Nursery Management and Certification System
- 1. Course Contents NURSERY MANAGEMENT & CERTIFICATION SYSTEM Hort 507: 4(3-2)
- 2. Lecture No. Course Description 1 Introduction and Importance 2 Introduction and Importance 3 Types of horticultural nurseries 4 Types of horticultural nurseries 5 Management practices (water) insect-pests 6 Management practices (water) 7 Management practices (nutrient) 8 Management practices (nutrient 9 Management practices (weeds) 10 Management practices (weeds) 11 Management practices (Diseases) 12 Management practices (Diseases) 13 Management practices (Insects-pest) 14 Management practices (Insects-pest) Theory
- 3. 15 Protection against temperature extremities and radiation 16 Protection against temperature extremities and radiation 17 Important nursery operations 18 Important nursery operations 19 Propagation methods and their importance 20 Propagation through seed 20 Propagation method (Budding) 21 Propagation method (Grafting) 22 Propagation method (Grafting) 23 Propagation method (Cutting) 24 Propagation method (Layering) 25 Propagation method (Division) 26 Rootstocks for Temperate Fruits 27 Rootstocks for Temperate Fruits 28 Rootstocks for Temperate Fruits 29 Rootstocks for Tropical Fruits 30 Rootstocks for Tropical Fruits 31 Rootstocks for Subtropical fruits 32 Rootstocks for Subtropical fruits 33 Rootstocks for Ornamentals 34 Rootstocks for Vegetables
- 4. 35 Raising of stock seedlings 36 Raising of stock seedlings 37 Pre-sowing treatments of seeds 38 Pre-sowing treatments of seeds 39 Apomixis and Polyembryony 40 Stionic Interactions 41 Graft compatibility and incompatibility 42 Use of growth regulators for propagation 43 Certification systems and standards 44 Certification rules and regulations and procedures 45 Certification of planting material and nursery plants, 46 Marketing of nursery plants. 47 Presentations by students 48 Presentations by students
- 5. Practical No. Description 1 Seed identification of ornamental plants 2 Seed identification of vegetable crops 3 Seeds germination test I 4 Seeds germination test II 5 Selfing and crossing techniques in winter vegetables 6 Selfing and crossing techniques in winter annuals 7 Harvesting of winter annuals 8 Collection of seeds of winter annuals 9 Harvesting of winter vegetables 10 Extraction of seeds of winter vegetables 11 Drying of seeds 12 Packaging of seeds 13 Storage of seeds 14 Selfing and crossing techniques in summer vegetables 15 Visits to the seed markets 16 Visits to the seed markets Practical
- 6. Books Recommended 1. Agarwal, R. M. 1980. Seed Technology. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, New Dehli, Bombay. India. 2. George Raymond, A. T. 1985. Vegetable Seed Production: Longman Group New York, London. 3. Robert, E. H. 1974. Viability of Seeds. Chapman and Hall Ltd. London. 4. Thompson, J. R. 1979. An Introduction to Seed Technology. John Wiley and Sons. New York, Toronto. 5. Sharma, V. K. 1996. Plant Nurseries Techniques, Production & Management Indus Publishing Co. New Delhi. 6. Khare, D. and M.S. Bhale 2005. Seed Technology. Scientific Publishers PO Box 91. New Delhi. India 7. Pradeepkumar. T, Kumar, Pradeep Management of Horticultural Crops: Vol.11 Horticulture Science Series: 2008 Publishing Co. New India. 8. Jack Ingels. Ornamental horticulture: science, operations & management. 2009. Publishing Co Cengage Brain
- 7. A nursery is a place where plants are propagated and grown to usable size. Nurseries are of various types. Nurseries are broadly classified on the basis of types of production and types of sale like, fruit nurseries, medicinal plant nurseries, forest nurseries, retail nurseries, mail order nurseries, etc. Selection of type of nursery enterprise depends on market scenario and demand of surrounding area. Introduction
- 8. Importance • Some species are not annual good seed bearer, but need to be planted annually. To meet the need of seedlings of such species, nursery is important. • Slow growing species need a nursery to be planting out to avoid competition • Roadside and urban plantation always need a nursery for their plantation • The best method of introduction of exotics is only by nursery • Planting of nursery-grown plants is the surest method of artificially regenerating poor and barren sites. • Casualty replacement is only possible by the plants grown in the nursery.
- 9. 1. Fruit Plant Nurseries: Fruit nurseries are essential for production of grafts and rootstocks of Pomological Crops 2. Vegetable Nurseries: All vegetables like tomato, cabbage, onion, etc are raised by seedlings up to proper age for transplanting. Seedlings are produced from seeds which are very expensive. 3. Ornamental Plant Nurseries: Ornamental and floricultural crops require special practices regarding their propagation and early growth. Classification According to Plants Propagated:
- 10. Fruit Plant Nursery Vegetable Nursery Ornamental Plant Nursery Classification According to Plants Propagated:
- 11. 4. Forest Plant Nursery: Forest plants are essential for synthesis of gums, honey, timber and fuel. They are important in afforestation programs. There is lack of forest plant nurseries. 5. Medicinal Plant Nursery: Many wild plants have medicinal values and are exploited for this. Nurseries play an important role in preservation of such species, they also act as a resource for many pharmaceutical industries. 6. Hi-Tech Nurseries: Tissue culture and other modern techniques are used in such nurseries for raising of seedlings in controlled climate. Classification According to Plants Propagated:
- 12. 1. Retail Nurseries: Retail nurseries raise a variety of plants for sale to the general public. 2. Wholesale Nurseries: Wholesale nurseries usually grow a limited range of plants on large scale for large clients or retail nurseries. 3. Private Nurseries: Private nurseries grow plants exclusively for a single client. These nurseries are owned or contracted by the client itself. 4. Mail Order: Mail Order Nurseries are privately owned, retail or wholesale nurseries which provide customers a facility of shipment right up to the door step. Classification According to Type of Sale:
- 13. 1. Public Nurseries: Nurseries which are owned by some department of the government like forest department, social forestry department, Agriculture Department, etc. 2. Private Nurseries: Nursery business which is owned by an individual. 3. Cooperative Nurseries: Nurseries which are owned and managed by a group of individuals like Self Help Groups, etc. 4. Assisted Nurseries: Nurseries which are developed under various schemes of Horticultural Board, Employment Guarantee Schemes, etc Classification According to Type of Ownership:
- 14. Types of Nurseries • A. On the basis of irrigational facility, nurseries are classified into: • Dry Nursery: It is ‘a nursery that is maintained without any irrigation or other artificial watering.’ • Wet Nursery: It is ‘a nursery that is maintained by irrigation or other artificial watering during the dry periods’. • B. On the basis of size of seedlings, nurseries are classified into the following types: • Seedling nursery: A nursery which has only seedling beds, i.e., in which seedlings only are raised, no transplanting being done is called seedling nursery. • Transplant nursery: A nursery which has only transplant beds, in which seedlings are transplanted for preparation for forest planting is called transplant nursery.
- 15. C. On the basis of duration of their use, nurseries are classified into: • Temporary Nursery : It is a nursery that is maintained for supplying stock for a short period after which it is abandoned. Normally, it is constructed in the plantation area & usually small in size. It is suitable for hilly regions. – Main features: • Constructed for a short period of time and smaller is size. • Manuring is not necessary • Mostly located near/inside the planting area and which is approprite chiefly for casualty replacement. • Elaborate soil preparation is not necessary. • Cost of transportation of seedlings to the planting sites is low • Seedlings of different species for mixed crops • Gap between lifting the stock from the nursery and actual planting is less • Special supervision is not required
- 16. – Advantages • Usually constructed in newly cleared sites fairly rich in humus and so, manuring is not required. Eucalyptus nurseries are an exception to the general rules. • Minimum trouble with the weeds, destructive insects and diseases. • Enables raising of species in their optimum altitudinal zone in hills. • Cheap transport of planting stock without any serious damage or shock. – Disadvantages • Comparatively costly. • Difficult to supervise. • Proper supervision is not possible as it is made out of way places. • Due to lack of irrigation facility, the growth of seedlings is, usually slow and heavy mortality.
- 17. • Permanent Nursery: It is a nursery that is maintained for supplying nursery plants for a long time on a permanent basis. It is intended to meet the requirements of one or more ranges and it is relatively larger in extent. – Main features • Fit for large and intensive work and intensively managed • Established wheres all the facilities are available, i.e., easy supervision, communication facilities, labors, etc. • Intensive Manuring and soil working are done in perpetuity • Used for large scale afforestation works, or distribution to the villagers under community and private forestry programme. • A large labour forces, tools and equipments are available • Original cost of formation is high but is cheaper in the long run • Regular skilled supervision is done
- 18. – Advantages • Varieties of planting stocks supply; such as root- shoot cuttings, grafted plants, layering, budding, poly pot seedlings, etc. • Duration of service life is long and production cost is reasonable. • Meet the requirement of more ranges. • Supervision cost is low and can be easily supervised. • Easy transport of nursery stocks due to nearness of roads. • Plants are raised year after year for a long time on same site. – Disadvantage • Transportation of seedlings is difficult and costlier. • Establishment cost is high. • Manuring of beds annually & intensive soil working is essential. • Requires large labour forces through out the year which is difficult to available in agricultural seasons.