhPqQYIjzQini1I/VjTEZIrHtGegwAFVg2T1lwW6NswI+TIyR2i0Yv9vJDhQah54ZjLAeqI2tZT800o5NZzMFSMqZyDRzLy+4Un794OEiTDWVJC1JT/mSEuURojy+8+pT7UwKbmbmWyDdq3q3lbdx1qlXs7yKsIVlOEGXLiDOjxAE1pA4AWW8Apv1tJ6tz6tr/Vowcp2LiFX1vcvOeipgw==</latexit> Air-texturised roving<latexit sha1_base64="KmLSTrmTLMe/H2pQa1KcqMsmsMU=">AAACH3icZVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfUXHlJrQIbixJXeiy4sZlBfuANpTJdNIOncyEmUlpCf2YbvVD3Inbfoc/YNIGMe2BC4dz7uUejhcyqrRtL43Czu7e/kHxsHR0fHJ6Zp5ftJSIJCZNLJiQHQ8pwignTU01I51QEhR4jLS98XPqtydEKir4m56FxA3QkFOfYqQTqW9ePVF5p8lUR5IqMrCkmFA+7JsVu2qvYG0TJyMVyNDomz+9gcBRQLjGDCnVdexQuzGSmmJG5qVepEiI8BgNSTehHAVEufEq/ty6idLPvpDJcG2t1P8XMQqUmgVeshkgPVKbXir+eaWcG45mimKVCxBrmnzfyKT9RzemPIw04XgdyY+YpYWVtmbl76dpTjVPWnI2O9kmrVrVua86r7VKvZz1VYRrKMMtOPAAdXiBBjQBQwwLeIcPY2F8Gl/G93q1YGQ3l5CDsfwFCBWjsQ==</latexit> 3D-view <latexit sha1_base64="FYHnrmNKWQD1cXi6LvqS0CmyqRM=">AAACD3icZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0EloEL5akPeixoAePFewPtKFstl/apZtNyG6qIfQhetUH8SZefQSfwxcwaYOYdmBhmPmGHcb2OZPKML61wtb2zu5ecb90cHh0fFI+PetILwwotqnHvaBnE4mcCWwrpjj2/ACJa3Ps2tO71O/OMJDME08q8tFyyVgwh1GiEqnbuL+eMXwelqtGzVhC3yRmRqqQoTUs/wxGHg1dFIpyImXfNHxlxSRQjHKclwahRJ/QKRljP6GCuCiteFl3rl8mykh3vCB5QulL9X8iJq6UkWsnly5RE7nupeKfV8q5/iSSjMpcgVix5Pe1Tsq5tWIm/FChoKtKTsh15enpSno+/5L2lPNkJXN9k03SqdfMRs18rFeblWyvIlxABa7AhBtowgO0oA0UprCAV3jTFtq79qF9rk4LWpY5hxy0r190IZ0E</latexit> Disordered fibre architecture <latexit sha1_base64="gsI0Y4DgPu87P8QP/CgxExql5Fw=">AAACJ3icZVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEsRQovgqiR1ocuCLlxWsA9oQ5lMb9qhk5kwMxFL6Mqv6VY/xJ3o0m/wB5y2QUx7YOBwzr3cMyeIGVXadb+swsbm1vZOcbe0t39weGQfn7SUSCSBJhFMyE6AFTDKoampZtCJJeAoYNAOxrdzv/0EUlHBH/UkBj/CQ05DSrA2Ut8+v6NKyAFIGDghDSQ4WJIR1UB0IqFvV9yqu4CzTryMVFCGRt/+6Q0ESSLgmjCsVNdzY+2nWGpKGExLvURBjMkYD6FrKMcRKD9dfGPqXBjFpBDSPK6dhfp/I8WRUpMoMJMR1iO16s3FP6+Uc+PRRFGicgFSTc31lUw6vPFTyuNEAyfLSGHCHC2ceXtOfv95nlNNTUveaifrpFWreldV76FWqZezvoroDJXRJfLQNaqje9RATUTQC5qhV/Rmzax368P6XI4WrGznFOVgff8CbdWnAg==</latexit> x2 <latexit sha1_base64="S0Sk1ThKXovZg/cQZHSYwvU5zgE=">AAACC3icdVDNasJAGPxi/6z90bbHXhal0FNIrGC9Cb30aGn9AQ2yWTe6uNmE7KYowUfw2j5Ib6XXPkSfoy/QRNNihA4sDDPfsMPYPmdSGcaXltvZ3ds/yB8Wjo5PTouls/OO9MKA0DbxuBf0bCwpZ4K2FVOc9vyAYtfmtGtP7xK/+0wDyTzxpOY+tVw8FsxhBKtYepwNq8NSxdSNFZChN2LUaylpmOjXqkCK1rD0PRh5JHSpUIRjKfum4SsrwoFihNNFYRBK6mMyxWPaj6nALpVWtKq6QFexMkKOF8RPKLRSNxMRdqWcu3Z86WI1kdteIv55hYzrT+aSEZkpECkW/77VSTm3VsSEHyoqyLqSE3KkPJQshLL5WdJTLjZX+p90qrp5o5sPtUqznO6Vh0sowzWYUIcm3EML2kBgDEt4gVdtqb1p79rH+jSnpZkLyED7/AE8PZvm</latexit> x3 <latexit sha1_base64="kjgU0hVQYR56obUMqJ8XQ4ge6S0=">AAACC3icdVDNasJAGPxi/6z90bbHXhal0FNIqmC9Cb30aGn9AQ2yWTe6uNmE7KYowUfw2j5Ib6XXPkSfoy/QRNNihA4sDDPfsMPYPmdSGcaXltvZ3ds/yB8Wjo5PTouls/OO9MKA0DbxuBf0bCwpZ4K2FVOc9vyAYtfmtGtP7xK/+0wDyTzxpOY+tVw8FsxhBKtYepwNq8NSxdSNFZChN2LUaylpmOjXqkCK1rD0PRh5JHSpUIRjKfum4SsrwoFihNNFYRBK6mMyxWPaj6nALpVWtKq6QFexMkKOF8RPKLRSNxMRdqWcu3Z86WI1kdteIv55hYzrT+aSEZkpECkW/77VSTm3VsSEHyoqyLqSE3KkPJQshLL5WdJTLjZX+p90bnSzqpsPtUqznO6Vh0sowzWYUIcm3EML2kBgDEt4gVdtqb1p79rH+jSnpZkLyED7/AE94pvn</latexit> x2 <latexit sha1_base64="S0Sk1ThKXovZg/cQZHSYwvU5zgE=">AAACC3icdVDNasJAGPxi/6z90bbHXhal0FNIrGC9Cb30aGn9AQ2yWTe6uNmE7KYowUfw2j5Ib6XXPkSfoy/QRNNihA4sDDPfsMPYPmdSGcaXltvZ3ds/yB8Wjo5PTouls/OO9MKA0DbxuBf0bCwpZ4K2FVOc9vyAYtfmtGtP7xK/+0wDyTzxpOY+tVw8FsxhBKtYepwNq8NSxdSNFZChN2LUaylpmOjXqkCK1rD0PRh5JHSpUIRjKfum4SsrwoFihNNFYRBK6mMyxWPaj6nALpVWtKq6QFexMkKOF8RPKLRSNxMRdqWcu3Z86WI1kdteIv55hYzrT+aSEZkpECkW/77VSTm3VsSEHyoqyLqSE3KkPJQshLL5WdJTLjZX+p90qrp5o5sPtUqznO6Vh0sowzWYUIcm3EML2kBgDEt4gVdtqb1p79rH+jSnpZkLyED7/AE8PZvm</latexit> x3 <latexit sha1_base64="kjgU0hVQYR56obUMqJ8XQ4ge6S0=">AAACC3icdVDNasJAGPxi/6z90bbHXhal0FNIqmC9Cb30aGn9AQ2yWTe6uNmE7KYowUfw2j5Ib6XXPkSfoy/QRNNihA4sDDPfsMPYPmdSGcaXltvZ3ds/yB8Wjo5PTouls/OO9MKA0DbxuBf0bCwpZ4K2FVOc9vyAYtfmtGtP7xK/+0wDyTzxpOY+tVw8FsxhBKtYepwNq8NSxdSNFZChN2LUaylpmOjXqkCK1rD0PRh5JHSpUIRjKfum4SsrwoFihNNFYRBK6mMyxWPaj6nALpVWtKq6QFexMkKOF8RPKLRSNxMRdqWcu3Z86WI1kdteIv55hYzrT+aSEZkpECkW/77VSTm3VsSEHyoqyLqSE3KkPJQshLL5WdJTLjZX+p90bnSzqpsPtUqznO6Vh0sowzWYUIcm3EML2kBgDEt4gVdtqb1p79rH+jSnpZkLyED7/AE94pvn</latexit> x1 <latexit sha1_base64="DYfKP4Ak2kJYdvflhg8dAw1ZUnY=">AAACC3icdVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkKihdpbwYvHiqYttKFstpt26WYTshtpCX2EXvVBvIlXH8Ln8AVM2ihNwYGFYeYbdhgn4Ewqw/jSClvbO7t7xf3SweHR8Un59Kwt/Sgk1CI+98OugyXlTFBLMcVpNwgp9hxOO87kLvU7zzSUzBdPahZQ28MjwVxGsEqkx+nAHJSrpm4sgQy9kaBey0jDRL9WFTK0BuXv/tAnkUeFIhxL2TONQNkxDhUjnM5L/UjSAJMJHtFeQgX2qLTjZdU5ukyUIXL9MHlCoaW6noixJ+XMc5JLD6ux3PRS8c8r5dxgPJOMyFyBWLHk941Oyr21YyaCSFFBVpXciCPlo3QhlM9P055yvr7S/6R9rZs3uvlQqzYr2V5FuIAKXIEJdWjCPbTAAgIjWMALvGoL7U171z5WpwUty5xDDtrnDzqYm+U=</latexit> x1 <latexit sha1_base64="DYfKP4Ak2kJYdvflhg8dAw1ZUnY=">AAACC3icdVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkKihdpbwYvHiqYttKFstpt26WYTshtpCX2EXvVBvIlXH8Ln8AVM2ihNwYGFYeYbdhgn4Ewqw/jSClvbO7t7xf3SweHR8Un59Kwt/Sgk1CI+98OugyXlTFBLMcVpNwgp9hxOO87kLvU7zzSUzBdPahZQ28MjwVxGsEqkx+nAHJSrpm4sgQy9kaBey0jDRL9WFTK0BuXv/tAnkUeFIhxL2TONQNkxDhUjnM5L/UjSAJMJHtFeQgX2qLTjZdU5ukyUIXL9MHlCoaW6noixJ+XMc5JLD6ux3PRS8c8r5dxgPJOMyFyBWLHk941Oyr21YyaCSFFBVpXciCPlo3QhlM9P055yvr7S/6R9rZs3uvlQqzYr2V5FuIAKXIEJdWjCPbTAAgIjWMALvGoL7U171z5WpwUty5xDDtrnDzqYm+U=</latexit> x3 <latexit sha1_base64="kjgU0hVQYR56obUMqJ8XQ4ge6S0=">AAACC3icdVDNasJAGPxi/6z90bbHXhal0FNIqmC9Cb30aGn9AQ2yWTe6uNmE7KYowUfw2j5Ib6XXPkSfoy/QRNNihA4sDDPfsMPYPmdSGcaXltvZ3ds/yB8Wjo5PTouls/OO9MKA0DbxuBf0bCwpZ4K2FVOc9vyAYtfmtGtP7xK/+0wDyTzxpOY+tVw8FsxhBKtYepwNq8NSxdSNFZChN2LUaylpmOjXqkCK1rD0PRh5JHSpUIRjKfum4SsrwoFihNNFYRBK6mMyxWPaj6nALpVWtKq6QFexMkKOF8RPKLRSNxMRdqWcu3Z86WI1kdteIv55hYzrT+aSEZkpECkW/77VSTm3VsSEHyoqyLqSE3KkPJQshLL5WdJTLjZX+p90bnSzqpsPtUqznO6Vh0sowzWYUIcm3EML2kBgDEt4gVdtqb1p79rH+jSnpZkLyED7/AE94pvn</latexit> x2 <latexit sha1_base64="S0Sk1ThKXovZg/cQZHSYwvU5zgE=">AAACC3icdVDNasJAGPxi/6z90bbHXhal0FNIrGC9Cb30aGn9AQ2yWTe6uNmE7KYowUfw2j5Ib6XXPkSfoy/QRNNihA4sDDPfsMPYPmdSGcaXltvZ3ds/yB8Wjo5PTouls/OO9MKA0DbxuBf0bCwpZ4K2FVOc9vyAYtfmtGtP7xK/+0wDyTzxpOY+tVw8FsxhBKtYepwNq8NSxdSNFZChN2LUaylpmOjXqkCK1rD0PRh5JHSpUIRjKfum4SsrwoFihNNFYRBK6mMyxWPaj6nALpVWtKq6QFexMkKOF8RPKLRSNxMRdqWcu3Z86WI1kdteIv55hYzrT+aSEZkpECkW/77VSTm3VsSEHyoqyLqSE3KkPJQshLL5WdJTLjZX+p90qrp5o5sPtUqznO6Vh0sowzWYUIcm3EML2kBgDEt4gVdtqb1p79rH+jSnpZkLyED7/AE8PZvm</latexit> x3 <latexit sha1_base64="kjgU0hVQYR56obUMqJ8XQ4ge6S0=">AAACC3icdVDNasJAGPxi/6z90bbHXhal0FNIqmC9Cb30aGn9AQ2yWTe6uNmE7KYowUfw2j5Ib6XXPkSfoy/QRNNihA4sDDPfsMPYPmdSGcaXltvZ3ds/yB8Wjo5PTouls/OO9MKA0DbxuBf0bCwpZ4K2FVOc9vyAYtfmtGtP7xK/+0wDyTzxpOY+tVw8FsxhBKtYepwNq8NSxdSNFZChN2LUaylpmOjXqkCK1rD0PRh5JHSpUIRjKfum4SsrwoFihNNFYRBK6mMyxWPaj6nALpVWtKq6QFexMkKOF8RPKLRSNxMRdqWcu3Z86WI1kdteIv55hYzrT+aSEZkpECkW/77VSTm3VsSEHyoqyLqSE3KkPJQshLL5WdJTLjZX+p90bnSzqpsPtUqznO6Vh0sowzWYUIcm3EML2kBgDEt4gVdtqb1p79rH+jSnpZkLyED7/AE94pvn</latexit> x2 <latexit sha1_base64="S0Sk1ThKXovZg/cQZHSYwvU5zgE=">AAACC3icdVDNasJAGPxi/6z90bbHXhal0FNIrGC9Cb30aGn9AQ2yWTe6uNmE7KYowUfw2j5Ib6XXPkSfoy/QRNNihA4sDDPfsMPYPmdSGcaXltvZ3ds/yB8Wjo5PTouls/OO9MKA0DbxuBf0bCwpZ4K2FVOc9vyAYtfmtGtP7xK/+0wDyTzxpOY+tVw8FsxhBKtYepwNq8NSxdSNFZChN2LUaylpmOjXqkCK1rD0PRh5JHSpUIRjKfum4SsrwoFihNNFYRBK6mMyxWPaj6nALpVWtKq6QFexMkKOF8RPKLRSNxMRdqWcu3Z86WI1kdteIv55hYzrT+aSEZkpECkW/77VSTm3VsSEHyoqyLqSE3KkPJQshLL5WdJTLjZX+p90qrp5o5sPtUqznO6Vh0sowzWYUIcm3EML2kBgDEt4gVdtqb1p79rH+jSnpZkLyED7/AE8PZvm</latexit> x3 <latexit sha1_base64="kjgU0hVQYR56obUMqJ8XQ4ge6S0=">AAACC3icdVDNasJAGPxi/6z90bbHXhal0FNIqmC9Cb30aGn9AQ2yWTe6uNmE7KYowUfw2j5Ib6XXPkSfoy/QRNNihA4sDDPfsMPYPmdSGcaXltvZ3ds/yB8Wjo5PTouls/OO9MKA0DbxuBf0bCwpZ4K2FVOc9vyAYtfmtGtP7xK/+0wDyTzxpOY+tVw8FsxhBKtYepwNq8NSxdSNFZChN2LUaylpmOjXqkCK1rD0PRh5JHSpUIRjKfum4SsrwoFihNNFYRBK6mMyxWPaj6nALpVWtKq6QFexMkKOF8RPKLRSNxMRdqWcu3Z86WI1kdteIv55hYzrT+aSEZkpECkW/77VSTm3VsSEHyoqyLqSE3KkPJQshLL5WdJTLjZX+p90bnSzqpsPtUqznO6Vh0sowzWYUIcm3EML2kBgDEt4gVdtqb1p79rH+jSnpZkLyED7/AE94pvn</latexit> x1 <latexit sha1_base64="DYfKP4Ak2kJYdvflhg8dAw1ZUnY=">AAACC3icdVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkKihdpbwYvHiqYttKFstpt26WYTshtpCX2EXvVBvIlXH8Ln8AVM2ihNwYGFYeYbdhgn4Ewqw/jSClvbO7t7xf3SweHR8Un59Kwt/Sgk1CI+98OugyXlTFBLMcVpNwgp9hxOO87kLvU7zzSUzBdPahZQ28MjwVxGsEqkx+nAHJSrpm4sgQy9kaBey0jDRL9WFTK0BuXv/tAnkUeFIhxL2TONQNkxDhUjnM5L/UjSAJMJHtFeQgX2qLTjZdU5ukyUIXL9MHlCoaW6noixJ+XMc5JLD6ux3PRS8c8r5dxgPJOMyFyBWLHk941Oyr21YyaCSFFBVpXciCPlo3QhlM9P055yvr7S/6R9rZs3uvlQqzYr2V5FuIAKXIEJdWjCPbTAAgIjWMALvGoL7U171z5WpwUty5xDDtrnDzqYm+U=</latexit> x1 <latexit sha1_base64="DYfKP4Ak2kJYdvflhg8dAw1ZUnY=">AAACC3icdVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkKihdpbwYvHiqYttKFstpt26WYTshtpCX2EXvVBvIlXH8Ln8AVM2ihNwYGFYeYbdhgn4Ewqw/jSClvbO7t7xf3SweHR8Un59Kwt/Sgk1CI+98OugyXlTFBLMcVpNwgp9hxOO87kLvU7zzSUzBdPahZQ28MjwVxGsEqkx+nAHJSrpm4sgQy9kaBey0jDRL9WFTK0BuXv/tAnkUeFIhxL2TONQNkxDhUjnM5L/UjSAJMJHtFeQgX2qLTjZdU5ukyUIXL9MHlCoaW6noixJ+XMc5JLD6ux3PRS8c8r5dxgPJOMyFyBWLHk941Oyr21YyaCSFFBVpXciCPlo3QhlM9P055yvr7S/6R9rZs3uvlQqzYr2V5FuIAKXIEJdWjCPbTAAgIjWMALvGoL7U171z5WpwUty5xDDtrnDzqYm+U=</latexit> x3 <latexit sha1_base64="kjgU0hVQYR56obUMqJ8XQ4ge6S0=">AAACC3icdVDNasJAGPxi/6z90bbHXhal0FNIqmC9Cb30aGn9AQ2yWTe6uNmE7KYowUfw2j5Ib6XXPkSfoy/QRNNihA4sDDPfsMPYPmdSGcaXltvZ3ds/yB8Wjo5PTouls/OO9MKA0DbxuBf0bCwpZ4K2FVOc9vyAYtfmtGtP7xK/+0wDyTzxpOY+tVw8FsxhBKtYepwNq8NSxdSNFZChN2LUaylpmOjXqkCK1rD0PRh5JHSpUIRjKfum4SsrwoFihNNFYRBK6mMyxWPaj6nALpVWtKq6QFexMkKOF8RPKLRSNxMRdqWcu3Z86WI1kdteIv55hYzrT+aSEZkpECkW/77VSTm3VsSEHyoqyLqSE3KkPJQshLL5WdJTLjZX+p90bnSzqpsPtUqznO6Vh0sowzWYUIcm3EML2kBgDEt4gVdtqb1p79rH+jSnpZkLyED7/AE94pvn</latexit> x2 x3 cross section <latexit sha1_base64="XsaM+kbxIYXQU8TqDm74N0sPmNw=">AAACIXicZVDLSsNAFJ34rPVVdeHCzdBWcGNJ2oUuC25cVrAPaEOYTCft0MlMyJ1IS8jXdKsf4k7ciZ/hD5i2QUx7YOBwzr3cM8cNBAdtml/G1vbO7t5+4aB4eHR8clo6O++AikLK2lQJFfZcAkxwydqaa8F6QciI7wrWdScPC7/7wkLgSj7rWcBsn4wk9zglOpWc0mV16tRvp06jimmoADAwunIqZs1cAm8SKyMVlKHllH4GQ0Ujn0lNBQHoW2ag7ZiEmlPBkuIgAhYQOiEj1k+pJD4DO15+IMHXqTLEngrTJzVeqv83YuIDzHw3nfSJHsO6txD/vGLODcYz4BRyAWLN0+trmbR3b8dcBpFmkq4ieZHAWuFFbzi/P13khCRtyVrvZJN06jWrUbOe6pVmOeurgK5QGd0gC92hJnpELdRGFCVojl7RmzE33o0P43M1umVkOxcoB+P7F6VGo10=</latexit> x1 x2 cross section <latexit sha1_base64="YZp1VDyhuz3ib+tL52BY81Kf6ao=">AAACIXicZVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqgsXboa2ghtLUhe6LLhxWcE+oA1hMp20QyczIXciLSFf061+iDtxJ36GP2DaBjHtgYHDOfdyzxw3EBy0aX4Zha3tnd294n7p4PDo+KR8etYBFYWUtakSKuy5BJjgkrU114L1gpAR3xWs604eFn73hYXAlXzWs4DZPhlJ7nFKdCo55Yva1LFupk6jhmmoADAwunKqZt1cAm8SKyNVlKHllH8GQ0Ujn0lNBQHoW2ag7ZiEmlPBktIgAhYQOiEj1k+pJD4DO15+IMFXqTLEngrTJzVeqv83YuIDzHw3nfSJHsO6txD/vFLODcYz4BRyAWLN0+trmbR3b8dcBpFmkq4ieZHAWuFFbzi/P13khCRtyVrvZJN0GnXrtm49NarNStZXEV2iCrpGFrpDTfSIWqiNKErQHL2iN2NuvBsfxudqtGBkO+coB+P7F6Hao1s=</latexit> High degree of fibre agglomerations <latexit sha1_base64="z/pVZ+CMsfu6SBFphQgyuvWzn20=">AAACLnicZVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEs3Q6vgqiR1ocuCmy4r2Ae0oUymN+nQSSbMTMQS+gN+Tbf6IYILceveHzBpg5j2wMDhnHu5Z44bcaa0ZX0Ypa3tnd298n7l4PDo+MQ8PesqEUsKHSq4kH2XKOAshI5mmkM/kkACl0PPnd5nfu8JpGIifNSzCJyA+CHzGCU6lUbmZYv5EzwGXwJg4WGPuRIw8X0uApDLIYVHZs2qW0vgTWLnpIZytEfmz3AsaBxAqCknSg1sK9JOQqRmlMO8MowVRIROiQ+DlIYkAOUky9/M8VWqjLEnZPpCjZfq/42EBErNAjedDIieqHUvE/+8SsGNJjPFqCoESDRLr69l0t6dk7AwijWEdBXJiznWAmcl4uL+c5ZTzdOW7PVONkm3Ubdv6vZDo9as5n2V0QWqomtko1vURC3URh1E0QtaoFf0ZiyMd+PT+FqNlox85xwVYHz/AvLCqT0=</latexit> Figure: 3D and cross-sectional views of cutouts from a composite part manufactured using conventional UD-rovings and air-texturised rovings. These images were prepared by use of X-ray µ-CT (credit to PhD student, Filip Bo Salling).
- 12. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 20/34 Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Fibre guides <latexit sha1_base64="yXuJjAppmycCJ+8F4KFTRK5fCPU=">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</latexit> Testing area <latexit sha1_base64="WWAC6ZUlrbU9Po+i0s+fbgXPvrU=">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</latexit> 300 250 mm2 <latexit sha1_base64="GxARAm6nxgBh2fNkLE1iy2NhJtk=">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</latexit> Area for application <latexit sha1_base64="9+Hy8OMaU7lYO9Yhzs1b6RdB7xI=">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</latexit> 50 250 mm2 <latexit sha1_base64="WdRGhikNaBJw1u0aoeGxrfD2ExQ=">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</latexit> (b) <latexit sha1_base64="yLqUFkMXHdFFsxHevXSlsuAZ3TA=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQI9VKSetBjwYvHivYH2lA22027dH9CdiOW0EfoVR/Em3j1IXwOX8CkDWLagYVh5ht2GC/gTBvb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61tEqCgltE8VV2POwppxJ2jbMcNoLQoqFx2nXm96lfveZhpop+WRmAXUFHkvmM4JNIj3WvKthuWrX7SWsTeJkpAoZWsPyz2CkSCSoNIRjrfuOHRg3xqFhhNN5aRBpGmAyxWPaT6jEgmo3XladW5eJMrJ8FSZPGmup/k/EWGg9E15yKbCZ6HUvFf+8Us4NJjPNiM4ViA1Lfl/rZPxbN2YyiAyVZFXJj7hllJUuZOXzL2lPPU9WctY32SSdRt25rjsPjWqzku1VhAuoQA0cuIEm3EML2kBgDAt4hTe0QO/oA32uTgsoy5xDDujrFxrHmzA=</latexit> (a) <latexit sha1_base64="pqaPqUZCAkU++AMIDD3PKCwLLJk=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQI9VKSetBjwYvHivYH2lA22027dH9CdiOW0EfoVR/Em3j1IXwOX8CkDWLagYVh5ht2GC/gTBvb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61tEqCgltE8VV2POwppxJ2jbMcNoLQoqFx2nXm96lfveZhpop+WRmAXUFHkvmM4JNIj3W8NWwXLXr9hLWJnEyUoUMrWH5ZzBSJBJUGsKx1n3HDowb49Awwum8NIg0DTCZ4jHtJ1RiQbUbL6vOrctEGVm+CpMnjbVU/ydiLLSeCS+5FNhM9LqXin9eKecGk5lmROcKxIYlv691Mv6tGzMZRIZKsqrkR9wyykoXsvL5l7SnnicrOeubbJJOo+5c152HRrVZyfYqwgVUoAYO3EAT7qEFbSAwhgW8whtaoHf0gT5XpwWUZc4hB/T1Cxkhmy8=</latexit> of powder soluble, <latexit sha1_base64="E9gMk/g0k1TWdptg05C15FAcEl8=">AAACHHicZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9i/XoZWkRPEhJ6kGPBS8eK9gfaEPZbDft0s1uyG60JfRVetUH8SZeBZ/DF3DTFjF1YGGY+YYdxo84U9pxvqzC1vbO7l5xv3RweHR8Yp+W20omMaEtIrmMuz5WlDNBW5ppTrtRTHHoc9rxJ3eZ33misWJSPOpZRL0QjwQLGMHaSAO7LAMUyechjZGSPDGxq4FddWrOEug/cdekCms0B/Z3fyhJElKhCcdK9Vwn0l6KY80Ip/NSP1E0wmSCR7RnqMAhVV667D5HF0YZokDG5gmNlurfRIpDpWahby5DrMdq08vEX6+Uc6PxTDGicgVSzczvG510cOulTESJpoKsKgUJR1qibDKUz0+znmpuVnI3N/lP2vWae11zH+rVRmW9VxHOoQKX4MINNOAemtACAlNYwAu8WgvrzXq3PlanBWudOYMcrM8f/gSiDA==</latexit> heat, and clamps <latexit sha1_base64="WC62oloZ63i180WxqVSTrPb8u9s=">AAACGnicZVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfUZduhhbBhZSkLnRZcOOygn1AG8pkOmmHzkyGzKRYQv+kW/0Qd+LWjd/hD5i0QUw9MHA45947h+MrzrRxnC+rtLW9s7tX3q8cHB4dn9inZx0dxhGhbRLyMOr5WFPOJG0bZjjtqYhi4XPa9af3md+d0UizUD6ZuaKewGPJAkawSaWhbU8oNtcIyxEiHAulh3bNqTsroP/EzUkNcrSG9vdgFJJYUGnSC1r3XUcZL8GRYYTTRWUQa6owmeIx7adUYkG1l6ySL9BlqoxQEEbpkwat1L8bCRZaz4WfTgpsJnrTy8Rfr1Jw1WSuGdGFAIlh6e8bmUxw5yVMqthQSdaRgpgjE6KsMFTcf85y6kXakrvZyX/SadTdm7r72Kg1q3lfZbiAKlyBC7fQhAdoQRsIzGAJL/BqLa036936WI+WrHznHAqwPn8A8hWg8Q==</latexit> Injection hole <latexit sha1_base64="J6FyAKn+fpm9kNtV4Tvac6Y2SFI=">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</latexit> (b) <latexit sha1_base64="yLqUFkMXHdFFsxHevXSlsuAZ3TA=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQI9VKSetBjwYvHivYH2lA22027dH9CdiOW0EfoVR/Em3j1IXwOX8CkDWLagYVh5ht2GC/gTBvb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61tEqCgltE8VV2POwppxJ2jbMcNoLQoqFx2nXm96lfveZhpop+WRmAXUFHkvmM4JNIj3WvKthuWrX7SWsTeJkpAoZWsPyz2CkSCSoNIRjrfuOHRg3xqFhhNN5aRBpGmAyxWPaT6jEgmo3XladW5eJMrJ8FSZPGmup/k/EWGg9E15yKbCZ6HUvFf+8Us4NJjPNiM4ViA1Lfl/rZPxbN2YyiAyVZFXJj7hllJUuZOXzL2lPPU9WctY32SSdRt25rjsPjWqzku1VhAuoQA0cuIEm3EML2kBgDAt4hTe0QO/oA32uTgsoy5xDDujrFxrHmzA=</latexit> Figure: (a) Rig for sample preparation. (b) One prepared sample (air-texturised rovings) for impregnation tests.
- 13. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 20/34 Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability (a) <latexit sha1_base64="pqaPqUZCAkU++AMIDD3PKCwLLJk=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQI9VKSetBjwYvHivYH2lA22027dH9CdiOW0EfoVR/Em3j1IXwOX8CkDWLagYVh5ht2GC/gTBvb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61tEqCgltE8VV2POwppxJ2jbMcNoLQoqFx2nXm96lfveZhpop+WRmAXUFHkvmM4JNIj3W8NWwXLXr9hLWJnEyUoUMrWH5ZzBSJBJUGsKx1n3HDowb49Awwum8NIg0DTCZ4jHtJ1RiQbUbL6vOrctEGVm+CpMnjbVU/ydiLLSeCS+5FNhM9LqXin9eKecGk5lmROcKxIYlv691Mv6tGzMZRIZKsqrkR9wyykoXsvL5l7SnnicrOeubbJJOo+5c152HRrVZyfYqwgVUoAYO3EAT7qEFbSAwhgW8whtaoHf0gT5XpwWUZc4hB/T1Cxkhmy8=</latexit> (b) <latexit sha1_base64="yLqUFkMXHdFFsxHevXSlsuAZ3TA=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQI9VKSetBjwYvHivYH2lA22027dH9CdiOW0EfoVR/Em3j1IXwOX8CkDWLagYVh5ht2GC/gTBvb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61tEqCgltE8VV2POwppxJ2jbMcNoLQoqFx2nXm96lfveZhpop+WRmAXUFHkvmM4JNIj3WvKthuWrX7SWsTeJkpAoZWsPyz2CkSCSoNIRjrfuOHRg3xqFhhNN5aRBpGmAyxWPaT6jEgmo3XladW5eJMrJ8FSZPGmup/k/EWGg9E15yKbCZ6HUvFf+8Us4NJjPNiM4ViA1Lfl/rZPxbN2YyiAyVZFXJj7hllJUuZOXzL2lPPU9WctY32SSdRt25rjsPjWqzku1VhAuoQA0cuIEm3EML2kBgDAt4hTe0QO/oA32uTgsoy5xDDujrFxrHmzA=</latexit> x1 <latexit sha1_base64="DYfKP4Ak2kJYdvflhg8dAw1ZUnY=">AAACC3icdVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkKihdpbwYvHiqYttKFstpt26WYTshtpCX2EXvVBvIlXH8Ln8AVM2ihNwYGFYeYbdhgn4Ewqw/jSClvbO7t7xf3SweHR8Un59Kwt/Sgk1CI+98OugyXlTFBLMcVpNwgp9hxOO87kLvU7zzSUzBdPahZQ28MjwVxGsEqkx+nAHJSrpm4sgQy9kaBey0jDRL9WFTK0BuXv/tAnkUeFIhxL2TONQNkxDhUjnM5L/UjSAJMJHtFeQgX2qLTjZdU5ukyUIXL9MHlCoaW6noixJ+XMc5JLD6ux3PRS8c8r5dxgPJOMyFyBWLHk941Oyr21YyaCSFFBVpXciCPlo3QhlM9P055yvr7S/6R9rZs3uvlQqzYr2V5FuIAKXIEJdWjCPbTAAgIjWMALvGoL7U171z5WpwUty5xDDtrnDzqYm+U=</latexit> x3 <latexit sha1_base64="kjgU0hVQYR56obUMqJ8XQ4ge6S0=">AAACC3icdVDNasJAGPxi/6z90bbHXhal0FNIqmC9Cb30aGn9AQ2yWTe6uNmE7KYowUfw2j5Ib6XXPkSfoy/QRNNihA4sDDPfsMPYPmdSGcaXltvZ3ds/yB8Wjo5PTouls/OO9MKA0DbxuBf0bCwpZ4K2FVOc9vyAYtfmtGtP7xK/+0wDyTzxpOY+tVw8FsxhBKtYepwNq8NSxdSNFZChN2LUaylpmOjXqkCK1rD0PRh5JHSpUIRjKfum4SsrwoFihNNFYRBK6mMyxWPaj6nALpVWtKq6QFexMkKOF8RPKLRSNxMRdqWcu3Z86WI1kdteIv55hYzrT+aSEZkpECkW/77VSTm3VsSEHyoqyLqSE3KkPJQshLL5WdJTLjZX+p90bnSzqpsPtUqznO6Vh0sowzWYUIcm3EML2kBgDEt4gVdtqb1p79rH+jSnpZkLyED7/AE94pvn</latexit> x1 <latexit sha1_base64="7K6rSYl0rYvFvs5XrNmjdMRfb8I=">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</latexit> x1 <latexit sha1_base64="41UwVKSbTHTqbQviD80e4qDwEHw=">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</latexit> x2 <latexit sha1_base64="CwNtipoUui6PGfl6KUsuWEzdsTQ=">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</latexit> Inlet <latexit sha1_base64="1d3ooWWzpL0s111eyXmnRu/RlzU=">AAACinicdVFNb9NAEN2Yr2IKtHDksmpUCXGIbKdAKi6V4AC3IjVtpcSqxutxs+p+WLtjkGXlN3CFn8a/YZ0GlFRipJWe3pudeTNT1Ep6SpLfg+je/QcPH+08jp/sPn32fG//xbm3jRM4FVZZd1mARyUNTkmSwsvaIehC4UVx87HXL76h89KaM2przDVcG1lJARSo6RejkK72hskoGSfJ5B0PIBtn2VEPxm+P0wlPR8kqhmwdp1f7AzsvrWg0GhIKvJ+lSU15B46kULiM543HGsQNXOMsQAMafd6t3C75YWBKXlkXniG+Yjd/dKC9b3URMjXQwt/VevKfFm+p9aL1UvgtAx3J0P2OJ6omeSdN3RAacWupahQny/sl8VI6FKTaAEA4GabiYgEOBIVVxoeb1ZW2JTqzDKxDg9+F1RpM+WZegZaqLbGCRlE399Uahm6bVs7SvOv30PvYqjwTOu98tZo2Dif6ewf+f3CejdLxKP2aDU8O1sfaYa/YAXvNUvaenbDP7JRNmWCS/WA/2a9oN8qi4+jDbWo0WP95ybYi+vQHGATJPA==</latexit> Bottom plate (380 380 mm2 ) <latexit sha1_base64="L8nhSHPeyeM7MPak+bDnetbMiLc=">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</latexit> 60 <latexit sha1_base64="VPlrRevxKojZGbvYNnP/dbWokeg=">AAACEHicZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoZWkRPJVEi3osePFYwf5AG8tmu2mXbjZhdyOW0JfoVR/Em3j1DXwOX8CkDWLagYVh5ht2GDcUXBvL+kaFjc2t7Z3ibmlv/+DwqHx80tZBpChr0UAEqusSzQSXrGW4EawbKkZ8V7COO7lL/c4zU5oH8tFMQ+b4ZCS5xykxidS9tp76lCs6KFetmrUAXid2RqqQoTko//SHAY18Jg0VROuebYXGiYkynAo2K/UjzUJCJ2TEegmVxGfaiRd9Z/g8UYbYC1TypMEL9X8iJr7WU99NLn1ixnrVS8U/r5Rzw/FUc6pzBWLDk99XOhnv1om5DCPDJF1W8iKBTYDTmXA+/5L21LNkJXt1k3XSvqzZVzX7oV5tVLK9inAGFbgAG26gAffQhBZQEDCHV3hDc/SOPtDn8rSAsswp5IC+fgE9hZ1y</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="YhteX1eLrvAAPPzSUHfyDInEr88=">AAACDHicZVDNSsNAGPzib61/VY9elhbBU0lU0GPBi8cK9gfaUDbbTbt0s1nybcQS+gq96oN4E6++g8/hC5i0QUw7sDDMfMMO42kp0Nj2t7WxubW9s1vaK+8fHB4dV05O2xjGEeMtFsow6noUuRSKt4wwknd1xGngSd7xJveZ33nmEYpQPZmp5m5AR0r4glGTSX2NYlCp2XV7AbJOnJzUIEdzUPnpD0MWB1wZJiliz7G1cRMaGcEkn5X7MXJN2YSOeC+ligYc3WTRdUYuUmVI/DBKnzJkof5PJDRAnAZeehlQM8ZVLxP/vHLB1eMpCoaFAokR6e8rnYx/5yZC6dhwxZaV/FgSE5JsIlLMv2Q9cZau5Kxusk7aV3Xnuu483tQa1XyvEpxDFS7BgVtowAM0oQUMxjCHV3iz5ta79WF9Lk83rDxzBgVYX7/VHZwx</latexit> 30 <latexit sha1_base64="j+mefiGokq9ELlRp/B1fHaN6tcc=">AAACEHicZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoZWkRPJXEFvRY8OKxgv2BNpbNdtMu3d2E7EYsoS/Rqz6IN/HqG/gcvoBJG8S0AwvDzDfsMG4guDaW9Y0KW9s7u3vF/dLB4dHxSfn0rKP9KKSsTX3hhz2XaCa4Ym3DjWC9IGREuoJ13eld6nefWai5rx7NLGCOJGPFPU6JSaRe3XoaUB7SYblq1awl8CaxM1KFDK1h+Wcw8mkkmTJUEK37thUYJyah4VSweWkQaRYQOiVj1k+oIpJpJ172nePLRBlhzw+Tpwxeqv8TMZFaz6SbXEpiJnrdS8U/r5Rzg8lMc6pzBWLDk9/XOhnv1om5CiLDFF1V8iKBjY/TmXA+/5L21PNkJXt9k03Sua7Z9Zr90Kg2K9leRbiAClyBDTfQhHtoQRsoCFjAK7yhBXpHH+hzdVpAWeYcckBfvziBnW8=</latexit> 120 <latexit sha1_base64="dZpP4QfnSaGCwOjnn/DzwhQfvv8=">AAACEXicZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkpSBT0WvHisYH+kjWWz3bRLdzchuxFL6FP0qg/iTbz6BD6HL+CmDWLagYVh5ht2GC/kTGnb/rYKG5tb2zvF3dLe/sHhUfn4pK2COCK0RQIeRF0PK8qZpC3NNKfdMKJYeJx2vMlt6neeaaRYIB/0NKSuwCPJfEawNtKjU7ef+oRFZFCu2jV7AbROnIxUIUNzUP7pDwMSCyo14VipnmOH2k1wpBnhdFbqx4qGmEzwiPYMlVhQ5SaLwjN0bpQh8oPIPKnRQv2fSLBQaio8cymwHqtVLxX/vFLODcdTxYjKFUg0M7+vdNL+jZswGcaaSrKs5Mcc6QClO6F8/iXtqWZmJWd1k3XSrtecy5pzf1VtVLK9inAGFbgAB66hAXfQhBYQEDCHV3iz5ta79WF9Lk8LVpY5hRysr1+uBZ2p</latexit> r = 60mm <latexit sha1_base64="mFg1tEXh2BbGvBHfJUgpcbwTEBg=">AAACGnicZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9i3r0srQInkqiol6EghePFewPtKFsttt2aXYTsl9KS+ib9KoP4k28evE5fAGTNoipAwvDzDfsMG7gCY2W9WUUNja3tneKu6W9/YPDI/P4pKn9KGS8wXzPD9su1dwTijdQoMfbQcipdD3ecscPqd+a8FALXz3jLOCOpEMlBoJRTKSeaYbkntxYpIt8irGU855ZsarWEuQ/sTNSgQz1nvnd7fssklwh86jWHdsK0IlpiIJ5fF7qRpoHlI3pkHcSqqjk2omXzefkPFH6ZOCHyVNIlurfREyl1jPpJpeS4kive6n465VybjCaacF0rkCMIvl9rRMO7pxYqCBCrtiq0iDyCPokHYzk89O0p05Xstc3+U+al1X7qmo/XVdq5WyvIpxBGS7AhluowSPUoQEMJrCAF3g1Fsab8W58rE4LRpY5hRyMzx9Ye6Ca</latexit> r = 120mm <latexit sha1_base64="GxzxPY8+ivOj0ehLYL93P1NcG6o=">AAACG3icZVDNSsNAGNzUv1r/Uj16WVoETyWpgl6EghePFewPtKFstpt26e4mZL9oS+ij9KoP4k28evA5fAGTNohpBxaGmW/YYdxAcA2W9W0UtrZ3dveK+6WDw6PjE7N82tZ+FFLWor7ww65LNBNcsRZwEKwbhIxIV7COO7lP/c4zCzX31RPMAuZIMlLc45RAIg3McojvsF23cB/YFGIp5wOzatWsJfAmsTNSRRmaA/OnP/RpJJkCKojWPdsKwIlJCJwKNi/1I80CQidkxHoJVUQy7cTL6nN8kShD7Plh8hTgpfo/EROp9Uy6yaUkMNbrXir+eaWcG4xnmlOdKxADT35f6wTerRNzFUTAFF1V8iKBwcfpYjifn6Y9dbqSvb7JJmnXa/ZVzX68rjYq2V5FdI4q6BLZ6AY10ANqohai6AUt0Ct6MxbGu/FhfK5OC0aWOUM5GF+/ys2g0Q==</latexit> Impregnated fabric <latexit sha1_base64="oXqCFE8SHqDeBEIlWJnqMxdEaSc=">AAACI3icZVDLSsNAFJ34rPUVdSVuQovgqiQq6LLgRncV7APaUCbT23boZBIyN9ISil/TrX6IO3Hjwq/wB5y0QUx7YeBwzj3cM8cLBVdo21/G2vrG5tZ2Yae4u7d/cGgeHTdUEEcM6iwQQdTyqALBJdSRo4BWGAH1PQFNb3SX6s1niBQP5BNOQnB9OpC8zxlFTXXN0w7CGJMHX7sGkiL0rD71Is6mXbNsV+z5WKvAyUCZZFPrmj+dXsBiHyQyQZVqO3aIbkIj5EzAtNiJFYSUjegA2hpK6oNyk/kXpta5ZvTpINJPojVn/zsS6is18T296VMcqmUtJf+0Yk4NhxPFmcoFSJDr60uZsH/rJlyGMYJki0j9WFgYWGlzVt4/TnOqtCVnuZNV0LisOFcV5/G6XC1lfRXIGSmRC+KQG1Il96RG6oSRFzIjr+TNmBnvxofxuVhdMzLPCcmN8f0LqZalnA==</latexit> 150 <latexit sha1_base64="gSx9ElrBRd5i8SQdbElKDOOgZRo=">AAACEXicZVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfVZduQovgqiQ+0GXBjcsK9iFtLJPppB06jzAzEUvoV3SrH+JO3PoFfoc/YNIGMe2BgcM59zCH44eMauM431ZhbX1jc6u4XdrZ3ds/KB8etbSMFCZNLJlUHR9pwqggTUMNI51QEcR9Rtr++Db1289EaSrFg5mExONoKGhAMTKJ9OheOU89TBXul6tOzZnDXiVuRqqQodEv//QGEkecCIMZ0rrrOqHxYqQMxYxMS71IkxDhMRqSbkIF4kR78bzw1D5NlIEdSJU8Yey5+j8RI671hPvJJUdmpJe9VPzzSjk3HE00xTpXIDY0+X2pkwluvJiKMDJE4EWlIGK2kXa6k53Pv6Q99TRZyV3eZJW0zmvuRc29v6zWK9leRTiBCpyBC9dQhztoQBMwcJjBK7xZM+vd+rA+F6cFK8scQw7W1y+zCZ2s</latexit> Pressure sensor <latexit sha1_base64="JzKXBrLdvzejxR0KWCi0S7NHLT8=">AAACIHicZVDNSsNAGNzUv1r/ooIXL0uL4KkkKuix4MVjBfsDbSib7dd2abIJ+22kJfZletUH8SYe9TV8AZM2iGkHFoaZb9hh3NATqC3ryyhsbG5t7xR3S3v7B4dH5vFJE4NIcWjwwAtU22UInpDQ0EJ70A4VMN/1oOWO71O/9QwKRSCf9DQEx2dDKQaCM51IPfOsq2Gi47oCxEgBRZAYqFnPrFhVawG6TuyMVEiGes/86fYDHvkgNfcYYse2Qu3ETGnBPZiVuhFCyPiYDaGTUMl8QCde9J/Ri0Tp00Ggkic1Xaj/EzHzEae+m1z6TI9w1UvFP6+Uc8PRFAXHXIFYi+T3lU56cOfEQoaRBsmXlQaRR3VA09loPj9Je2K6kr26yTppXlXt66r9eFOplbO9iuSclMklscktqZEHUicNwskLmZNX8mbMjXfjw/hcnhaMLHNKcjC+fwGoOKSa</latexit> Inlet hole (r = 7.5 mm) <latexit sha1_base64="CJKNc/6BQ4Fvx8O3uTg5JjWhBQU=">AAACI3icZVDLSsNAFJ34rPUVdSVuhrZC3YSkInUjFNzoroJ9QBvKZDpph84jZCZiCcWv6VY/xJ24ceFX+AOmbRDTHhg4nHMv98zxAkaVtu0vY219Y3NrO7eT393bPzg0j46bSkYhJg0smQzbHlKEUUEammpG2kFIEPcYaXmj25nfeiKholI86nFAXI4GgvoUI51IPfP0XjCi4VAyAsulEN7AqnVVgpxf9MyibdlzwFXipKQIUtR75k+3L3HEidCYIaU6jh1oN0ahppiRSb4bKRIgPEID0kmoQJwoN55/YQLPE6UPfRkmT2g4V/9vxIgrNeZeMsmRHqplbyb+efmMGwzHimKVCRBrmlxfyqT9azemIog0EXgRyY8Y1BLOmoPZ/edZTjVJWnKWO1klzYrlXFrOQ6VYK6R95cAZKIAycEAV1MAdqIMGwOAFTMEreDOmxrvxYXwuRteMdOcEZGB8/wKCs6KK</latexit> x2 <latexit sha1_base64="S0Sk1ThKXovZg/cQZHSYwvU5zgE=">AAACC3icdVDNasJAGPxi/6z90bbHXhal0FNIrGC9Cb30aGn9AQ2yWTe6uNmE7KYowUfw2j5Ib6XXPkSfoy/QRNNihA4sDDPfsMPYPmdSGcaXltvZ3ds/yB8Wjo5PTouls/OO9MKA0DbxuBf0bCwpZ4K2FVOc9vyAYtfmtGtP7xK/+0wDyTzxpOY+tVw8FsxhBKtYepwNq8NSxdSNFZChN2LUaylpmOjXqkCK1rD0PRh5JHSpUIRjKfum4SsrwoFihNNFYRBK6mMyxWPaj6nALpVWtKq6QFexMkKOF8RPKLRSNxMRdqWcu3Z86WI1kdteIv55hYzrT+aSEZkpECkW/77VSTm3VsSEHyoqyLqSE3KkPJQshLL5WdJTLjZX+p90qrp5o5sPtUqznO6Vh0sowzWYUIcm3EML2kBgDEt4gVdtqb1p79rH+jSnpZkLyED7/AE8PZvm</latexit> Flow front <latexit sha1_base64="CLfvXzk5Xrr2U1DEDAx6ckhbEkI=">AAACEnicZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkpSD3osCOKxgv3BNpTNdtMu3eyG3Y1aQt+iV30Qb+LVF/A5fAGTNohpBxaGmW/YYbyQM21s+9sqbGxube8Ud0t7+weHR+Xjk7aWkSK0RSSXquthTTkTtGWY4bQbKooDj9OON7lJ/c4TVZpJ8WCmIXUDPBLMZwSbRHq85fIZ+UoKMyhX7Zq9AFonTkaqkKE5KP/0h5JEARWGcKx1z7FD48ZYGUY4nZX6kaYhJhM8or2EChxQ7caLxjN0nihD5EuVPGHQQv2fiHGg9TTwkssAm7Fe9VLxzyvl3HA81YzoXIHYsOT3lU7Gv3ZjJsLIUEGWlfyIIyNROhTK51/SnnqWrOSsbrJO2vWac1lz7uvVRiXbqwhnUIELcOAKGnAHTWgBAQFzeIU3a269Wx/W5/K0YGWZU8jB+voFaQGepA==</latexit> x2 <latexit sha1_base64="roXX9s/7LNCPJHr5FH5huKoCsDQ=">AAACDHicZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoZWkRPZWkCnosePFYwf5AG8pmu2mXbnZDdiMtoa/Qqz6IN/HqO/gcvoBJG8S0AwvDzDfsMG4guDaW9Y0KW9s7u3vF/dLB4dHxSfn0rK1VFFLWokqosOsSzQSXrGW4EawbhIz4rmAdd/KQ+p0XFmqu5LOZBczxyUhyj1NiUmk6qF8NylWrZi2BN4mdkSpkaA7KP/2hopHPpKGCaN2zrcA4MQkNp4LNS/1Is4DQCRmxXkIl8Zl24mXXOb5MlCH2VJg8afBS/Z+Iia/1zHeTS5+YsV73UvHPK+XcYDzTnOpcgdjw5Pe1Tsa7d2Iug8gwSVeVvEhgo3A6Ec7np2lPPU9Wstc32STtes2+qdlPt9VGJdurCBdQgWuw4Q4a8AhNaAGFMSzgFd7QAr2jD/S5Oi2gLHMOOaCvXw+2m7k=</latexit> p1 <latexit sha1_base64="oZ2WkirKA4bEVT+/uQFrTlbOb7Y=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0EloETyVRQY8FLx4r2h9oQ9lsN+3Sze6S3Ygl9BF61QfxJl59CJ/DF3CTBjHtwMIw8w07jC8ZVdpxvq3SxubW9k55t7K3f3B4VD0+6SgRR5i0sWAi6vlIEUY5aWuqGenJiKDQZ6TrT+9Sv/tMIkUFf9IzSbwQjTkNKEbaSI9y6A6rdafhZLDXiZuTOuRoDas/g5HAcUi4xgwp1Xcdqb0ERZpiRuaVQayIRHiKxqRvKEchUV6SVZ3b50YZ2YGIzOPaztT/iQSFSs1C31yGSE/UqpeKf16l4MrJTFGsCgUSTc3vK510cOsllMtYE46XlYKY2VrY6UJ2Mf+S9lRzs5K7usk66Vw23KuG+3Bdb9byvcpwBjW4ABduoAn30II2YBjDAl7hzVpY79aH9bk8LVl55hQKsL5+AZqVm38=</latexit> p2 <latexit sha1_base64="LtPZaZ4ebxs4Qj6oF49Wd/FXbKg=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQInkpSC3osePFY0f5AG8pmu2mX7m6W7EYsoY/Qqz6IN/HqQ/gcvoBJG8S0AwvDzDfsMJ7iTBvb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61tFBFBLaJgEPwp6HNeVM0rZhhtOeCikWHqddb3qX+t1nGmoWyCczU9QVeCyZzwg2ifSohvVhuWrX7CWsTeJkpAoZWsPyz2AUkEhQaQjHWvcdWxk3xqFhhNN5aRBpqjCZ4jHtJ1RiQbUbL6vOrctEGVl+ECZPGmup/k/EWGg9E15yKbCZ6HUvFf+8Us5Vk5lmROcKxIYlv691Mv6tGzOpIkMlWVXyI26ZwEoXsvL5l7SnnicrOeubbJJOveZc15yHRrVZyfYqwgVU4AocuIEm3EML2kBgDAt4hTe0QO/oA32uTgsoy5xDDujrF5w6m4A=</latexit> p3 <latexit sha1_base64="TaOcn383JMv1Kjt0Um8gDETSWgk=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQInkpiC3osePFY0f5AG8pmu2mX7m6W7EYsoY/Qqz6IN/HqQ/gcvoBJG8S0AwvDzDfsMJ7iTBvb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61tFBFBLaJgEPwp6HNeVM0rZhhtOeCikWHqddb3qX+t1nGmoWyCczU9QVeCyZzwg2ifSohvVhuWrX7CWsTeJkpAoZWsPyz2AUkEhQaQjHWvcdWxk3xqFhhNN5aRBpqjCZ4jHtJ1RiQbUbL6vOrctEGVl+ECZPGmup/k/EWGg9E15yKbCZ6HUvFf+8Us5Vk5lmROcKxIYlv691Mv6tGzOpIkMlWVXyI26ZwEoXsvL5l7SnnicrOeubbJLOdc2p15yHRrVZyfYqwgVU4AocuIEm3EML2kBgDAt4hTe0QO/oA32uTgsoy5xDDujrF53fm4E=</latexit> p4 <latexit sha1_base64="lYnMYKy+FDYSG2QNth6+/abw1N8=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQInkqihXosePFY0f5AG8pmu2mX7m6W7EYsoY/Qqz6IN/HqQ/gcvoBJG8S0AwvDzDfsMJ7iTBvb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61tFBFBLaJgEPwp6HNeVM0rZhhtOeCikWHqddb3qX+t1nGmoWyCczU9QVeCyZzwg2ifSohvVhuWrX7CWsTeJkpAoZWsPyz2AUkEhQaQjHWvcdWxk3xqFhhNN5aRBpqjCZ4jHtJ1RiQbUbL6vOrctEGVl+ECZPGmup/k/EWGg9E15yKbCZ6HUvFf+8Us5Vk5lmROcKxIYlv691Mv6tGzOpIkMlWVXyI26ZwEoXsvL5l7SnnicrOeubbJLOdc25qTkP9Wqzku1VhAuowBU40IAm3EML2kBgDAt4hTe0QO/oA32uTgsoy5xDDujrF5+Em4I=</latexit> p5 <latexit sha1_base64="6XrChloYyhQR93M+D1TH7fGkAiA=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0EloETyXRih4LXjxWtD/QhrLZbtqlu5sluxFL6CP0qg/iTbz6ED6HL+CmDWLagYVh5ht2GF8yqrTjfFuFjc2t7Z3ibmlv/+DwqHx80lZhHGHSwiELo66PFGFUkJammpGujAjiPiMdf3KX+p1nEikaiic9lcTjaCRoQDHSRnqUg+tBuerUnAXsdeJmpAoZmoPyT38Y4pgToTFDSvVcR2ovQZGmmJFZqR8rIhGeoBHpGSoQJ8pLFlVn9rlRhnYQRuYJbS/U/4kEcaWm3DeXHOmxWvVS8c8r5Vw5niqKVa5Aoqn5faWTDm69hAoZayLwslIQM1uHdrqQnc+/pD3VzKzkrm6yTtqXNfeq5j7Uq41KtlcRzqACF+DCDTTgHprQAgwjmMMrvFlz6936sD6XpwUry5xCDtbXL6Epm4M=</latexit> p6 <latexit sha1_base64="O2waLGlC6m3h6zOroB8wjNnpdNU=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0EloETyXRoh4LXjxWtD/QhrLZbtqlu5sluxFL6CP0qg/iTbz6ED6HL+CmDWLagYVh5ht2GF8yqrTjfFuFjc2t7Z3ibmlv/+DwqHx80lZhHGHSwiELo66PFGFUkJammpGujAjiPiMdf3KX+p1nEikaiic9lcTjaCRoQDHSRnqUg+tBuerUnAXsdeJmpAoZmoPyT38Y4pgToTFDSvVcR2ovQZGmmJFZqR8rIhGeoBHpGSoQJ8pLFlVn9rlRhnYQRuYJbS/U/4kEcaWm3DeXHOmxWvVS8c8r5Vw5niqKVa5Aoqn5faWTDm69hAoZayLwslIQM1uHdrqQnc+/pD3VzKzkrm6yTtqXNfeq5j7Uq41KtlcRzqACF+DCDTTgHprQAgwjmMMrvFlz6936sD6XpwUry5xCDtbXL6LOm4Q=</latexit> Inlet hole (rin = 7.5 mm) <latexit sha1_base64="jL+XF77MntMofbIGx9qkIXNPon0=">AAACJnicZVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEtdDLZC3ZSkInUjFNzoroJ9QBvCZDpph85MQmYilpCNX9Otfog7EXf+gz9g0gYx7YGBwzn3cs8cx2dUKsP40gpr6xubW8Xt0s7u3v6BfnjUkV4YYNLGHvOCnoMkYVSQtqKKkZ4fEMQdRrrO5Db1u08kkNQTj2rqE4ujkaAuxUglkq2f3gtGFBx7jMBqJbAjKuKbRu2qAjm/sPWyUTPmgKvEzEgZZGjZ+s9g6OGQE6EwQ1L2TcNXVoQCRTEjcWkQSuIjPEEj0k+oQJxIK5r/IobniTKErhckTyg4V/9vRIhLOeVOMsmRGstlLxX/vFLO9cdTSbHMBYgUTa4vZVLutZVU4IeKCLyI5IYMKg+m5cH8/nOaU8ZJS+ZyJ6ukU6+ZlzXzoV5uwqyvIjgBZ6AKTNAATXAHWqANMHgBM/AK3rSZ9q59aJ+L0YKW7RyDHLTvX0HxpJQ=</latexit> Pressure sensor, pi <latexit sha1_base64="zOyrq01PWVMFl75x9hAJbFjnmds=">AAACIHicZVDNSsNAGNz4W+tfVPDiZbEVPEhJ6kGPBS8eK9gfaEvZbL+0S5NN2G8jltiX6VUfxJt41NfwBUzaIKYdWBhmvmGHcUJPoLasL2NtfWNza7uwU9zd2z84NI+OmxhEikODB16g2g5D8ISEhhbag3aogPmOBy1nfJf6rSdQKAL5qCch9Hw2lMIVnOlE6pundQWIkQKKIDFQV7Qc9kW5b5asijUHXSV2RkokQ71v/nQHAY98kJp7DLFjW6HuxUxpwT2YFrsRQsj4mA2hk1DJfMBePO8/pReJMqBuoJInNZ2r/xMx8xEnvpNc+kyPcNlLxT+vmHPD0QQFx1yBWIvk96VO2r3txUKGkQbJF5XcyKM6oOlsNJ9/TnviNFnJXt5klTSrFfu6Yj9USzWa7VUgZ+ScXBKb3JAauSd10iCcvJAZeSVvxsx4Nz6Mz8XpmpFlTkgOxvcvfHGjSQ==</latexit> Inlet, pin <latexit sha1_base64="LXGf2C9qlCAwqsO3pngw+4N7Uys=">AAACGXicZVDLSsNAFL3xWeujUZduBlvBhZSkLnRZcKO7CvYBbQiT6aQdOpmEzEQsoV/SrX6IO3Hryu/wB5y0QUx7YOBwzr3cM8eLOJPKsr6Njc2t7Z3d0l55/+DwqGIen3RkmMSEtknIw7jnYUk5E7StmOK0F8UUBx6nXW9yl/ndZxpLFoonNY2oE+CRYD4jWGnJNSsPglN1hWqRmzIxq7lm1apbC6B1YuekCjlarvkzGIYkCahQhGMp+7YVKSfFsWKE01l5kEgaYTLBI9rXVOCASiddBJ+hC60MkR/G+gmFFur/jRQHUk4DT08GWI3lqpeJf1654EbjqWREFgKkiunrK5mUf+vor0eJooIsI/kJRypEWV+ouP+S5ZQz3ZK92sk66TTq9nXdfmxUmyjvqwRncA6XYMMNNOEeWtAGAgnM4RXejLnxbnwYn8vRDSPfOYUCjK9f1POgUg==</latexit> Figure: (a) Permeability measurement cells designed for radial impregnation tests. (b) Schematic of the pressure sensors and the radial flow that takes place inside the cavity of the permeability cell.
- 14. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 21/34 Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Results – simulations 0 2 4 6 8 10 Pressure [bar] 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Degree-of-cure [-] 0 40 80 120 160 200 Temperature [ C] Flow front <latexit sha1_base64="CLfvXzk5Xrr2U1DEDAx6ckhbEkI=">AAACEnicZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkpSD3osCOKxgv3BNpTNdtMu3eyG3Y1aQt+iV30Qb+LVF/A5fAGTNohpBxaGmW/YYbyQM21s+9sqbGxube8Ud0t7+weHR+Xjk7aWkSK0RSSXquthTTkTtGWY4bQbKooDj9OON7lJ/c4TVZpJ8WCmIXUDPBLMZwSbRHq85fIZ+UoKMyhX7Zq9AFonTkaqkKE5KP/0h5JEARWGcKx1z7FD48ZYGUY4nZX6kaYhJhM8or2EChxQ7caLxjN0nihD5EuVPGHQQv2fiHGg9TTwkssAm7Fe9VLxzyvl3HA81YzoXIHYsOT3lU7Gv3ZjJsLIUEGWlfyIIyNROhTK51/SnnqWrOSsbrJO2vWac1lz7uvVRiXbqwhnUIELcOAKGnAHTWgBAQFzeIU3a269Wx/W5/K0YGWZU8jB+voFaQGepA==</latexit> Resin inlet <latexit sha1_base64="9r/z7qnAhLkV7whNL5pxmt1kyCM=">AAACE3icZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkpSD3osePFYxf5AG8pm+7VdutkN2Y1YQh+jV30Qb+LVB/A5fAGTNohpBxaGmW/YYbxAcG1s+9sqbG3v7O4V90sHh0fHJ+XTs7ZWUciwxZRQYdejGgWX2DLcCOwGIVLfE9jxpnep33nGUHMln8wsQNenY8lHnFGTSL1H1FwSLgWaQblq1+wlyCZxMlKFDM1B+ac/VCzyURomqNY9xw6MG9PQcCZwXupHGgPKpnSMvYRK6qN242XlOblMlCEZqTB50pCl+j8RU1/rme8llz41E73upeKfV8q5wWSmOdO5ArHhye9rnczo1o25DCKDkq0qjSJBjCLpUiSff0l76nmykrO+ySZp12vOdc15qFcblWyvIlxABa7AgRtowD00oQUMFCzgFd6shfVufVifq9OClWXOIQfr6xcph58K</latexit> Pultrusion die <latexit sha1_base64="9LmTIQctydk1WtyDO+P4y+IVSFs=">AAACFnicZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkpSD3osePFYwf5AW8tmu2mXbjZh94tYQt+jV30Qb+LVq8/hC5i0QUw7sDDMfMMO44ZSGLTtb6uwtb2zu1fcLx0cHh2flE/P2iaINOMtFshAd11quBSKt1Cg5N1Qc+q7knfc6V3qd565NiJQjzgL+cCnYyU8wSgm0lMzkqij1CUjwYflql2zlyCbxMlIFTI0h+Wf/ihgkc8VMkmN6Tl2iIOYahRM8nmpHxkeUjalY95LqKI+N4N42XpOLhNlRLxAJ08hWar/EzH1jZn5bnLpU5yYdS8V/7xSzg0nMyOYyRWIUSS/r3VC73YQCxVGyBVbVfIiSTAg6Vgkn39Je5p5spKzvskmaddrznXNeahXG5VsryJcQAWuwIEbaMA9NKEFDDQs4BXerIX1bn1Yn6vTgpVlziEH6+sX4tKggg==</latexit> Die entrance <latexit sha1_base64="B38w+LASBD4pth496YaPIP4Jk5o=">AAACFHicZVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfVZduQovgqiR1ocuCLlxWsA9oQ5lMb9uhk8mQmYgl9De61Q9xJ27d+x3+gJM2iGkPDBzOuffO4fiSM6Ud59sqbG3v7O4V90sHh0fHJ+XTs7YK44hii4Y8jLo+UciZwJZmmmNXRkgCn2PHn96lfucZI8VC8aRnEr2AjAUbMUq0kfr3DG0UOiKC4qBcdWrOEvYmcTNShQzNQfmnPwxpHJgDlBOleq4jtZeQSDPKcV7qxwoloVMyxp6hggSovGSZeW5fGmVoj8LIPKHtpfp/IyGBUrPAN5MB0RO17qXin1fKuXIyU4yqXIBEM/P7WiY9uvUSJmSsUdBVpFHMbR3aaVV2fv8lzanmpiV3vZNN0q7X3Oua+1ivNipZX0W4gApcgQs30IAHaEILKEhYwCu8WQvr3fqwPlejBSvbOYccrK9fwtqfWQ==</latexit> Die exit <latexit sha1_base64="DXMuWZIK0th2L1zoCYLf2pZTVy0=">AAACEHicZVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0srQInkpSD/VY0IPHCvYH2lA22y/t0s0mZDfSEvoSveqDeBOvvoHP4QuYtEFMO7AwzHzDDuMEgittmt9GYWd3b/+geFg6Oj45PSufX3SUH4UM28wXfthzqELBJbY11wJ7QYjUcwR2nel96ndfMFTcl896HqDt0bHkLmdUJ1LvgSPBGdfDctWsmSuQbWJlpAoZWsPyz2Dks8hDqZmgSvUtM9B2TEPNmcBFaRApDCib0jH2Eyqph8qOV30X5DpRRsT1w+RJTVbq/0RMPaXmnpNcelRP1KaXin9eKecGk7niTOUKxJonv2900u6dHXMZRBolW1dyI0G0T9KZSD4/S3uqRbKStbnJNunUa9ZtzXqqV5uVbK8iXEEFbsCCBjThEVrQBgYClvAKb8bSeDc+jM/1acHIMpeQg/H1C4SinZs=</latexit> Profile <latexit sha1_base64="mKgw6apxgqy+O4VAEm4X7vMJWV4=">AAACD3icZVDLSsNAFL3xWeur6tJNaBFclaQudFlw47KCfUAbymR60w6dR8hMxBL6Ed3qh7gTt36C3+EPmLRBTHtg4HDOPczh+CFn2jjOt7W1vbO7t186KB8eHZ+cVs7OO1rFEcU2VVxFPZ9o5Exi2zDDsRdGSITPsetP7zO/+4yRZko+mVmIniBjyQJGiUmlbitSAeM4rNScurOEvUncnNQgR2tY+RmMFI0FSkM50brvOqHxEhIZRjnOy4NYY0jolIyxn1JJBGovWdad21epMrIDFaVPGnup/k8kRGg9E356KYiZ6HUvE/+8csENJzPNqC4USAxLf1/rZII7L2EyjA1KuqoUxNw2ys5Wsov5l6ynnqcrueubbJJOo+7e1N3HRq1ZzfcqwSVU4RpcuIUmPEAL2kBhCgt4hTdrYb1bH9bn6nTLyjMXUID19QsyHZ12</latexit> Curing from centre <latexit sha1_base64="C284qwFDl9pjms2ZBblqEQIFVho=">AAACHHicZVBLawIxGMzal7WvrT32EpRCT7JrD+1R8NKjhfoAXSQbsxrMY0myRVn8K17bH9Jb6bXQ39E/0KxK6epAYJj5hgwTxoxq43nfTmFv/+DwqHhcOjk9O79wL8sdLROFSRtLJlUvRJowKkjbUMNIL1YE8ZCRbjhtZn73hShNpXg285gEHI0FjShGxkpDt9xMFBVjGCnJISbCKDJ0q17NWwHuEn9DqmCD1tD9GYwkTrhNY4a07vtebIIUKUMxI4vSINEkRniKxqRvqUCc6CBddV/AG6uMYCSVfcLAlfo/kSKu9ZyH9pIjM9HbXib+eaWcG0/mmmKdK5Aaan/f6mSihyClIk4MEXhdKUoYNBJmk8F8fpb11Au7kr+9yS7p1Gv+Xc1/qlcblc1eRXANKuAW+OAeNMAjaIE2wGAGluAVvDlL5935cD7XpwVnk7kCOThfvx+loiE=</latexit> Curing from die-walls <latexit sha1_base64="zBFlgVSqi4cke6bHFCKXDi8xVrw=">AAACH3icZVDNSsNAGPzib61/UfHkZWkRvFiSetBjoRePFewPtKFstpt26WY37G7UEvowveqDeBOvfQ5fwLQNYtqBhWHmG3YYP+JMG8eZW1vbO7t7+4WD4uHR8cmpfXbe0jJWhDaJ5FJ1fKwpZ4I2DTOcdiJFcehz2vbH9YXffqFKMymezSSiXoiHggWMYJNKffuyHismhihQMkQDRm9fMee6b5edirME2iRuRsqQodG3f3oDSeKQCkM41rrrOpHxEqwMI5xOi71Y0wiTMR7SbkoFDqn2kmX9KbpOlQEKpEqfMGip/k8kONR6EvrpZYjNSK97C/HPK+bcaDTRjOhcgcSw9Pe1TiZ48BImothQQVaVgpgjI9FiNZTPvy166mm6kru+ySZpVSvuXcV9qpZrpWyvAlxBCW7AhXuowSM0oAkEEpjBO3xYM+vT+rK+V6dbVpa5gBys+S9KrqNA</latexit> Injection of fresh resin <latexit sha1_base64="Ern3C518K1h5R1jZ65WCfRELpqY=">AAACInicZVDLSgMxFL3js9ZX1Y3gJrQIrspMXeiy4EZ3FewD2qFk0kwbm0mGSUYsQ/2abvVD3Ikrwb/wB8y0gzjthYTDOfeQk+OFnClt21/W2vrG5tZ2Yae4u7d/cFg6Om4pGUeENonkMup4WFHOBG1qpjnthBHFgcdp2xvfpHr7iUaKSfGgJyF1AzwUzGcEa0P1S6d34pGSFCPpIz+iaoTMxYxUsav2fNAqcDJQgWwa/dJPbyBJHFChCcdKdR071G6CI80Ip9NiL1Y0xGSMh7RroMABVW4y/8EUnRtmgHwZmSM0mrP/HQkOlJoEntkMsB6pZS0l/7RiTg1HE8WIygVINDOvL2XS/rWbMBHGmgqyiOTHHGmJ0uJQ3v+c5lRT05Kz3MkqaNWqzmXVua9V6uWsrwKcQRkuwIErqMMtNKAJBF5gBq/wZs2sd+vD+lysrlmZ5wRyY33/As13pJE=</latexit> x2 <latexit sha1_base64="HqxDRy17bmCEhm+c6x/W/krWvIE=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQInkpSBT0WvHisaH+gDWWz3bRLN5slu5GW0EfoVR/Em3j1IXwOX8BNG8S0AwvDzDfsMJ7kTGnb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61lZhHBHaIiEPo66HFeVM0JZmmtOujCgOPE473uQ+9TsvNFIsFM96Jqkb4JFgPiNYG+lpOqgPylW7Zi9hbRInI1XI0ByUf/rDkMQBFZpwrFTPsaV2ExxpRjidl/qxohKTCR7RnqECB1S5ybLq3Lo0ytDyw8g8oa2l+j+R4ECpWeCZywDrsVr3UvHPK+VcOZ4pRlSuQKKZ+X2tk/bv3IQJGWsqyKqSH3NLh1a6kJXPT9Oeam5WctY32STtes25rjmPN9VGJdurCBdQgStw4BYa8ABNaAGBESzgFd7QAr2jD/S5Oi2gLHMOOaCvX6lym4g=</latexit> x3 <latexit sha1_base64="0v8P1b880hnfVn3NmQBl6Tq/XpY=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQInkpiBT0WvHisaH+gDWWz3bRLN5slu5GW0EfoVR/Em3j1IXwOX8BNG8S0AwvDzDfsMJ7kTGnb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61lZhHBHaIiEPo66HFeVM0JZmmtOujCgOPE473uQ+9TsvNFIsFM96Jqkb4JFgPiNYG+lpOqgPylW7Zi9hbRInI1XI0ByUf/rDkMQBFZpwrFTPsaV2ExxpRjidl/qxohKTCR7RnqECB1S5ybLq3Lo0ytDyw8g8oa2l+j+R4ECpWeCZywDrsVr3UvHPK+VcOZ4pRlSuQKKZ+X2tk/bv3IQJGWsqyKqSH3NLh1a6kJXPT9Oeam5WctY32STt65pTrzmPN9VGJdurCBdQgStw4BYa8ABNaAGBESzgFd7QAr2jD/S5Oi2gLHMOOaCvX6sXm4k=</latexit> x1 <latexit sha1_base64="X7x3Z3MPWNhfMTojlr7ayBZoMeI=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoZWkRPJVEC3osePFY0f5AG8pmu2mXbnZDdiMtoY/Qqz6IN/HqQ/gcvoBJG8S0AwvDzDfsMG4guDaW9Y0KW9s7u3vF/dLB4dHxSfn0rK1VFFLWokqosOsSzQSXrGW4EawbhIz4rmAdd3Kf+p0XFmqu5LOZBczxyUhyj1NiEulpOrAH5apVs5bAm8TOSBUyNAfln/5Q0chn0lBBtO7ZVmCcmISGU8HmpX6kWUDohIxYL6GS+Ew78bLqHF8myhB7KkyeNHip/k/ExNd65rvJpU/MWK97qfjnlXJuMJ5pTnWuQGx48vtaJ+PdOTGXQWSYpKtKXiSwUThdCOfz07Snnicr2eubbJL2dc2+qdmP9Wqjku1VhAuowBXYcAsNeIAmtIDCCBbwCm9ogd7RB/pcnRZQljmHHNDXL6fNm4c=</latexit> Initial fibre temperature <latexit sha1_base64="khYU/GOXynqfIgUX7OAXy2yPavY=">AAACI3icZVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqitxM7QIrkpSF7osuNFdBfuANpTJ9KYdOpmEmRuxhOLXdKsf4k7cuPAr/AHTB2LaAwOHc+7lnjleJIVB2/6ychubW9s7+d3C3v7B4VHx+KRpwlhzaPBQhrrtMQNSKGigQAntSAMLPAktb3Q781tPoI0I1SOOI3ADNlDCF5xhKvWKZ/dKoGCS+sLTQBGCCDTDWEOvWLYr9hx0nThLUiZL1HvFn24/5HEACrlkxnQcO0I3YRoFlzApdGMDEeMjNoBOShULwLjJ/AsTepEqfeqHOn0K6Vz9v5GwwJhx4KWTAcOhWfVm4p9XyLjRcGwEN5kACYr0+kom9G/cRKgoRlB8EcmPJcWQzpqj2f3nWU4zSVtyVjtZJ81qxbmqOA/Vcq207CtPzkmJXBKHXJMauSN10iCcvJApeSVv1tR6tz6sz8VozlrunJIMrO9fHJ6lSg==</latexit>
- 15. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 22/34 Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Results – simulations 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 1 2 ⇥3c ⇥ 3e ⇥ 4 6 7 (a) Pressure [bar] Inside die Outside die 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 50 100 150 ⇥ Th1 ⇥ Th2 ⇥ Th3 1 2 ⇥ 3c ⇥ 3e ⇥ 4 ⇥ 5 6 7 (b) Temperature [ C] 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1 2 ⇥ 3c ⇥ 3e ⇥ 4 6 7 Position, x1 [m] (c) Degree-of-cure [-] Figure: Stationary profiles: An overview of how the pressure, temperature, and the degree-of-cure developed towards, inside, and after the pultrusion die.
- 16. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 23/34 Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Results – experiments 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 50 100 150 200 ⇥ (⇤) ⇥ (⇤⇤) Temperature [ C] (a) 100% speed Inside die Outside die Simulation Experiment 1 Experiment 2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 50 100 150 200 Temperature [ C] (b) 110% speed Simulation Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 50 100 150 200 Position, x1 [m] Temperature [ C] (c) 120% speed Simulation Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Figure: Comparison of temperature profiles obtained from the simulation model and measurements from an industrial pultrusion line at di↵erent pulling speeds.
- 17. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 24/34 Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction • Fibre-deformation induced by resin flow; and • Associated e↵ects on the material flow in resin-injection pultrusion processes.
- 18. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 25/34 Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour ”Pragmatic” approach, measurement of the fibre material’s compaction behaviour: h <latexit sha1_base64="AOp5AFapBkphXH/CLglEKZD629o=">AAACCXicdVDNasJAGPxi/6z9s+2xl0Up9BSSqqg3oZceFeoPaJDNutHFzSZkN6USfAKv7YP0VnrtU/Q5+gJNoi2N0IGFYeYbdhjb50wqw/jUcju7e/sH+cPC0fHJ6Vnx/KInvTAgtEs87gUDG0vKmaBdxRSnAz+g2LU57dvzu8TvP9JAMk88qIVPLRdPBXMYwSqWOrNxsWzozWa1WTNRQmqmUUlJtVFvIFM3UpRhg/a4+DWaeCR0qVCEYymHpuErK8KBYoTTZWEUSupjMsdTOoypwC6VVpQWXaLrWJkgxwviJxRK1b+JCLtSLlw7vnSxmsltLxF/vULG9WcLyYjMFIgUi3/f6qSchhUx4YeKCrKu5IQcKQ8l+6Bs/inpKZfxSj9ToP9J71Y3K7rZqZZbpc1eebiCEtyACXVowT20oQsEKKzgGV60lfaqvWnv69OctslcQgbaxzcBEZtA</latexit> x1 <latexit sha1_base64="MMLl9dVCNI4M2bb81Me9DdtsSpI=">AAACC3icdVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0slgETyGxLW1vBS8eK9ofaEPZbDft0s0mZDfSEvoIveqDeBOvPoTP4QuYpFVMwYGFYeYbdhjb50wqw/jUclvbO7t7+f3CweHR8Unx9KwjvTAgtE087gU9G0vKmaBtxRSnPT+g2LU57drT28TvPtFAMk88qrlPLRePBXMYwSqWHmZDc1gsGXqjUWlUTZSQqmmUU1Kp1+rI1I0UJVijNSx+DUYeCV0qFOFYyr5p+MqKcKAY4XRRGISS+phM8Zj2YyqwS6UVpVUX6CpWRsjxgvgJhVL1byLCrpRz144vXawmctNLxF+vkHH9yVwyIjMFIsXi3zc6KaduRUz4oaKCrCo5IUfKQ8lCKJufJT3lIl7pZwr0P+nc6GZZN+8rpebleq88XMAlXIMJNWjCHbSgDQTGsIRneNGW2qv2pr2vTnPaOnMOGWgf31Obm/Q=</latexit> x2 <latexit sha1_base64="QNFCMLas757x9RQE5lQUrQhZypk=">AAACC3icdVDNasJAGPxi/6z9s+2xl0Up9BQSf1BvQi89Wlp/QINs1o0ubjYhuylK8BG8tg/SW+m1D9Hn6As0UVsaoQMLw8w37DC2z5lUhvGpZXZ29/YPsoe5o+OT07P8+UVHemFAaJt43At6NpaUM0HbiilOe35AsWtz2rWnt4nffaKBZJ54VHOfWi4eC+YwglUsPcyGpWG+aOiNRqVRNVFCqqZRXpFKvVZHpm6sUIQNWsP812DkkdClQhGOpeybhq+sCAeKEU4XuUEoqY/JFI9pP6YCu1Ra0arqAl3Hygg5XhA/odBK/ZuIsCvl3LXjSxeridz2EvHXy6VcfzKXjMhUgUix+PetTsqpWxETfqioIOtKTsiR8lCyEErnZ0lPuYhX+pkC/U86Jd0s6+Z9pdgsbPbKwhUU4AZMqEET7qAFbSAwhiU8w4u21F61N+19fZrRNplLSEH7+AZVQJv1</latexit> x3 <latexit sha1_base64="WlbX5R0NdkcUQvWyx6dnrAswOAs=">AAACC3icdVDNSsNAGPxS/2r9q3r0slgETyGxLW1vBS8eK9ofaEPZbDft0s0mZDfSEvoIveqDeBOvPoTP4QuYpFVMwYGFYeYbdhjb50wqw/jUclvbO7t7+f3CweHR8Unx9KwjvTAgtE087gU9G0vKmaBtxRSnPT+g2LU57drT28TvPtFAMk88qrlPLRePBXMYwSqWHmbD8rBYMvRGo9KomighVdMop6RSr9WRqRspSrBGa1j8Gow8ErpUKMKxlH3T8JUV4UAxwumiMAgl9TGZ4jHtx1Rgl0orSqsu0FWsjJDjBfETCqXq30SEXSnnrh1fulhN5KaXiL9eIeP6k7lkRGYKRIrFv290Uk7dipjwQ0UFWVVyQo6Uh5KFUDY/S3rKRbzSzxTof9K50c2ybt5XSs3L9V55uIBLuAYTatCEO2hBGwiMYQnP8KIttVftTXtfnea0deYcMtA+vgFW5Zv2</latexit> Vfc1 . . . Vfc4 c1 c2 c3 c4 Volume fraction Compaction pressure Loading Unloading Figure: Experimental setup and stress-volume fraction curves for compaction behaviour
- 19. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 26/34 Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Results – simulations x2 <latexit sha1_base64="HqxDRy17bmCEhm+c6x/W/krWvIE=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQInkpSBT0WvHisaH+gDWWz3bRLN5slu5GW0EfoVR/Em3j1IXwOX8BNG8S0AwvDzDfsMJ7kTGnb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61lZhHBHaIiEPo66HFeVM 0JZmmtOujCgOPE473uQ+9TsvNFIsFM96Jqkb4JFgPiNYG+lpOqgPylW7Zi9hbRInI1XI0ByUf/rDkMQBFZpwrFTPsaV2ExxpRjidl/qxohKTCR7RnqECB1S5ybLq3Lo0ytDyw8g8oa2l+j+R4ECpWeCZywDrsVr3UvHPK+VcOZ4pRlSuQKKZ+X2tk/bv3IQJGWsqyKqS H3NLh1a6kJXPT9Oeam5WctY32STtes25rjmPN9VGJdurCBdQgStw4BYa8ABNaAGBESzgFd7QAr2jD/S5Oi2gLHMOOaCvX6lym4g=</latexit> x3 <latexit sha1_base64="0v8P1b880hnfVn3NmQBl6Tq/XpY=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoJbQInkpiBT0WvHisaH+gDWWz3bRLN5slu5GW0EfoVR/Em3j1IXwOX8BNG8S0AwvDzDfsMJ7kTGnb/kaFre2d3b3ifung8Oj4pHx61lZhHBHaIiEPo66HFeVM 0JZmmtOujCgOPE473uQ+9TsvNFIsFM96Jqkb4JFgPiNYG+lpOqgPylW7Zi9hbRInI1XI0ByUf/rDkMQBFZpwrFTPsaV2ExxpRjidl/qxohKTCR7RnqECB1S5ybLq3Lo0ytDyw8g8oa2l+j+R4ECpWeCZywDrsVr3UvHPK+VcOZ4pRlSuQKKZ+X2tk/bv3IQJGWsqyKqS H3NLh1a6kJXPT9Oeam5WctY32STt65pTrzmPN9VGJdurCBdQgStw4BYa8ABNaAGBESzgFd7QAr2jD/S5Oi2gLHMOOaCvX6sXm4k=</latexit> x1 <latexit sha1_base64="X7x3Z3MPWNhfMTojlr7ayBZoMeI=">AAACC3icZVDNSsNAGPy2/tX6V/XoZWkRPJVEC3osePFY0f5AG8pmu2mXbnZDdiMtoY/Qqz6IN/HqQ/gcvoBJG8S0AwvDzDfsMG4guDaW9Y0KW9s7u3vF/dLB4dHxSfn0rK1VFFLWokqosOsSzQSX rGW4EawbhIz4rmAdd3Kf+p0XFmqu5LOZBczxyUhyj1NiEulpOrAH5apVs5bAm8TOSBUyNAfln/5Q0chn0lBBtO7ZVmCcmISGU8HmpX6kWUDohIxYL6GS+Ew78bLqHF8myhB7KkyeNHip/k/ExNd65rvJpU/MWK97qfjnlXJuMJ5pTnWuQGx48vtaJ+PdOTGXQWSYpKtK XiSwUThdCOfz07Snnicr2eubbJL2dc2+qdmP9Wqjku1VhAuowBXYcAsNeIAmtIDCCBbwCm9ogd7RB/pcnRZQljmHHNDXL6fNm4c=</latexit> Largest deformation No vertical deformation Flow front Resin inlet Profile Pultrusion die Die exit Die entrance (i.e., no detachment) Dense fibre packing 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Resin pressure p/pin [-] 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 Fibre displacement ! (uf )i(uf )i/wc · 10−4 [-] 0.93 0.96 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.08 Fibre vol. frac. Vf /Vf0 [-] Loose fibre packing (near inlet) Streamlines of fibres (deformation scaled 10×)
- 20. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 27/34 Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation • Modelling of chemical cure shrinkage and thermal expansion; and • Resulting e↵ects on process-induced stress and deformation in the profile.
- 21. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 28/34 Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations: Process-induced strains 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 Temperature, T [ C] T Tg 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 (Resin modulus, Er, between (3.4 and 1124.6 MPa, at exit) Degree of cure, ↵ [-] 200 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 Strains [µ✏] ✏th 11 ✏ch 11 ✏ pr 11 12,000 9,000 6,000 3,000 0 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000 18,000 Strains [µ✏] ✏th 22 = ✏th 33 ✏ch 22 = ✏th 33 ✏pr 22 = ✏pr 33 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 x1 [m] Stress, 11 [MPa] 11 Inside die Ref. 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 x1 [m] 22 , 33 [MPa] 22 33 Figure: Temperature, degree of cure, stress, and strain probed at the centre (blue) and the top (red) of the profile.
- 22. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 29/34 Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations: Shape distortions 0 2 4 6 8 10 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.8 0.915 1 0 0.02 0.04 ! *See caption (I) 0.8 0.915 1 0 0.7 ·10 3 ⇥ x1 = 0.887 [m] (detached 28 mm before the die-exit) (II) x1 [m] Displacement [mm] (a) u2 u3 u3 w/o stress release Ref. 0 2 4 6 8 10 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0.005 0.01 (x = 0.91)(x = 0.95) (x = 4) (x = 7) (x = 10) Die-walls ! 0 0.3 0.6 0.915 0 2 4 6 8 ·10 4 ✏11 ✏22 + ✏33 x1 [m] Cross-sectional average of volumetric strain V/V = ✏ ii [-] (b) Inside die V/V V/V w/o stress release Figure: The e↵ects of including release of stress normal to the die-walls upon exit.
- 23. Introduction What is pultrusion? Research objectives Background Overview of presentation Part 1-2: Resin impregnation, heat transfer, and cure Material characterisation: Curing kinetics and chemorheology Impregnation flow: Characterisation of permeability Results – simulations Results – experiments Part 3: Flow-induced fibre compaction Material characterisation: Compaction behaviour Results – simulations Part 4: Process-induced stress and deformation Results - Simulations Questions? 34/34 Thank you for your attention! Want to collaborate?: Project ideas about processing of composites and polymers? Michael Sandberg, ms@ece.au.dk Assistant professor from January 2022. Project title: Numerical modelling of material flow in the resin-injection pultrusion process Completed at DTU Mechanical Engineering: Project partners: External research stay: Funding: (Grant no. DFF-6111-00112)