Nusrath online asmt
- 1. COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION ARKKANNOOR, AYOOR, KOLLAM ONLINE ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: DISCOVERY LEARNING NAME : NUSRATH. A. U SUBJECT: SOCIAL SCIENCE REG.No : 13360010
- 2. INTRODUCTON Discovery learning is a technique of inquiry based instructions and is considered a constructivist based approach up to education. Discovery learning take place in problem solving situations where the learner draws his own experiences and prior knowledge and is a method of instructions through which student interact with their environment by exploring and manipulating objects wresting with questions and controversies of performing experience. Discovery learning can occur whenever the students is not provided with an exact answer but rather than materials in order to find answer themselves. In support of the fundamental concept of discovery learning. Students are more likely to remember concept if they discover them on where on as opposed to those that are taught directly. This is the basic of discovery learning. Discovery learning has waxed and waned since the 1960s each case of empirical literature has shown that the use of pure discovery method is not suggested, yet time and time against researches have renamed their instructional methods only to be discredited against, to rename the movement again. DISCOVERY LEARNING Discovery Learning is a technique of inquiry based instruction and is considered a constructivist based approach to education. It is supported by the work of learning theories and psychologists Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner and Seymore Papert, although his form of instruction has great popularity, there is some debate in the literature concerning its efficiency. Jerome Bruner is often credited with original discovery learning in the 1960’s, but his ideas are very similar to those of earlier writers. Bruner argues that “practice
- 3. in discovery for oneself teaches one to acquire information in a way that makes that information more readily viable in problem solving”. This philosophy later became the Discovery Learning movement of the 1960’s the mantra of this philosophical movement suggests that we should learn by doing. In 1991, The Grauer School, a private secondary school in Encinitas, California was founded with the motto, “Learn by Discovery” and integrated a series of world-wide expeditions in to their program for high school graduation. DISCOVERY LEARNING IN SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION With the push for special needs students to take part in the general education curriculum, prominent researchers in this field doubt if general education classes rooted in Discovery based learning can provide an adequate learning environment for special needs students. Kauffman has related his concern over the use of discovery based learning as opposed to direct instruction Kauffman comments, to be highly successful in learning the facts and skills they need. These facts and skills and taught rather than indirectly. That is the teacher is in control of instruction not, the student and information is given to students. This view is exceptionally strong when focusing on students with math disabilities and math instruction. Typically developing students profit from the general education mathematics program which relies in part, on a constructivist inductive instructional style students who acquire serious mathematics deficits, however, fail to profit from those programs in a way that produces understanding of the structure, meaning and optional requirements of mathematics. Effective intervention for students with a math disability requires an explicit, didactic form of instruction. However, few studies focus on the long term results for direct instruction. However few studies
- 4. focus on the long term results for direct instruction is not superior to other instructional methods. For instance, a study found that in a group of fourth graders that were instructed for 10 weeks and measured for 17 weeks direct instruction did not lead to any stronger results in the long term than did practice alone. Other researchers note that there is promising work being done in the field to incorporate constructivism and co-operative grouping so that curriculum and pedagogy can meet the needs of diverse learners in an inclusion setting. However, it is questionable how successful these developed strategies are for student outcomes both initially and in the long term. CRITICISM OF PURE DISCOVERY LEARNING A debate in the instructional community now questions the effectiveness of this model of instruction. The debate dates back to the 1950s when researches first began the compare the results of Discovery Learning to other forms of instruction. In support of the fundamental concept of discovery. Bruner suggested that students are more likely to remember concepts if they discover them on their own as opposed to those that are taught directly. This is basis of Discovery Learning. In pure Discovery Learning, the learner is required to discover new content through conducting investigating or carrying out procedures while receiving little, if any, assistance “for example, a science teacher might provide students with a brief demonstration of how perceptions of color change depending on the intensity of the light source and then ask them to design their own experience to further examine this relationship”. In this example the student is left to discover the content on his/her own. Because students are left to self- discovery of topics, researches worry that taking place may have errors misconceptions or be confusing or frustrating to the learner.
- 5. While his article is cited as the fundamental frame work for Discovery Learning. Bruner also cautioned that such discovery could not be made prior or without at least some base of knowledge in the topic. Today’s researches like that of Kirschner, Sweller and Clark reports that there Is little empirical data do not support those using these unguided methods of instruction. The meta-analysis conducted by Alfieri and colleagues reconfirmed such warnings. Mayer argues that unassisted Discovery Learning tasks do not help learners discover problem solving rules, conversations strategies or programing concepts. He does acknowledge however that while under some circumstances constructivist-based approach may be beneficial for the learner. Mayer also points out that interest in Discovery Learning has waxed and wanted since the 1960s. He argues that in each case the empirical literature has shown that the use of pure discovery method is not suggested, yet time and time again researchers have renamed their instructional methods only to be discredited again, to rename their movement again. THE EFFECTS OF DISCOVERY LEARNING ON THE COGNITIVE LOAD Research has been conducted over years to prove the in favorable effects of Discovery Learning, specifically with beginning learners. “Cognitive load theory suggested that the free exploration of a highly complex environment may generate a heavy working memory load that is detrimental to learning. “Beginning learners do not have the necessary skills to integrate the new information with information they have learned in the part. Sweller reported that a better alternative to Discovery Learning was guided instruction. Guided instruction produced more immediate recall of facts than unguided approaches along with longer term transfer and problem solving skills.
- 6. ENHANCED DISCOVERY LEARNING Robert J Mazino describes enhanced Discovery Learning as a process that involves preparing the learner for the Discovery Learning task by providing the necessary knowledge needed to successful complete said task. In this approach the learner not only provides the necessary knowledge required completing the task, but also provided the assistance may require some direct instruction. “For example, before asking students to consider how best to stretch the hamstring muscle in cold whether, the teacher might present a series of lessons that clarify basic facts about muscles and their reaction to changes in temperature”. Another aspect of enhanced Discovery Learning is allowing the learner to generate ideas about a topic along the way and then having students to generate their own strategy for solving a problem may be provided with examples in how to solve similar problems ahead of the Discovery Learning task. CONCLUSION A teacher might question students and help them formulate their thinking into general guidelines for estimation. Such as “start by estimating the sum of the highest-place value numbers”. As others come to the front of the room to work their way through problems out loud, students can generate and test more rules. Discovery Learning is a technique of inquiry based instruction and is considered a constructivist based approach to education. The label of Discovery Learning can cover a variety of instructional techniques.
- 7. REFERENCES 1. CET.USC. Edu/…Social Science. Html. 2. Library-Education world net/…a10-141.ht.