NYC H.S. Social Studies Scope and Sequence

New York City
High School
Scope & Sequence:
Global History & Geography
American History
Economics
Participation in Government

2010

Introduction
The New York City Department of Education High School Scope & Sequence Grades 9-12
The study of history, geography, economics, government and civics is the study of humanity, of people and events that have individually and collectively shaped our nation and
the world. A strong and effective social studies program helps students make sense of the world in which they live, allows them to make connections between major ideas and
their own lives, and it helps them see themselves as active members of a global community.

The New York City Grade 9-12 Scope and Sequence is a comprehensive framework that integrates national standards and the New York State Core Curriculum (content,
concepts, key ideas, understandings and performance indicators). Each course of study is organized around a suggested time frame and core content (units of study) guided by
essential questions and topics for inquiry. Teachers can use the document to focus on essential skills and knowledge objectives and to correlate their instructional resources with
a focus on historical understanding.

While knowledge of content is very important, it is equally important to engage our students in historical thinking. Students should be engaged and challenged to think like
historians, raise questions, think critically, consider many perspectives and gather evidence in support of their interpretations as they draw upon chronological thinking, historical
comprehension, historical analysis and interpretation, historical research, and decision-making. These are the skills that will serve them well as participating citizens of a
democracy.
Included with each grade are the appropriate reading/writing and research skills from the Information Fluency Curriculum, as developed by the New York City School Library
System.
Addendum: State Mandated Instruction in Social Studies
New York State Education Law: Article 17, Section 801-802
801. Courses of instruction in patriotism and citizenship and in certain historic documents.
Summary: The Regents shall prescribe:
1. courses of instruction in patriotism, citizenship, and human rights issues (especially the study of the inhumanity of genocide,
Slavery, the Holocaust, and the Irish Famine) to be maintained and followed in all the schools of New York State. All students over age eight shall
receive this instruction.
2. courses of instruction in the history, meaning, significance and effects of the Constitution of the United States, the amendments, the Declaration of Independence, the New
York State Constitution and its amendments, to be maintained and followed in all of the schools of the state. All students in eighth grade and higher shall receive this
instruction.
3. a course of studies in the public schools, during a week designated by the Regents, to instill the purpose, meaning and importance of the Bill of Rights articles in the
federal and state constitutions, in addition to the prescribed courses of study in the schools.
801-a. Instruction in civility, citizenship and character education.
Summary: The Regents shall ensure that the instruction in grades Kindergarten through twelve includes a component on civility, citizenship and character education.
802. Instruction relating to the flag; holidays.
Summary: The commissioner shall:
1. prepare a program providing a salute to the flag and daily pledge of allegiance to the flag, and instruction in respect for the flag, for the use of the public schools of the
state of New York.
2. make provision for the observance of Lincoln’s birthday, Washington’s birthday, Memorial Day and Flag Day in the public schools.
For the full text of these sections, visit http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/ciai/socst/leadersguide/ssrationale.htm#law.
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Note to Teachers

The High School scope and sequence presents teachers with many challenges, not the least of which is the volume of content included in each year’s course of study. Teachers
are faced with large amounts of content to be “covered” and yet will want to provide their students with opportunities for in-depth inquiry and exposure. This issue of “depth
versus breadth” is not a new construct but it requires teachers to accept that not all content is created equal. It is also important to understand that it is not possible to “cover”
everything as the amount of content covered rarely correlates to the amount of content that is learned.

The real question is how to address required content and still make time for in-depth exploration of the most essential topics? How do we decide on which topics to linger over
versus those topics that merit only familiarity? Which topics will provide students with opportunities to interact with the real complexities of historical inquiry and thinking?
Which topics will support student development of necessary critical and analytical thinking skills? Which topics will help us focus attention on significant and essential issues and
lead students to understand the “Big Ideas” behind history?

The dilemma of depth versus breadth is not easy to address. It is also not something that can be decided for us. It requires all educators to make the best decisions given our
knowledge of the content, assessments, instructional goals, and most importantly our understanding of student learning (students’ needs, interest and readiness).

“As teachers, we often cede the responsibility for thinking through these questions to others – text book writers, district personnel, test directors, or any other group designated as
experts. In doing so, we become spectators to the knowledge creation process, outsiders who bob up and down in response to others’ actions. Unless teachers take up these
questions and begin to wrestle with issues of knowledge, students will … feel small in their own ability to create new knowledge. The discussion of what knowledge matters most
is one in which all of us must take part. “
Sam Wineburg, Beyond Breadth & Depth: Subject Matter Knowledge & Assessment, Theory in Practice. Volume
36, Number 4, Autumn 1997, College of Education, The Ohio State University.

The essential questions that frame each semester are intended to offer suggestions for ways to help students understand the “Big Picture.” The corresponding inquiries are
sample questions that can lead to students’ engagement with specific content and topics. Teachers should feel free to use or adapt any or all materials contained herein.

Anna Commitante, Director of English Language Arts, Social Studies and Gifted & Talented

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Note to Teachers
Note to Teachers
Integrating Common Core State Standards – Literacy in History/Social Studies

The recent release of the national Common Core Standards for English Language Arts includes standards for Literacy in History /Social Studies, Science and Technical Subjects
for grades 6-12. While they are not intended to replace the current NYS History/Social Studies content standards (pages 102-109 in this document), they can however, serve as a
bridge that connects content knowledge to literacy skills for the 21St century learner.

Reading historical texts proficiently requires the reader to understand the nuances and features specific to the discipline of history/social studies.
Students of history in grades 9-12 will interact with a variety of historical text types from a wide range of complexity levels. By the end of grade 12, these students should be able
to:
1. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, connecting insights gained from specific details to an understanding of the text as a
whole.
2. Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary that makes clear the relationships among the key details and
ideas.
3. Evaluate various explanations for actions or events and determine which explanation best accords with textual evidence, acknowledging where the text leaves matters
uncertain.
4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including analyzing how an author uses and refiners the meaning of a key term over the course
of a text (e.g., how Madison defines faction in Federalist No.10)
5. Analyze in detail how a complex primary source is structured, including how key sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text contribute to the whole.
6. Evaluate authors’ differing points of view on the same historical event or issue by assessing the author’s claims, reasoning and evidence.
7. Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, as well as in words) in order to address a
question or solve a problem.
8. Evaluate an author’s premises, claims and evidence by corroborating or challenging them with other information.
9. Integrate information from diverse sources, both primary and secondary, into a coherent understanding of an idea or event, noting discrepancies among sources.
10. Read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 11-12 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Source: Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science and Technical Subjects, page 61. The entire document can be
accessed at http://www.corestandards.org/

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The Ten Thematic Strands

I Culture – A people’s way of life, language, customs, arts, belief systems, traditions, and how they evolve over time.

II Time, Continuity, and Change – The importance of understanding the past and key historical concepts, analytically and from various
perspectives.

III People, Places, and Environments – The complex relationship between human beings and the environments within which they live and
work.

IV Individual Development and Identity – The exploration of human behaviors as they relate to the development of personal identities and the
various factors that impact identity formation.

V Individuals, Groups, and Institutions – The impact of educational, religious, social, and political groups and institutions and the integral
roles they play in people’s lives.

VI Power, Authority, and Governance – The complex purposes and features of individuals and groups with respect to issues of power and
government.

VII Production, Distribution, and Consumption – The role of resources, their production and use, technology, and trade on economic systems.

VIII Science, Technology, and Society – The significance of scientific discovery and technological change on people, the environment, and other
systems.

IX Global Connections – The critical importance of knowledge and awareness of politics, economics, geography, and culture on a global scale.

X Civic Ideals and Practices – The understanding that civic ideals and participatory citizenship are central to democracy.

For a complete explanation of the Ten Thematic Strands, go to www.socialstudies.org/standards/strand

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College Readiness Skills
The development of critical thinking and process skills will prepare students for success in high school and beyond.

Historical Thinking Skills - getting information from a variety of primary and Communication Skills - identifying assumptions and values
secondary sources - recognizing and avoiding stereotypes
- interpreting information - participating in group and individual discussions and
- analyzing and evaluating information projects
- handling diversity of viewpoints and interpretations - cooperating to accomplish goals
- distinguishing fact vs. opinion - assuming responsibility to carry out tasks
- synthesizing information from historical sources - communicating a position clearly
- understanding chronology - actively listening to a variety of positions
- contextualizing information
- recognizing historical trends and categorizing information
- building and defending a theory
- analyzing and interpreting maps, graphs and tables related to
history and geography
- understanding and making appropriate interdisciplinary
connections

Historical Writing Skills - taking notes
- synthesizing and applying information
- communicating and defending a position clearly
- developing and supporting a thesis with detailed paragraphs and conclusion
- citing sources
- engaging the reader
- producing and presenting research projects and papers

Media Literacy Skills - accessing and utilizing vast array of online resources
- evaluating online resources
- utilizing appropriate software in research and presentations

Contributed by: College Board

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Learning Experiences to Develop College Readiness and High Level Thinking

In order to improve college readiness for all students through social studies, it is important to introduce instructional strategies that develop students’ higher level analytical and
communication skills.

The most effective social studies curriculum involves a continuum of learning between classes and across grade levels from year to year. The New York City 9-12 Scope and
Sequence is an extension of the K-8 Scope and Sequence as it builds on knowledge and skills previously introduced. It offers students challenging content which will require
them to complete sophisticated assignments and be exposed to college readiness skills. Following are some important strategies for college readiness:

Engage students in a rigorous social studies curriculum. Create a path of inclusion rather than exclusion. Rigorous classes that are intellectually challenging should be the
goal for all students.

Provide increased opportunities and exposure to analytical thinking and communication necessary for academic success in social studies. Strategies can focus on the
interpretation and analysis of primary and secondary sources.

Develop in students a sense of chronology and deep understanding of chronological thinking.

Ensure students analyze and interpret historical sources from a variety of perspectives and with multiple points of view as well as maps, graphs, charts and tables.
Strategies such as concept categorization, evaluation and generalization are also important.

Provide multiple exposures to writing in social studies through the implementation of skills focusing on thesis development and other qualities of good persuasive writing
as well as essays that focus on both free response and document based questions.

Provide students with rigorous learning in both individual and collaborative/cooperative settings in the social studies classroom.

Contributed by: College Board

vi

GLOBAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY: Global 1

Grade Nine

Unit One and Unit Two
September January

Essential Questions

Is geography the most pivotal factor in human development? What makes an historic event a “turning point?”
Why or why not? How does progress change a society’s/civilizations
How did early peoples respond to change and challenge? wants and needs?
What forces shaped the migratory history of early peoples? Is progress always positive? Why or why not?
Why do people move from one place to another? Why does government become increasingly important
Where did people come from and how did they get to where they are today? as societies grow in complexity?
What is a civilization? How do we define it and why? How do belief systems define a people, culture or time?
Why do civilizations fail?

Themes:

Belief Systems Factors of Production Nationalism
Change Human and Physical Geography Nation State
Citizenship Human Rights Needs and Wants
Conflict Imperialism Political Systems
Culture and Intellectual Life Interdependence Power
Decision Making Justice Scarcity
Diversity Movement of People and Goods Science and Technology
Economic Systems Urbanization
Environment and Society

1

Unit One: Ancient World – Civilizations and Religion (4000 BCE – 500 CE)
September January
Topics Inquiries
Early peoples
• Human origins and geography 3.1c Why is Africa considered the “cradle of mankind?”
• Paleolithic hunters & gatherers 3.1b, 3.1f What are the causes and effects of human migration?
• Theories and patterns of early human migration 3.1c What do artifacts tell us about the people who use them or made them?
• Development of early government 2.1a, 2.2c, 5.1d Why was “man as a tool maker” a turning point in human history?

Neolithic Revolution & Early River Civilizations
• Foundations of early civilization (Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, & Yellow River What were the major changes between the Paleolithic and Neolithic time periods?
civilizations) 2.1a How was agriculture/domestication of animals an historical turning point?
- Human & physical geography 3.1c Why is the development of agriculture considered a revolution?
- Traditional economies 4.1b, 4.2b What is the relationship between civilization and agriculture?
- Political systems 2.1a, 2.2c, 5.1d How do we interpret archaeological evidence?
- Social structures & urbanization 2.1d, 2.3b How and why did labor become diversified and specialized?
- Contributions (writing systems; belief systems; technology; architecture, art) 2.1d, What patterns emerged in the development of Early River Valley civilizations?
2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1d What were the trading economies of the Early River Valley civilizations?
• The Great Bantu migration 500 BCE-1500 CE 3.1c
- Human & physical geography 3.1c What factors caused the largest migration in human history?
- Theories and patterns How was the Bantu migration an example of diffusion?
- Causes 3.1c, 4.1b
- Impact on other areas of Africa 2.3b

2

Unit One: Ancient World – Civilizations and Religion (4000 BCE – 500 CE) Continued
September January
Topics Inquiries

The rise & fall of classical civilizations What was the political, economic, social and religious organization of these
• Chinese civilization (Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han) civilizations?
- Human & physical geography 3.1c What are the commonalities and distinctions among the classical civilizations?
- Chinese contributions (engineering, tools, writing, silk, bronzes, government How do these societies view their members (status and role of women, children,
systems) 2.1d, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1d elderly and slaves)?
- Dynastic cycles 2.1a, 2.2c, 5.1d Did belief systems unite or divide ancient civilizations?
- Mandate of Heaven 2.1a, 2.2c, 5.1d What were the foundations of early governments?
• Han Dynasty
- Factors leading to growth 4.1b, 4.2b
- Contributions 2.1d, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1d How was Confucianism an integral part of the Han Dynasty?
- Causes of decline 2.2a, 2.3b, 2.4a
- Role of migrating nomadic groups from Central Asia 3.1c, 3.1d How did the silk trade create the extensive trade routes that came to be known as
- The beginning of global trade routes - Silk Road linking China, Korea, & Japan the Silk Road?
4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1f, 4.2b, 4.2c In what ways does the Silk Road illustrate cultural diffusion?

• Greek civilization
- Human & physical geography 3.1c
- The rise of city-states (Athens/Sparta) 2.1a, 2.2c, 5.1d Was the government practiced in Ancient Greece a democracy?
- Contributions (art, architecture, philosophy, science, sports) 2.1d, 2.3a, 2.3b What foundations of ancient governments influenced contemporary governments?
- Growth of democracy in Athens versus the Spartan political system 5.1b, 5.1d, 5.2a How are the features of Greek art alike and different from Hellenic art?
- Alexander the Great & Hellenistic culture 5.1d How is the legacy of ancient Greece visible through contemporary sports, theatre
and art?
• Roman Republic and Roman Empire
- Human & physical geography 3.1c How and why did Rome transition from a republic to an empire?
- Factors leading to growth (engineering, empire building, trade) 2.4d, 4.1f What led to Roman conquest and territorial expansion and why?
- Contributions (law, architecture, infrastructure, literature) 2.1d, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1d How have important leaders shaped their times?
- Role of migrating nomadic groups from Central Asia 3.1c, 3.1d
- Pax Romana 2.1d
- Rise of Christianity
- Causes of decline 2.2e, 2.4d, 4.1f

3

Unit One: Ancient World – Civilizations and Religion (4000 BCE – 500 CE) Continued
September January
Topics Inquiries

• Indian (Maurya) Empire
- Human and physical geography 3.1c What is the legacy of Ashoka and Buddhism?
- Contributions (government system) 3.1d, 5.1d

• Rise of agrarian civilizations in Mesoamerica (Mayan 200 BC -900 AD) How did Mayan agriculture differ from agriculture in the early river valley
- Human & physical geography 3.1c civilizations?
- Contributions (mathematics, astronomy, science, arts, architecture, and technology, What might have led to the fall of Mayan civilization?
agriculture) 2.1d, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1d
- Religion 2.1a

• The growth of global trade routes linking China, Korea, & Japan and linking Africa & How did the growth of global trade lead to increased interdependence?
Eurasia 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1f, 4.2b, 4.2c
- Phoenician trade routes
- Silk Road
- Maritime & overland trade

The emergence & spread of belief systems
• Place of origin & major beliefs (Animism;; Chinese philosophies such as Confucianism What is a theocracy?
and Daoism; Judaism;; Islam; Legalism; Shintoism; Jainism) 2.3a, 2.3b What is the difference between polytheism and monotheism?
• Expansion of Christianity, Islam, Confucianism, & Buddhism 2.3a, 2.3b
[Belief systems can be addressed as a separate topic or can be integrated within the
context of the appropriate ancient civilizations]

4

Unit Two: Expanding Zones of Exchange and Encounter (500-1200 CE)
January November
Topics Inquiries

Gupta Empire (320-550 AD)
• Human & physical geography 3.1c What is a caste system? Are social hierarchies a feature of all civilizations?
• Artistic, scientific, & mathematical contributions 2.1d, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1d How did the principles of Hinduism shape the Gupta Empire?
• Ties to Hinduism and Buddhism 2.3a, 2.3b
• Organizational structure 3.1d, 5.1d

Tang & Song Dynasty (618-1126 A D )
• Human & physical geography 3.1c
• Contributions 2.1d, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1d Which Chinese inventions changed the course of history? How and Why?
• Chinese influence on Korea & Japan 2.3b
• Cultural flowering 2.3b
• Growth of commerce & trade 4.1b, 4.2b, 4.2d

Byzantine Empire (330-1453 AD)
• Human & physical geography 3.1c Was the Byzantine Empire the “new Roman Empire”?
• Achievements (law—Justinian Code, engineering, art, & commerce) 2.1d, 2.3a, What made Constantinople a geographically desirable location?
2.3b, 3.1d, 5.1d Why was the fall of Constantinople a historical turning point?
• The Orthodox Christian Church 2.3a, 2.3b
• Political structure & Justinian Code 5.1d
• Role in preserving & transmitting Greek and Roman cultures 2.1a, 2.3b, 2.3c
• Impact on Russia and Eastern Europe 2.4a, 2.4d

Early Russia
• Human and physical geography 3.1c
• Trade 4.1b, 4.1f
• Kiev 2.2e Was early Russia a society that had its own culture and identity? Why or why not?
• Russian Orthodox Church 2.3a, 2.3b

5

Unit Two: Expanding Zones of Exchange and Encounter (500-1200 CE) Continued
January November
Topics Inquiries

The spread of Islam to Europe, Asia, & Africa
• Human & physical geography 3.1c To which part of the world can we trace the roots of Islam?
• Organizational structure 5.1d How did trade and warfare contribute to the spread of Islam?
• The development of Islamic law & its impact 2.3a, 2.3b In what ways did Muslims struggle amongst one another to define their beliefs?
• Social class: women & slavery in Muslim society 2.1d, 2.2c, 2.3c
• Position of “people of the book” 2.3a, 2.3b
• The golden age of Islam
- Contributions (mathematics, science, medicine, art, architecture & literature)
2.1d, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1d
- Role in preserving Greek and Roman culture 2.1a, 2.3b, 2.3c
- Islamic Spain 2.3a, 2.3b
• Trade 4.1b, 4.1f
Medieval Europe (500-1400) Why is Medieval Europe sometimes referred to as “The Dark Ages” or “The Middle
• Human and physical geography 3.1c Ages”?
• Frankish Empire (Charlemagne) 2.2e, 2.3a Why did so many new languages crop up during this time period?
• Manorialism 2.1a, 4.1g How did the art and architecture of this time period reflect cultural values?
• Feudalism (social hierarchy and stratification and the role of men & women) 2.1a, What type of corruption existed during the Middle Ages and how was it combated?
2.1d, 2.2c, 2.3c, 4.1g What circumstances brought Europe back “into the light”?
• Spiritual and secular role of the Church 2.3a, 2.3b
• Monastic centers of learning 2.3a, 2.3b
• Anti-Semitism 2.3a, 2.3b
• Art and architecture 2.3a
• Bubonic Plague
• Joan of Arc and the 100 Year’s War
• Resurgence of Europe (Hanseatic League & Italian city-states; trade fairs & towns;
Medieval guilds; commercial revolution)

6

Unit Two: Expanding Zones of Exchange and Encounter (500-1200 CE) Continued
January November
Topics Inquiries
Crusades What key territory were Muslims and Christians fighting over during the Crusades and
• Causes 2.2c, 2.2e why?
• Impacts on Southwest Asia, Byzantium, & Europe 2.2c, 2.2d, 2.2e What cultural exchanges took place during the Crusades?
• Perspectives 2.1c
• Key individuals (Urban II, Saladin, & Richard the Lion-Hearted) 2.3a

7

Unit Three and Unit Four
February June
Essential Questions

Can we determine a society’s philosophy by studying its culture?
What factors impact a society’s economy?
How can we determine the success or failure of a society?
Why are some regions/peoples more vulnerable to conquest?
What factors contribute to globalization?
In what ways do technological advances contribute to historical turning points?
Can people with competing view points co-exist in a society?
What is the effect of a particular type of government on a society?
Are there specific dynamics that lead to a society’s growth and decline?
What does the term “discover” mean?

Themes:


8

Unit Three: Global Interactions (1200-1650 CE)
February April
Topics Inquiries
Early Japanese history & feudalism
• Human & physical geography 3.1c How can Japanese history serve as a case study of such concepts as social hierarchy
• Early traditions (Shintoism) 2.3a, 2.3b and cultural diffusion?
• Ties with China & Korea: cultural diffusion, Buddhism, & Confucianism 2.3a, 2.3b Was geography been an advantageous feature of Japanese history and culture?
• Tokugawa Shogunate 2.3c, 3.1d What were the turning points in Japanese history?
• Social hierarchy & stratification 2.3c
• Comparison to European feudalism 2.1d, 5.1d
• Zen Buddhism 2.3a, 2.3b

The rise & fall of the Mongols & their impact on Eurasia
How did the rise and fall of the Mongol Empire effect the movement of people and
• Origins (Central Asian nomadic tribes) 2.1d
goods throughout Eurasia?
• The Yuan Dynasty: a foreign non-Chinese dynasty 2.1d Compared to other Empires, why was the rule of the Mongols so brief?
• Extent of empire under Ghengis Khan & Kublai Khan 2.1d
• Impact on Central Asia, China, Korea, Europe, India, Southwest Asia 2.1d
• Impact on the rise of Moscow 2.1d
• Global trade, Pax Mongolia (Marco Polo) 2.1d, 2.3b, 4.1b, 4.1f
• Causes of decline 2.2e, 2.4d, 4.1f

Global trade & interactions
• Major trading centers (Nanjing; Calicut; Mogadishu; Venice) 2.1d, 2.3b, 4.1b, 4.1f Who controlled early global trade routes? Why was it important to have this control?
• Ibn Battuta 2.3a, 3.1d How did advances in technology lead to changes in trade?
• Expansion of the Portuguese Did Ibn Battuta’s travels out do those of Marco Polo?
• spice trade to Southeast Asia & its impact on Asia & Europe 2.1d, 2.3b, 4.1b, 4.1f

9

Unit Three: Global Interactions (1200-1650 CE) Continued
February April
Topics Inquiries

Rise & fall of African civilizations: Ghana, Mali, Axum, & Songhai empires
• Organizational structure 5.1d What valuable, natural resources were available in these African regions?
• Contributions 2.1d, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1d Why did Islam spread rapidly throughout Africa?
• Roles in global trade routes 2.1d, 2.3b, 4.1b, 4.1f What role did trade play in both the advance and decline of Eastern African societies?
• Spread & impact of Islam (Mansa Musa) 2.3a, 3.1d
• Timbuktu & African trade routes 2.1d, 2.3b, 4.1b, 4.1f

Renaissance & humanism
• Human & physical geography 3.1c What factors led to a newfound interest in Greco-Roman art and philosophy (“Classical
Heritage”) throughout Europe?
• Shift in worldview (otherworldly to secular) 2.1a, 2.1d, 2.3b
How did the art, architecture and writing of the European Renaissance illustrate the
• Greco-Roman revival (interest in humanism) 2.1a, 2.1d, 2.3b
concept of humanism?
• Art & architecture (Leonardo da Vinci; Michelangelo) 2.3a How can we use the art and architecture of the European Renaissance to show the shift
• Literature (Dante; Cervantes; Shakespeare) 2.3a from Christian values of the Middle Ages to a more secular view of the world?
• Political science (Machiavelli) 2.3a, 5.1d How did secular attitudes, technological advances and corruption in the Catholic Church
• Scientific & technological innovations (Gutenberg’s moveable type printing press; contribute to the outgrowth of many new denominations of the Christian religion?
cartography; naval engineering; navigational & nautical devices 2.3a

Reformation & Counter Reformation
• Human & physical geography 3.1c What role did secularism play during the Reformation?
• Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses: the challenge to the power & authority of the What were the various religions that grew out of Catholicism? How did they differ?
Roman Catholic Church 2.2e, 2.3a What is the concept of a national religion?
• Anti-Semitic laws & policies 2.3a, 3.1d
• Henry VIII & the English Reformation 2.2e, 2.3a
• Calvin & other reformers 2.2e, 2.3a
• Counter Reformation (Ignatius Loyola, Council of Trent) 2.2e, 2.3a
• Roles of men & women within the Christian churches 2.2e, 2.3a
• Religious wars in Europe: causes & impacts 2.2e, 2.3a

10

Global 2
Unit Four: The First Global Age (1450-1770 CE)
April June
Topics Inquiries

The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) How did advances in agricultural techniques contribute to the strength of the Ming
• Human & physical geography 3.1c Dynasty?
• Restoration of Chinese rule, Chinese world vision 2.1c, 2.1d In China’s trade with Europe, which region stood to benefit more from the exchange?
• The impact of China on East Asia & Southeast Asia 2.1b, 2.1d, 2.2e What are the advantages and disadvantages of hereditary rule?
• China’s relationship with the West 2.1b, 2.3b Was the parallel navigation taking place in China during this Era motivated by the same
• Contributions 2.1d, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1d factors as European exploration?
• Expansion of trade (Zheng He,1405-1433) 2.1d, 2.3b, 4.1b, 4.1f Why do we know less about Chinese explorers than we do about European explorers?

The impact of the Ottoman Empire on the Middle East & Europe
• Contributions 2.1d, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1d
What factors contributed to the longevity of the Ottoman Empire?
• Suleiman I (the Magnificent, the Lawgiver) 2.1c, 2.2e, 2.3a
• Disruption of established trade routes & European search for new ones 2.1d, 2.3b,
4.1b, 4.1f
• Limits of Ottoman Europe 2.1c, 2.2e, 2.4d, 4.1f

Spain & Portugal on the eve of the encounter
• Reconquista under Ferdinand & Isabella 2.1d, 2.2e
• Expulsion of Moors & Jews
• Exploration & overseas expansion (Columbus, Magellan) 2.1d, 2.2e, 2.3a

The rise of Mesoamerican empires: Aztec & Incan empires before 1500
• Human & physical geography 3.1c What evidence is there that the Aztec and Incan societies were complex prior to the
• Organizational structure 5.1d arrival of European explorers?
• Contributions 2.1d, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1d
• Trade 2.1d, 2.3b, 4.1b, 4.1f

11

Global 2
Unit Four: The First Global Age (1450-1770 CE) Continued
April June
Topics Inquiries

The encounter between Europeans & the peoples of Africa, the Americas, & Asia
Case study: The Columbian exchange What forces came together in the mid-1400’s that made the Age of Exploration
• Human & physical geography 3.1c possible?
• European competition for colonies in the Americas, Africa, East Asia, & Southeast What impact did European technology, food and disease have in the Americas?
Asia—The “old imperialism ” 2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3a, 3.1f What impact did food and disease introduced from the Americas have on Europe, Asia,
• Global demographic shifts Case study: The triangular trade & slavery 3.1f, 4.1g and Africa?
• The extent of European expansionism 2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1f, 4.1g What impact did mercantilism have on European colonies in the Americas? On
• European mercantilism 4.1e, 4.1g Europe?
• Spanish colonialism & the introduction of the Encomienda system to Latin America
2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1f, 4.1g
• Dutch colonization in East Asia (Japan & Indonesia) 2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1f,
4.1g
• Exchange of food & disease 2.1b, 2.3b

Political ideologies: global absolutism
Why was centralized political power a trend throughout societies in Europe, Asia and
• Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan 2.3b, 5.1d Africa?
• Jacques-Benigne Bossuet: Absolutism & Divine right theory 2.3b, 5.1d Did political absolutism look exactly the same in Europe as it did in Africa? In Asia?
• Case studies: Akbar the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent, Philip II, Louis XIV, Ivan
the Terrible, & Peter the Great 2.1d, 2,3a

The response to absolutism: The rise of parliamentary democracy in England
• Background—Magna Carta 1.1a, 1.1b, 2.1a, 2.2e Which ancient civilizations can be credited with the concept of shared political power?
• Divine Right of Monarchy—Stuart rule 2.3b, 5.1d What is ”natural law” and how was it used to limit the power of the British Monarchy?
• Puritan Revolution—Oliver Cromwell 2.3a, 2.3b, 5.1d What implications did limits to royal power have on political events in England and the
• Glorious Revolution—John Locke & the English Bill of Rights 1.1a, 1.1b, 2.1a, 2.2e Americas?

12

INFORMATION FLUENCY FRAMEWORK AND CONTINUUM – GRADE 9

INFORMATION FLUENCY STANDARD 1: USING INFORMATION TO BUILD UNDERSTANDING “We are thinkers.”
Independent learners ask authentic questions and access, evaluate and use information effectively to develop new understandings.
INQUIRY PROCESS
Connect
• Reads background information to discover the complexities of the problem or question.
• Identifies key words and synonyms, both stated and implied, for topic and uses them to further research.
• Develops a schema or mind map to express the big idea and the relationships among supporting ideas and topics of interest.
Wonder
• Focuses the purpose of the research by formulating specific questions to be answered.
• Determines the kind of information needed to investigate the complexities of the topic.
Investigate
• Recognizes and uses search strategies (key words, subject headings) to locate appropriate resources.
• Uses technology resources such as online encyclopedias, online databases, and Web subject directories, to locate information on assigned topics in the curriculum.
• Conducts advanced Web searches using Boolean logic and other sophisticated search functions.
• Uses a variety of search engines to do advanced searching.
• Seeks and uses many different sources in a variety of formats to obtain balanced and complex information and to fill information needs effectively.
• Uses appropriate electronic reference sources and Internet sites to answer questions.
• Adjusts search strategies by comparing information gathered with the problem or question.
• Analyzes maps, pictures, charts, graphs, and other information presented visually to determine main ideas and supporting details.
• Analyzes electronic and print information to determine if it answers the inquiry questions.
• Takes notes using one or more of a variety of note-taking strategies, including reflecting on the information (e.g., graphic organizers, two-column notes).
• Compares information gathered from different sources for accuracy.
Construct
• Combines ideas and information to develop and demonstrate new understanding.
• Recognizes relationships among ideas by using an outline or semantic web.
Express
• Uses writing process to develop expression of new understandings.
• Presents conclusions to answer the question or problem.
• Cites all sources used according to style formats.
• Identifies and applies common productivity software to enhance communication to an audience, promote productivity and support creativity.
• Expresses own ideas through creative products in a variety of formats.
Reflect
• Sets high and clear standards for work and develops criteria for self-assessment or uses established criteria (rubrics, checklists).
• Identifies own strengths and sets goals for improvement.

13

INFORMATION FLUENCY FRAMEWORK AND CONTINUUM – GRADE 9 (Continued)

INFORMATION FLUENCY STANDARD 2: PURSUING PERSONAL AND AESTHETIC GROWTH “We are explorers.”
Independent learners respond to and create literary and artistic expressions, use effective strategies for personal exploration of ideas, and read on their own by choice.
LITERARY/ARTISTIC RESPONSE AND EXPRESSION
• Shares reading experiences in a variety of ways and formats.
• Participates in literary discussions and book clubs.
PERSONAL EXPLORATION
• Seeks and locates information about personal interests and usually finds it independently, using the same criteria and strategies used for academic information seeking.
MOTIVATION FOR INDEPENDENT READING
• Reads variety of fiction and nonfiction materials.
• Reads/listens to works of international and multicultural authors.
• Uses print and non-print information resources for information and personal needs; actively seeks answers to questions.
• Reads to explore new ideas beyond the required curriculum. Reads for pleasure, to learn, to solve problems, and to explore many different ideas.
INFORMATION FLUENCY STANDARD 3: DEMONSTRATING SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY “We are citizens.”
Independent learners contribute to the learning community by seeking multiple perspectives, sharing their understandings with others, and using information and resources
ethically.
RECOGNIZING THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION TO A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY

BROADENING UNDERSTANDING THROUGH EFFECTIVE SOCIAL INTERACTION
• Participates in discussions and listens well.
• Seeks ideas and opinions from others.
• Uses a variety of media and formats to communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences.
PRACTICING ETHICAL BEHAVIOR IN USE OF INFORMATION
• Respects privacy of others (e-mail, files, passwords, sites).
• Demonstrates understanding of intellectual freedom and property by respecting and observing guidelines for using information sources.
• Abides by the Acceptable Use Policy in all respects.
• Observes Internet safety procedures including safeguarding personal information.
• Uses programs and Internet sites responsibly, efficiently, and ethically.

14

GLOBAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL 3

Grade Ten

Unit Five and Unit Six
September January
Essential Questions

What defines a revolution?
What forces or policies in a society bring about long term change?
How does nationalism divide and/or unify regions in the world?
What are the tensions between global interdependence and national autonomy?
What is the relationship between imperialism and oppression?

Themes:


15

Unit Five: An Age of Revolution (1750 - 1914 CE)
Topics Inquiries

The Scientific Revolution What philosophical changes began to take place as people started embracing the
• The development of scientific methods 2.1d, 2.3b, 2.3c scientific method?
• The work of Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, & Descartes 2.3a Are science and religion mutually exclusive or can the two be reconciled?
What is the legacy of the luminaries of the scientific revolution (Gallileo, Newton,
The Enlightenment in Europe Copernicus and DeCarte)?
• The writings of Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, & Montesquieu 2.3a How were the discoveries of Gallileo and Newton tied to advances in technology?
• The impact of the Enlightenment on nationalism & democracy 2.2e How did the work of the enlightened philosophers raise questions about the existing
• The enlightened despots (Maria Theresa, Catherine the Great) 2.2e , 2.3a social and political order throughout Europe?
To what extent was the Age of Enlightenment related to the Scientific Revolution?
Political revolutions
• Human & physical geography of revolutions 3.1c Why are the American, French and Latin American Revolutions considered turning
• American Revolution points in global history?
- Impact of the Enlightenment on the American Revolution 1.1b, 1.3b, 2.1b, 2.1d, How was the American Revolution a model for other national revolutions?
2.3b, 5.1b In what ways did the French revolution overturn the balance of power in Europe?
- Impact of the American Revolution on other revolutions 1.3c, 2.1b, 2.3b, 5.1b What were the similarities and differences in the American, French and Latin
revolutions?
• French Revolution
- Causes 2.1d, 2.2e, 2.3a
- Key individuals (Robespierre & Louis XVI) 2.3a
- Impact on France & other nations 2.1b, 2.1d, 2.3b
- Rise to power of Napoleon & his impact (Napoleonic Code) 2.1b, 2.3a, 2.3b
• Independence movements in Latin America
- Case studies: Simon Bolivar, Toussaint L’Ouverture, José de San Martín) 2.1b,
2.3a, 2.3b

The reaction against revolutionary ideas
• Balance of power politics & the Congress of Vienna (Klemens von Metternich) 2.1d, How were the political and physical boundaries of European nations reestablished by
2.3a the Congress of Vienna?
• Revolutions of 1848 2.2e Did the Congress of Vienna interfere with the democratic goals initiated by the French
• Russian absolutism: reforms & expansion Revolution?
- Impact of the French Revolution & Napoleon ) 2.1b, 2.3a, 2.3b
- 19th-century Russian serfdom 2.3b, 2.3c
• Expansion of Russia into Siberia 2.2e, 2.3b, 2.3c

16

Unit Five: An Age of Revolution (1750 - 1914 CE) (Continued)
Topics Inquiries

Latin America: The failure of democracy and the search for stability
• Human & physical geography 3.1c Did the revolutions in Latin America change the social classes?
• Roles of social classes (land-holding elite, creoles, mestizos, native peoples, enslaved What role did peasants play in the Mexican Revolution?
peoples) 2.3a How did nationalism influence the Mexican Revolution?
• Roles of the Church & military 2.3a
• Role of cash crop economies in a global market 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1f
• The Mexican Revolution (1910-1930)
- Causes & effects 2.1d, 2.2e
- Roles of Porfirio Diaz, Francisco, “Pancho” Villa, Emiliano Zapata 2.3a
- Economic & social nationalism 2.1a, 2.3c

Global nationalism
• Role in political revolutions 2.1d, 2.2e
How did nationalism differ from previous political ideas?
• Force for unity & self-determination 2.1d, 2.2e
What role did nationalism play in Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin
- Unification of Italy & Germany (Camillo Cavour, Ottovon Bismarck) 2.1d, 2.2e, 2.3a
America?
- Asian & Middle Eastern nationalism (Indian National Congress, Moslem League,
What roles does nationalism play in these regions today?
Turkey’s Young Turks) 2.1d, 2.2e, 2.3a
• Zionism 2.1d, 2.2e, 2.3a
• Force leading to conflicts
- Balkans before World War I 2.1d, 2.2e
- Role of Ottoman Empire 2.1d, 2.2e

Economic & social revolutions
• “Agrarian Revolution” 3.1c, 3.1e, 4.1a, 4.1b How did the Industrial Revolution change roles of men, women and children?
• The British Industrial Revolution What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on the expansion of suffrage
- Capitalism & a market economy 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c throughout the late-19th and the early- 20th centuries?
- Factory system 4.1g How did the Industrial Revolution affect the process of urbanization?
- Shift from mercantilism to laissez-faire economics (Adam Smith, The Wealth of Why did industrialization begin in Great Britain?
Nations) 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.2c How did the growth of industry affect social classes?
- Changes in social classes 2.3a, 2.3b, 2.3c
- Changing roles of men, women, & children 2.3a, 2.3b, 2.3c
• Urbanization 3.1c, 3.1e, 4.1a, 4.1b

17

Topics Inquiries

• Responses to industrialization
- Utopian reform (Robert Owen) 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1e, 5.1d
- Legislative reform 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1e, 5.1d How did the growth of Industry lead to competing political ideologies?
- Role of unions 2.3a How did the system proposed by Marx and Engels differ from traditional capitalism?
- Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels & command economies 2.3a, 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1e, How did the growth of industry affect immigration?
5.1d How were the problems of industrialization dramatized in the works of Dickens and
- Sadler Report & reform legislation 2.3a Zola?
- Parliamentary reforms; expansion of suffrage 2.3a
- Writers (Dickens & Zola) 2.3a
- Global migrations during 19th Century 3.1c
- Writings of Thomas Malthus (Essay on the Principles of Population) 2.3a
• Mass starvation in Ireland (1845 - 1850)
- Growth of Irish nationalism 2.1d, 2.2e, 2.3a
- Global migration 3.1c, 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c

Imperialism
• Reasons for imperialism (nationalistic, political, economic, “The White Man’s Burden”,
Social Darwinism) 2.1a, 2.2e What were the major causes of imperialism? Who benefits from such a policy? Who
• Spatial characteristics (“new imperialism”) 2.1b, 2.1d, 3.1a, 3.1e does not?
• British in India How did indigenous peoples resist imperialism?
- British East India Company 2.3a, 2.3b, 4.1b What were the long term effects of global imperialism?
- Sepoy Mutiny 2.3a, 2.3b
• British, French, Belgians, & Germans in Africa
- The Congress of Berlin 2.1b, 2.1d, 3.1a, 3.1e
- African resistance (Zulu Empire) 2.3a
- Boer War 2.2e, 2.3a
- Cecil Rhodes 2.3a, 3.1e
- 19th-century anti-slave trade legislation 2.1a
• European spheres of influence in China
- Opium Wars (1839 - 1842 & 1858 - 1860) & the Treaty of Nanjing 2.1d, 2.2e, 3.1e
- Boxer Rebellion 2.2e, 2.3a
- Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian) & the Chinese Revolution (1910- 1911) 2.2e, 2.3a
• Multiple perspectives toward imperialism
- Immediate and long-term changes made under European rule 2.1c, 2.2e, 2.3b
- Long-term effects in Europe & the rest of the world 2.1c, 2.2e, 2.3b.

18

Topics Inquiries

Japan & the Meiji restoration
• Human & physical geography 3.1c Did Japanese industrialization follow the same pattern as industrialization in Great
• The opening of Japan Britain?
- Commodore Matthew Perry 2.3a Why did Japan develop industry before other Asian and African nations?
- Impact upon Japan of Treaty of Kanagawa 2.1c, 2.2e, 2.3b Why did Japan annex Korea?
• Modernization, industrialization 2.1a, 4.1a, 4.1b What is the legacy of Japanese imperialism today?
• Japan as an imperialist power
- First Sino-Japanese War (1894 - 1895) 2.2e, 2.3b
- Russo-Japanese War 2.2e, 2.3b
- Annexation of Korea 2.2e, 2.3b
- Dependence on world market 4.1c, 4.1f

19

Unit Six: A Half Century of Crisis and Achievement (1900 - 1945 CE)
Topics Inquiries

World War I
• Europe’s geography 3.1a, 3.1b What role did nationalism and imperialism play in WWI?
• Causes of War 2.2e What role did technology play in WWI?
• Impacts of War 2.2e, 2.3b Were the issues that caused WWI resolved?
• Effects of technological advances on warfare 2.3a How did WWI raise questions about justice and human rights?
• Armenian Massacre 2.2e, 2.3b How was WWI a turning point in history?
• Collapse of Ottoman Empire 2.2e, 2.3b What role did women play in WWI?
• The war as reflected in literature, art, & propaganda 2.1c, 2.2c Why might the Germans, French, and British view the causes of WWI differently?

Revolution & change in Russia
• Czar Nicholas II 2.3a
What is a command economy?
• The Revolution of 1905 2.2e, 2.3b
What were the causes of the Russian Revolution?
• March Revolution & provisional government 2.2e, 2.3b What steps did the communists take to industrialize the Soviet Union?
• Bolshevik Revolution 2.2e, 2.3b How were the human rights of Russians and other ethnic and national groups
• Lenin’s rule in Russia 2.2e, 2.3a, 2.3b handled by the Stalinist regime?
• Stalin & the rise of a modern totalitarian state (industrialization, command economy, How did Russian industrialization compare with that of Western Europe?
collectivization) 2.2e, 2.3a, 2.3b, 4.1e
• Russification of ethnic republics 2.3b
• Forced famine in Ukraine 2.2e, 2.3b
• Reign of Terror

20

Unit Six: A Half Century of Crisis and Achievement (1900 - 1945 CE) (Continued)
Topics Inquiries

Between the wars
A. Human & physical geography 3.1c
B. Treaty of Versailles & the League of Nations 2.1d, 2.2e, 2.3b Did communism and fascism challenge liberal democratic traditions? How and why?
C. Modernization & westernization of a secular Turkey (Atatürk) 2.3a, 2.3b What were the goals of the League of Nations? Why didn’t they succeed?
D. Women’s suffrage movement 1.1a, 1.3b, 1.3c, 2.3a, 2.3b How did the resolution of WWI contribute to the subsequent global economic
E. Great Depression 1.3b, 1.3d depression?
F. Weimar Republic & the rise of fascism 2.2e, 2.3b
G. Japanese militarism & imperialism (Manchuria, 1931 and Second Sino-Japanese War,
1937-1945) 2.2e
H. Policy of appeasement (Munich Pact) 2.2e
I. Colonial response to European imperialism
- Case studies: Gandhi, Reza Khan, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), Mao Zedong,
the Amritsar massacre, Indian nationalism, Salt March, civil disobedience 2.2e,
2.3a, 2.3b, 2.3c
J. Arabic & Zionist nationalism 2.3a, 2.3b, 2.3c

World War II—causes & impact
1. Human & physical geography 3.1c What is the relationship between the global economic depression and WWII?
2. The Nazi & Japanese states 2.2e, 2.3a, 2.3b, 2.3c What roles did Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini and Tojo play in the
3. Key individuals (Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt) 2.2e, 2.3a, 2.3b, outcome of WWII?
2.3c How did technology change the nature of war during WWII?
4. Key events (Dunkirk, the Blitz, D-Day, Hitler’s second front, the war in the Pacific) How do we define a war crime and how should war crimes be punished?
2.2e What were the many and varied reasons that nations entered WWII?
5. The Nazi Holocaust 2.2e, 2.3a, 2.3b, 2.3c
6. Resistance 2.3a, 2.3b, 2.3c
7. Japan’s role (Nanjing, Bataan, Pearl Harbor) 2.2e, 2.3a, 2.3b, 2.3c

21

Global 4
Unit Seven and Unit Eight
February June
Essential Questions

Is war and conflict inevitable?
Why do nation states rise and fall?
What is a turning point in history?
Do belief systems more unite or divide mankind?
Is geography destiny?
Is technology a blessing or a curse?
Is the current world economy sustainable?
What is “progress”?
How does the past affect the future?
Whose perspective is history told from?
What differentiates one nation’s identity from another?
How has science and technology influence the rise and fall nations?
Are democratic governments less warlike than dictatorships?
Could a nation like Nazi Germany almost dominate the world today?
Who won the Cold War? Was it cold? Did anyone “win”?
What is “terrorism”? How is a “terrorist” different from a “freedom fighter”?
How did global and regional power shift after World War II?
Was the 20th Century “the American Century”? If so, is it today? Why or why not?
Are nation-states able to solve global problems like pollution and global warming?
How has our worldview of the environment changed since World War II? Why?
What will the remainder of the 21st Century bring in terms of economic, political and military power?
What is justice? Are our ideas of justice today more “advanced” than in earlier eras? How and why?

22

Global 4 (Continued)
Unit Seven and Unit Eight
February June
Essential Questions:
How has technology and trade affected global interdependence? Is this a good thing?
Does the individual play the most important role in shaping modern history? Why?
What is more important: material wealth, happiness, or spiritual fulfillment? Are they mutually exclusive?
Did the collapse of the Soviet Union prove that Communism and Socialism are unworkable and/or undesirable ideals? Why?
How did one of the world’s richest, best-educated and most highly-cultured nations turn into Nazi Germany?
How do natural resources affect nations and potential conflict among them?
How do wars shape alliances and contribute to national identities?
What role does technology play in the history of a people?
How do languages influence peoples and their nationalities?

Themes:


23

Global 4
Unit Seven: The 20th Century Since 1945
Topics Inquiries

Cold War balance of power
• Human & physical geography 3.1c How did everyone know WWII was over?
• Physical setting of the world in 1945 3.1a, 3.1b. 3.1e How was global political geography changed after WWII?
• United States occupation of Germany & Japan How did the Allies treat the Axis countries after WWII?
- The adoption of democratic systems of government 5.1b How did the Cold War begin?
- Economic rebuilding of Germany & Japan 4.1c Was peaceful coexistence possible after WWII?
• Emergence of the superpowers 2.3b What did Churchill mean by “an Iron Curtain”? How did that metaphor contribute to
• Political climate of the Cold War 2.1c, 2.2e, 2.3b Western public opinion about the Cold War and Soviet intentions?
- Marshall Plan How did NATO and the Warsaw Pact alliances compare to WWII and WWI alliances?
- Truman Doctrine How did POV affect how modern history was told in the West and in the Soviet Union?
- Berlin airlift & a divided Germany Were the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine effective? Why or why not?
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)/Warsaw Pact—expanding
membership & role of NATO
- Hungarian Revolt
- Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
- Nuclear weapons & space
- Surrogate superpower rivalries
Case studies: Egypt, Congo, Angola, Chile, Iran, Iraq, Vietnam, Guatemala
- Role of nonaligned nations
• Korean War
- US role in the division of Korea 2.3b How did the Korean War begin? Who “won”? How were the people of Korea affected?
- Comparison of Korea & Germany 2.3b, 2.3c How did the Korean War nearly lead to global conflictI?
- Conduct of the war 2.2e

Role of the United Nations
• Peace keeping 2.3a
How did the UN after WWII compare to the League of Nations after WWI?
• Social & economic programs 4.1f

24

Topics Inquiries

Economic issues in the Cold War & Post-Cold War era
• Human & physical geography 3.1c Who were the “non-aligned” nations and what were their beliefs?
• Market vs. command economies (Western Europe vs. Soviet Union) 4.1e How successful has the UN been in achieving its goals since WWII?
• Economic recovery in Europe & Japan How does a capitalist economy differ from a Communist or socialist?
- Western Germany as major economic power 4.1a How and why did Japan and Germany recover from WWII so quickly and successfully?
- European economic community/ Common Market/ European Union 4.1a, How did the geography of petroleum shape the superpower conflicts after WWII?
4.1c, 4.1e How did the economic balance of power shift after WWII? Why?
- Japan as economic superpower 4.1a How did the growth of huge international corporations affect world economies after WWII?
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC); oil crisis of the 1970s
4.1f
• Pacific Rim economies and economic crisis 4.1c, 4.1f
• North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1997 4.1f

Chinese Communist Revolution
How did China’s Civil War, the Long March and WWII contribute to Communist victory?
• Communist rise to power (1936- 1949); Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), Mao
How did Chinese communism differ from Soviet Communism?
Zedong 2.3a, 2.3b, 2.3c, 5.1a
What is meant by the term “a new China” and did Mao and other Communist leaders
• Communism under Mao Zedong (Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution
succeed in creating it?
and the Red Guard) 2.2e, 2.3a, 2.3b, 2.3c, 5.1a
What were the political, economic and social effects of the Great Leap Forward and the
• Communism under Deng Xiaoping Cultural Revolution?
- Economic reforms—Four Modernizations 4.1c How did the Four Modernizations transform Chinese Communism?
o Limited privatization
o Dismantling of Communes
o Introduction of “responsibility system”
o Foreign investment
- Fifth modernization: Democracy (Tiananmen Square, April/May, 1989) 5.1b
• Return of Hong Kong (July 1,1997) 2.2e, 3.1e
• Social system (communist China vs. dynastic China) 5.1d

25

Topics Inquiries

Collapse of European imperialism
• Human & physical geography 3.1c Is China still a Communist country?
• India—independence & partition Can China continue to experience economic growth without political democracy?
- Political system 5.1d How did WWII undermine the influence and power of European imperialism?
- Muslim/Hindu conflicts 2.1c, 2.2e Was partition of the subcontinent inevitable?
- Status of the caste system 2.3b How did non-violent “soul force” defeat the world’s largest empire?
- Roles of Mohandas Gandhi & Jawaharlal Nehru 2.3a Was Gandhi’s vision for India fulfilled? Why or why not?
- Nonalignment 2.3b
- Kashmir & Punjab 2.3b
• African independence movements & Pan Africanism How were colonial African economies and societies tied to the “mother” country?
- Changing political boundaries in Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, & Kenya) 3.1e How did colonial boundaries inhibit national cohesion after independence?
- Roles of Jomo Kenyatta & Kwame Nkrumah 2.3a What attracted African-Americans like W.E.B. DuBois and Stokley Carmichael (Kwame
- Economic links to former colonial powers 4.1f Toure) to Ghana?
- Ethnic tensions vs. nationalism: Nigeria & civil war 2.1a, 2.2e Did decolonization improve the lives of most people? Why or why not?
- Apartheid (African National Congress; Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, F.
W. de Klerk) 2.3a
- Political & economic instability— Congo (Zaire) or any other examples 2.1d,
4.1a
- Ethnic tensions: Rwanda— Hutu-Tutsi 2.3b
• Southeast Asia
- Vietnam/Ho Chi Minh 2.2e, 2.3a How did the Vietnam War affect the people of S.E. Asia?
- Cambodia/Pol Pot/Khmer Rouge 2.2e, 2.3a How did a poor, less-developed and small country defeat US military power?
- Aung San Suu Kyi—Myanmar

26

Topics Inquiries

Conflicts & change in Middle East
• Human & physical geography 3.1c How did WWII change the political geography of the Middle East?
• Creation of State of Israel, Arab Palestinians, & Israel’s Arab neighbors 2.1c, What caused the Palestinian Diaspora?
2.4d, 3.1e How have Middle Eastern conflicts been shaped by the Cold War?
• Roles of individuals (Golda Meir, Yasir Arafat, Anwar Sadat, King Hussein, Why has it been so difficult to secure peace between Israelis and Palestinians?
Yitzhak Rabin) and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 2.3a What are the historical arguments for and against a “Jewish homeland?”
- Arab-Israeli wars 2.2e How did hostilities toward the US fuel the Iranian Revolution?
- Peace treaties 2.2e
• Role of terrorism 2.1d, 2.3a How did Islamic fundamentalism transform Iran after the Revolution?
• Kurds in Turkey & Iraq 2.3a Was the Persian Gulf War justified? Why or why not?
• Migration of Jews from Europe, the United States, the Soviet Union, & Africa
2.3a, 3.1c Was the collapse of the Soviet Union a “turning point” in world history? Why or why not?
• The Iranian Revolution What role did nationalism play in the collapse of the Soviet bloc?
- Causes & impact 2.2e How will Russia define itself in the 21st Century?
- Ayatollah Khomeini vs. Rez
- Pahlavi 2.3a
• Persian Gulf War (Saddam Hussein) 2.2e, 2.3a
• Islamic fundamentalism (Iran, Libya, Afghanistan, Algeria, Turkey) 2.1d, 2.2e

Collapse of communism & the breakup of the Soviet Union
• Human & physical geography 3.1c Did U.S. policies cause the collapse of Communism?
• Background events, 1970 to 1987 2.1b, 2.2e Is Russia still a superpower?
• Poland’s Solidarity & Lech Walesa 2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3a
• Mikhail Gorbachev (perestroika & glasnost) 2.2e, 2.3a
• Fall of Berlin Wall and reunification of Germany (causes & impact) 2.2e
• Ethnic conflict in former satellite states, e.g., Kosovo, Bosnia 2.2e
• Changing political boundaries 3.1e
• Challenges faced by post-communist Russia (Boris Yeltsin) 2.2e, 4.1f, 5.1b

27

Topics Inquiries

Political & economic change in Latin America
• Physical setting 3.1b
Argentina (Eva Peron, Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo) 2.3a What is the “caudillo” or strongman political model in Latin America and why has it
• Fidel Castro’s Cuban Revolution — causes & impact 2.2e, 2.3a persisted?
• Nicaragua’s Sandinistas 2.2e, 2.3a Has the Cuban Revolution succeeded? Why or why not?
• Guatemala’s indigenous peoples 2.2e, 2.3a What role has race and class played in shaping modern Latin America?
• Changing role of Roman Catholic Church in Latin America 2.3b Does “gunboat diplomacy” still exist?
• Latin American immigration to the United States 3.1c What does the future hold for Latin America?
• Return of the Panama Canal 2.2e, 2.3a

28

Global 4
Unit Eight: Global Connections and Interactions
Topics Inquiries
Social & political patterns & change
• Population pressures & poverty in China, India, Africa, & Latin America How has global demography changed in the last few decades?
- one-child policy in China Based on current trends, what will the world population map look like in 2050?
- family planning in India What are the causes and effects of population growth and decline?
- Mother Theresa How have China and India attempted to lower birth rates? What obstacles have they
- cycles of poverty & disease 4.1a faced?
• Global migration and urbanization Can the gap between rich and poor nations be resolved? How? or why not?
Suggested case studies: Turkish, Italian, & Russian immigration to Germany; North What causes millions of people to become refugees and internally-displaced?
African immigration to France; Latin American & Asian immigration to the United How will global warming and climate disruption affect North/South migration?
States; and Hutu & Tutsi immigration 3.1c Why are millions of people suffering from hunger and malnutrition when the world
• Balancing modernization and tradition grows enough food to feed them all?
- Japan
- Middle East
- Africa
- Latin America 2.1a, 2.3c, 4.1a
• Scientific & technological advances
- Treatment of infectious diseases Is the Green Revolution sustainable? Replicable?
- Improved standard of living 4.1a
• Urbanization; use & distribution of scarce resources (Africa, India, Latin America)
3.1e
• Status of women & children
- Economic issues, e.g., child labor 4.1c How does the status of women contribute to world hunger, high birth rates, infant
- Social issues, e.g., abuse & access to education 2.1d mortality, poverty and illiteracy?
- Political issues, e.g., participation in the political process 5.1a How have women struggled for economic, political and social equality? What obstacles
do they face?
• Ethnic/religious tensions: multiple perspectives 2.1c, 2.1e
What causes genocide and “ethnic cleansing”? What should/can rich and powerful
- Northern Ireland
nations do to stop it? Why don’t they always do so?
- Balkans: Serbs, Croats, & Muslims
If all religions value peace, why does so much hatred and conflict occur in the name of
- Sikhs & Tamils
God?
- Indonesian Christians
- China--Tibet
- Indonesia—East Timor

29

Global 4 (Contined)
Unit Eight: Global Connections and Interactions
Topics Inquiries

Economic Issues 4.1, 4.1f
• North/South dichotomy: issues of development and post-colonialism What is the “post-colonial” legacy? Who/what is to blame for widespread poverty in
- Africa many parts of Africa?
- Latin America What made the “economic miracles” in South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore possible?
• Korea’s economic miracle What are the potential benefits and dangers of growing economic interdependence?
• Economic Interdependence Is the world economic system rigged in favor of rich, “developed” countries?
• World hunger

The environment & sustainability Why haven’t people stopped polluting the air, water and land if everyone knows it’s
• Pollution(air, water, toxic waste) in Europe 3.1b bad?
• Deforestation (Amazon Basin) 3.1b, 4.1a What are the causes and effects of deforestation? How can it be halted?
• Desertification (Sahel) 3.1b, 4.1a To what extent are the problems of deforestation, desertification, global warming, and
the extirpation of entire species of animals and plants international rather than national
• Nuclear safety (Chernobyl) 3.1b, 4.1a
issues? What role should the UN play? Who will object? Why?
• Endangered species (Africa) 3.1b, 4.1a

Science & technology 2.2e, 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c
• Information age/Computer Revolution/ Internet Who should be making decisions about the safety of genetically-modified foods, the
• Impact of satellites development of nuclear power, Internet privacy and safety, proliferation of nuclear
• Green Revolution weapons, reduction or elimination of existing nuclear, chemical and biological
• Space exploration weapons, cloning, DNA modification, the spread of epidemic diseases, carbon
• Literacy & education emissions, colonization of space, disposal of toxic wastes? Who makes these
• Medical breakthroughs (disease control/life expectancy/genetics) decisions now?
• Epidemics (AIDS) What constitutes “terrorism”? Is there a relationship between injustice and terrorism?
• Nuclear proliferation Will your children’s world be a better or worse place to live? Why not?

30


INQUIRY PROCESS
Connect
• Before starting research, identifies the critical components of the information problem.
• Develops and refines the topic, problem, or question independently to arrive at a worthy and manageable topic.
Wonder
• Refines questions to provide a framework for the inquiry and to fulfill the purpose of the research (e.g., questions to lead to historical context and interpretation; questions to
elicit accurate facts about scientific problem or issue).
• Analyzes and evaluates what is already known or what is observed or experienced to form thesis or hypothesis to predict answers to inquiry questions.
Investigate
• Considers and prioritizes possible sources of information based on specific information needs and strengths of different information formats.
• Considers various points-of-view and the merits of resources before choosing the best ones for the information needed.
• Uses specialized reference materials to find specific and in-depth information.
• Actively seeks different points of view and considers the effect of point of view on the facts and opinions presented.
• Selects information carefully to give an accurate picture of the research topic.
• Uses text structures to derive relationships among ideas, and deeper or more subtle meaning (signal words; patterns such as cause/effect, comparison, sequence;
foundational vs. detailed information).
• Evaluates information from a variety of sources for accuracy, appropriateness, and comprehensiveness.
• Revises search and locates additional information as needed.
Construct
• Critically examines and analyzes relevant information from a variety of sources to discover relationships among ideas.
• Draws clear and appropriate conclusions supported by evidence and examples.
Express
• Decides presentation form based on effective communication of point of view.
Reflect

31

INFORMATION FLUENCY STANDARD 2: PURSUING PERSONAL AND AESTHETIC GROWTH “We are explorers,”
• Considers alternative perspectives and evaluates differing points-of-view.
Independent learners contribute to the learning community by seeking multiple perspectives, sharing their understandings with others, and using information and resources ethically.

• Offers and defends information brought to group and when appropriate, seeks consensus to achieve a stronger product.
• Uses tools/websites to collaborate, publish and interact with peers, experts and other audiences.
• Either puts all information in own words or selects short segments to quote.
• Gives credit for all quotes, citing them properly in notes and bibliography.
• Analyzes the consequences and costs of unethical use of information and communication technology (e.g. hacking, spamming, consumer fraud, virus setting, intrusion) and
identifies ways for addressing these risks.

32

UNITED STATES HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 1

Grade Eleven

Unit One through Three
September January
Essential Questions

What sparks a revolution?
In what ways does revolution transform society?
What do a country’s laws reveal about its culture?
How real are heros?
How does art influence history? To what extent does art reflect history or shape it?
Why are precedents turning points?
Why do people uproot and move?
During what eras of our country’s history was democracy extended or limited?
How do actions born of necessity transition or develop into lifestyle choice?

Themes:

Change Environment Interdependence
Citizenship Factors of Production Physical Systems
Civic Values Foreign Policy Places and Regions
Constitutional Principles Government Reform Movements
Culture and Intellectual Life Human Systems Presidential Decisions and Actions
Diversity Immigration and Migration Science and Technology
Economic Systems Individuals, Groups, Institutions

33

Unit One: Geography Review and Overview
Topics Inquiries

The physical/cultural setting in the Americas
• Size and location How does geography affect American society?
• Major zones / areas How did climate influence the agriculture of the United States?
- Climate zones
- Vegetation zones
- Agricultural areas
- Natural resources
• Factors that shaped the identify of the United States
- Major mountain ranges
- Major river systems
- Great Plains
- Atlantic / Pacific oceans
- Coastlines
- Climate
- Abundance of natural resources
• Barriers to expansion/development
- Climate
- Mountain ranges
- Arid lands
- Great Plains

Role/influence of geography on historical/cultural development
• Influences on early Native American Indians
• Influence on colonization patterns and colonial development
• Territorial expansion
• Impact during wartime
• Effect of location on United States foreign policy

34

Unit One: Geography Review and Overview (Continued)
Topics Inquiries

Geographical issues today How do climatic hazards influence American lifestyles?
• Waste disposal How does human migration affect geography?
• Water / air pollution How does geography affect human migration?
• Shifting populations What are the major challenges facing urban areas?
• Energy usage
• Urban problems / challenges

Demographics
• Characteristics
- Gender
- Age
- Ethnicity How have the demographics of the U.S. changed over time?
- Religion What factors have contributed to these changes?
- Economic variables How have population trends changed urban, suburban and rural areas?
- Nature of household What do U.S. statistics reveal about the people who live here?
- Marital status
• Immigration
• Migration
• Population relationships / trends since 1865
What challenges are presented by large growth in population and longer life spans?
- Population growth
- Distribution
- Density
• Current Issues
- Graying of America
- Effects of the baby boom generation
- Changing composition of populations

35

Unit Two: Constitutional Foundations For the United States Democratic Republic
Topics Inquiries

I. The Constitution: The Foundation of American Society
Historical Foundations 1.1b, 2.2a, 5.2a
- Enlightenment thought (17th-18th century)
- Philosophers – Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu 2.3a
- Key events – Magna Carta, habeas corpus, English Bill of Rights, Was the Constitution a product of consensus or conflict?
Glorious Revolution 2.2e How did the shifting lenses of ‘freedom and tyranny’ inform the early history of the United
- The peoples & peopling of the American colonies 1.1a, 1.2c States?
- Native Americans– relationships with colonists, trade, alliances, forced Why are the Founding Fathers considered champions of the Enlightenment?
labor, resistance/warfare 1.2c Why did New Englanders believe that the Devil made his followers sign a book or contract?
- Slave trade – Triangle Trade routes 3.1e, 4.1g, 5.1a Was the French and Indian War more significant to American history than the Revolution?
- Early immigration – push/pull factors, experiences 3.1c, 4.1c What demographic forces contributed to the emergence of slavery?
- Colonial political & economic experiences 1.2c How did changes in architecture and home furnishing reflect the rise of gentility in colonial
- Colonial charters & self-government – Mayflower Compact, town America?
meetings & local government, House of Burgesses, property rights, Did the Great Law of Peace of the Six Nation Iroquois Confederation influence the development
enforceable contracts, Albany Plan of Union 1.3d, 5.2a of the NY State Constitution?
- Native American governments ( e.g. Iroquois Confederacy) 5.1c Why may the Civil Rights Movements be said to begin when the first slaves arrived in America?
- Colonial slavery – variations within U.S. & contradiction between slavery Was the Zenger case a landmark in the establishment of constitutional rights in New York?
& emerging ideals of freedom/liberty 1.1b, 1.2c Why did Thomas Paine describe Valley Forge as one of the times that ‘try men’s souls’?
- Freedom of Press – Zenger case 1.2b, 5.3a What audiences did the Declaration of Independence address?
- Salutary neglect & rights of British citizens in America (taxation without
representation) 1.1b, 1.3b
- Revolutionary War & the Declaration of Independence 1.1b, 1.3b
- Causes of the Revolution 1.1b
- Revolutionary ideology – republican principles, natural rights 1.1b
- Revolutionary leaders – Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John
Adams, Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine 1.1b, 2.3a

36

Unit Two: Constitutional Foundations For the United States Democratic Republic (Continued)
Topics Inquiries

- Slavery, African-Americans, & the outcome of the American Revolution – How did the conflict over slavery shape the debates of the Constitutional Convention?
African-Americans’ role & growth of “free black” population 1.3a, 4.1c,
5.1a
- New York State Constitution based on republican ideals 5.2d
- NY State Constitution 5.2d
- State constitutions – ratification by the people, unicameral vs. bicameral
legislatures, branches of government 5.2d
- Guaranteeing religious liberty – disestablishment of churches & the
growth of religious pluralism 1.1b
- Abolition of slavery in the North 1.1b
- Articles of Confederation 1.1b
- Northwest Ordinance 1.1b

Constitutional Convention 1.1b, 1.2d
• Representation & process 5.2a
- Framers of the Constitution 2.3a
- Plans of government – Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, Connecticut Plan
1.2d, 5.2a
• Conflict & compromise 1.2d
- Protecting from abuses of power - popular sovereignty, limited
government 1.2d
- Power separated & balanced 1.2d
- The Constitution, slavery, and fear of tyrannical powers of government
1.2d
• The document: structure of gov’t 1.2d
• Ratification
- The Federalist Papers 1.1a, 1.2d How does Hamilton’s own life story explain his vision for America’s future?
- The debate: Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist arguments 1.1a, 1.2d

37

Topics Inquiries

The Bill of Rights 1.1a, 1.2d, 5.2b

Basic structure & function: 3 branches and their operation 1.2d

Basic constitutional principles
• National power – limits & potentials 1.2d
• Federalism – balance between nation & state 1.2d To what extent was the Bill of Rights a compromise between the Federalists and the anti-
• Judiciary – interpreter of the Constitution or shaper of public policy 1.2d Federalists?
• Civil liberties – protecting individual liberties from governmental abuses; What provisions did the framers make to ensure that the Constitution remain a living document?
balance between government & the individual 1.2d, 5.2b How did the Constitution provide for the rights of oppressed groups?
• Criminal procedures – balance between the rights of the accused &
protection of the community & victims 1.2d, 5.2b
• Equality –historic & present meaning as a constitutional value 1.1b, 1.2d,
5.2b
• Rights of women 1.1b, 1.2d, 5.2b
• Rights of ethnic & racial groups 1.1b, 1.2d, 5.2b
• Presidential power in wartime & in foreign affairs 1.2d
• Separation of powers & the capacity to govern 1.2d
• Avenues of representation 1.2d
• Property rights & economic policy 4.1d
• Constitutional change & flexibility 5.2b

38

Topics Inquiries

Implementing the new constitutional principles 5.2b
• Creating domestic stability through sound financial policies: Hamilton’s financial
plans 4.1d How can the initial success of the Constitution be judged?
• Development of unwritten constitutional government under Washington, Adams, Was the foreign policy of the early republic a success or failure?
& Jefferson – cabinet, political parties, judicial review, executive &
Congressional interpretation, lobbying; the Marshall Court (Marbury v. Madison,
1803, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819, & Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824) 1.1b,1.2d
• Establishing a stable political system 1.1b,1.2d, 5.2a
- The Federalist & Republican Parties – philosophies of Hamilton & Jefferson
- Suppressing dissent –Whiskey Rebellion, Alien and Sedition Acts
• Neutrality & national security, Washington through Monroe: foreign affairs,
establishing boundaries 1.2e, 2.1b
- Neutrality : key element of American foreign policy; influence of geography
1.1b,1.2d
- A new nation in a world at war
- Economic pressures as a tool of diplomacy 4.1f
- Failure of Republican diplomacy: War of 1812 – significance of the war for
Native American Indians, Spain, & the growth of industry 1.3a, 2.2e
- Monroe Doctrine 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.1b

II. The Constitution Tested: Nationalism and Sectionalism
Factors unifying the United States, 1789-1861
• The 1st and 2nd two-party systems 5.2a Do political parties unite or divide a nation?
• The market economy and interstate commerce 4.1d How did Marshall strengthen the Supreme Court?
• The Marshall Court 5.2b

39

Topics Inquiries

Constitutional stress & crisis
• Developing sectional differences & philosophies of government 1.1b,
- The growth of urban & industrial patterns of life in the North 1.2c, 1.3a Why did compromise fail to avert a Constitutional Crisis?
o The transportation revolution – Erie Canal, rise of the port of New
York, NYC’s rise as a trade & manufacturing center
o introduction of the factory system
o working conditions
o women & work
o urban problems
- Middle-class & working-class life in the pre-Civil War North – families,
gender roles, schooling, childhood, living conditions, status of free
blacks 1.2c, 1.3a
- Immigration & nativist reactions – Jews, Irish mass starvation - 1845-
1850, Germans, 1848 refugees, Know Nothings 1.2c, 1.3a, 2.2e, 2.3b,
5.1a
- Patterns of southern development – growth of cotton cultivation,
movement into the Old Southwest, women on plantations 4.1c, 4.1g
- Life under slavery – slave laws, material conditions of life, women &
children, religious & cultural expression, resistance 1.2c
• Equal rights & justice: expansion of franchise; search for minority rights; How did slavery impact gender roles among the planter class?
expansion of slavery; abolitionist movement; the Underground Railroad;
denial of Native American rights & land ownership 1.2c
- Political democratization – national political nominating convention &
secret ballot 1.2d
- The rise of mass politics – John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, the
spoils system, the Bank War, Martin Van Buren 1.2d, 2.3a

40

Topics Inquiries

- Native Americans 1.2c, 2.3a
o History of Indian relations from 1607
o Native American cultural survival strategies – cultural adaptation,
cultural revitalization movements, Pan-Indian movements,
resistance
o The removal policy – Worcester v. Georgia, 1832
- The birth of the American reform tradition – religious & secular roots,
public schools, care for the physically disabled & the mentally ill, the
problems of poverty & crime, antislavery, women’s rights movement
1.1b, 5.1a, 5.2a
• The great constitutional debates: states’ rights vs. federal supremacy Why did Thomas Jefferson describe the Missouri Compromise as a “Fire Bell in the Night”?
(nullification), efforts to address slavery issue (Missouri Compromise,
Compromise of 1850, fugitive slave law, Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857),
preservation of the Union 5.2b

Territorial expansion through diplomacy, migration, annexation, and war;
Manifest Destiny 3.1a, 3.1b, 3.1e
• Louisiana Purchase
• exploring & settling the west – explorers, Lewis & Clark expedition, Can a country grow harboring conflict of interests?
naturalists, trappers/traders, trailblazers, missionaries, pioneers, the What role did ideas of race play in the theory of Manifest Destiny?
Mormon Church How was the treatment of Native Americans by the US government
• The Spanish, Mexican, & Native American West inconsistent with fundamental American values?
• Motives for & implications of expansion & western settlement
• Manifest Destiny, the Texas & Oregon questions, the Mexican War
• Impact of western expansion upon Mexicans & Native Americans

41

Topics Inquiries

The Constitution in jeopardy: the American Civil War 1.4a, 1.4b, 1.4c, 5.2a,
5.2b
• United States society divided
- Party disintegration & realignment & sectional polarization – Kansas- Why was the Civil War inevitable?
Nebraska Act, disintegration of the Whig Party & rise of the Republican Why is the ideal of shared responsibility such a volatile concept during wartime?
Party, Dred Scott decision, John Brown’s raid How did photography change the way Americans saw war?
- Abraham Lincoln, the secession crisis, & efforts at compromise - How does war fuel economic growth?
Lincoln-Douglas debates, election of 1860, secession, compromise
plans, Fort Sumter
• Wartime actions
- Military strategy, major battles(Antietam, Gettysburg), and human toll
- Impact of Civil War on home front – civil liberties, women’s role
- Government policy during the war – wartime finances, creating a
national currency, transcontinental railroad, Homestead Act
- Lincoln & Emancipation – Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg
Address, African-American participation in the war, the 13th Amendment

42

Unit Three: Industrialization of the United States
Topics Inquiries

I. The Reconstructed Nation
Reconstruction plans
• Lincoln’s plan 2.2e, 2.3a
• Congressional Reconstruction 2.2e How was the nation divided again by Reconstruction?
• Post-Civil War amendments – 13th, 14th, & 15th 1.1b, 2.2e Was democracy extended by Reconstruction?
• Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 2.2e, 5.2a Was Presidential Reconstruction a fair and effective plan to reunite the nation?
• Shifting relationships between the federal government, state governments, & Was the Congressional Plan better than the Presidential?
individual citizens 5.2a To what extent does law promote changes in society?

The North
• Economic & technological impacts of the Civil War 4.1c
• Expanding world markets 4.1f Was the North’s triumph primarily a moral victory?
• Developing labor needs 4.1a, 4.1g

The New South
• Agriculture: land & labor – sharecropping & tenant farming 3.1b, 4.1a, 4.1g
How did Reconstruction affect the lives of southerners?
• Status of freedmen 5.1a, 5.2a, 5.2b
- The economic, political, social, & educational experiences of formerly
enslaved African-Americans
- From exclusion to segregation
• The struggle for political control in the New South 5.2a
• Supreme Court interpretations of the 13th & 14th amendments – Civil Rights
Cases, 1883 5.2a, 5.2b
• The emerging debate over “proper” role of African-Americans 2.3a, 5.2b

43

Unit Three: Industrialization of the United States (Continued)
Topics Inquiries

End of Reconstruction 5.1a, 5.1b, 5.2b
• Disputed election of 1876 Should Reconstruction be considered a success or failure?
• End of military occupation
• Restoration of white control in the South (1870s & 1880s) & abridgment of
rights of freed African-Americans
• Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 – “separate but equal”

The Impact of the Civil War & Reconstruction 2.2e, 5.1b
• On political alignments What evidence is there that the Civil War & Reconstruction has had a powerful impact on the
• On the nature of citizenship United States to this day?
• On federal-state relations
• On the development of the North as an industrial power
• On American history

II. The Rise of American Business, Industry, and Labor, 1865 - 1920
Economic transformation and the “search for order”
• Business response to change – organize & rationalize 4.1a, 4.1b
• Organizational responses 4.1d How did the United States develop into a capitalist machine?
- From proprietorships & partnerships to the rise of monopolies
- Incorporation
- Capital concentration - consolidation
- Expanding national & international markets
- Merchandising changes, department stores, mail order catalogs

44

Topics Inquiries

Major areas of growth in business & industry 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.1g
• Transportation – railroads & automobiles, urban transportation Is the American Dream rooted in business and industry?
• Building materials – steel
• Energy sources – coal, oil, electricity
• Communications – telegraph, telephone

Representative entrepreneurs
Case studies on concentrated wealth & effort
• John D. Rockefeller – oil, Andrew Carnegie – steel, Henry Ford – What characteristics did these industrial leaders share?
automobile (note: other personalities may be substituted; local examples
of enterprise should be used) 2.3a, 4.1c
• Work ethic –Cotton Mather to Horatio Alger 4.1c
• Conflict between the public good & private gain – e.g., use of resources
5.1a, 4.1c

New business & government practices: Popular & government
responses
• Laissez-faire & government support; interpretation of 14th amendment by
Does the free market self correct efficiently?
Supreme Court 5.2b
• Railroad “pooling”; rate inequalities – Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific
Railway v. Illinois, 1886; railroad regulation; state & national ICC 5.2b
• Competition & absorption; mergers & trusts; Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 –
United States v. E.C. Knight, 1895 4.1d, 4.1g

45

Topics Inquiries

Labor’s response to economic change: Organize
• Efforts at national labor unions – Knights of Labor, 1869; A F of L- 1881- Why did labor organize?
1886; ILGWU, 1900 1.2c Why did immigration lead to conflict with labor?
- “Bread & butter” objectives How did labor unions view minorities and women?
- Unions & social issues – e.g. education 5.1a
- Attitudes toward immigrants, African-Americans, women 1.2c Did labor strikes set unions back?
- Union leadership – e.g. Samuel Gompers, Eugene Debs 2.3a Why did government side with business?
• Struggle & conflict a. Major strikes: gains & losses – Homestead, Pullman Are the fundamental interests of workers and business owners invariably at odds?
(In Re Debs, 1895), Lawrence 5.1a
- Management’s position
- Weapons & tactics employed in disputes between labor &
management
- Attitude & role of government

Agrarian response to economic change: Organize and protest 4.1d, 1.2c
• The Grange movement as agrarian protest Can the law of supply and demand be circumvented?
• Populism: a political response – William Jennings Bryan & the election of
1896 –
- Case study: The Populists as a grassroots political party
• National government response – Interstate Commerce Act, 1887

46

Topics Inquiries

III. Adjusting Society to Industrialism: American People and Places
Impact of Industrialization
• Urban growth 1.2c, 3.1c, 4.1a, 4.1c Did Industrialization fundamentally change the values of America?
- Attractions – e.g. jobs, education, culture, public education system
- Problems – e.g. slums, increased crime, inadequate water, &
sanitation services
- Skyscrapers & elevators; tenements & walk-ups
- Social Darwinism, increased class division, conspicuous consumption,
social conscience, philanthropy
• Work & workers 1.2c, 3.1c, 5.1a
- Factories & people – immigrant patterns of settlement
- Geographic, economic, social, & political considerations
- Working conditions – “wage slavery”
- Living conditions – company towns & urban slums
- The Great Migration: The migration of African-Americans to the North
• Women, families, & work 1.2c, 3.1c, 5.1a
- Traditional roles – Victorian ideal & reality
- Outside & inside their homes: double drudgery.
- Emerging family patterns: two wage earners, broken homes
- Problems of child labor, elderly, disabled, & African-American women
- Role of religion in a pluralistic society
• The growing middle class – consumerism & its material benefits & effects
4.1d, 4.1e
• Art & literature – e.g. Mark Twain & penny dailies 1.3a, 5.2a

47

Topics Inquiries

Immigration: 1850-1924
• New Sources: eastern/southern Europe & Asia Why do people uproot and move?
- Case studies: Italian immigration, Chinese immigration (1850-
1924, West to East migration), Russian/Jewish immigration 2.2e,
2.3b, 3.1c
• The impulses abroad
• The attractions here – labor shortages, liberty & freedoms 5.1a
• Urbanization – ghettos 4.1c
• “Americanization” process 5.2a
• Impacts on family, religion, education, & politics 2.3b, 5.2a
• Contributions to American society 2.3b, 5.2a
- Diversity of the U.S. population 2.3b, 5.2a

Reactions to the “new” immigration
• Cultural pluralism: assimilation, acculturation (“melting pot” vs. cultural
How do immigration laws demonstrate the reactions to the “new” immigration?
pluralism) 2.3b, 5.2a
Why are stereotypes such powerful political tools?
• Nativist reactions: stereotyping & prejudice – Case study: Irish
immigration 5.2b
• Impact on African-Americans & other established minorities 1.3a, 5.1a
• 4. “Yellow Peril,” West Coast restrictions – Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
1.3a, 5.1a, 5.2b
• Literacy testing 5.2b
• The Red Scare 5.1a, 5.2b
• Quota Acts of 1921 & 1924 5.1a, 5.2b

48


Topics Inquiries

The frontier (1850-1890)
• Land west of the Mississippi 3.1b, 3.1c, 3.1e
- Rolling plains & the Great American Desert What role did the frontier play in nurturing democracy?
- Native American nations; concept of oneness with the environment
- The settlement of the West – Homestead Act, 1862
• The impact of industrialization 3.1b, 3.1c, 3.1e
- Improved transportation facilitated shipping & migration of population
- Western migration of immigrants
- Potential for investment: development of key urban centers
• Native American Indians 1.3a, 3.1e, 5.2b
- Pressures of advancing white settlement: differing views of land use &
ownership
- Treaties & legal status
- The Indian wars, 1850-1900
- Legislating Indian life: reservations – Dawes Act, 1887
- Indian civil rights laws – legal status of Native American Indians, 1887-
1970: citizenship; self-government, 1934; self-determination, 1970

49

February June
Essential Questions

Is there too much or too little government in our lives?
Is US political history a history of progress?
Is the American economic system fair?
Has geography been more of an advantage or drawback in American history?
What is the role of personal leadership in historical change?
Would the Founding Fathers approve of America today? How and Why?
What is an American?
How has American culture and intellectual life influenced US History?
Does America deserve to be known as “the land of liberty”?
Are some wars more just than others? How and Why?
Which American leader was “the greatest?” Why?
What would the story of America look like if it wasn’t told by “the victors?”
How has political power shifted over the course of American history?
How has ongoing history scholarship changed our view of America?
How do concepts of justice and freedom differ across time and place in American history?
What assumptions do different groups in America make about power, authority, government and citizenship?
How well does the American economic system fulfill the needs and wants of different groups in society?
Has US military intervention been more a success or failure? Why?
Can personal liberty and national security in wartime co-exist? Why?
Can prejudice be ended by Federal, state and local legislation?

50

February June
Themes:

Change Environment Interdependence
Citizenship Factors of Production Physical Systems
Civic Values Foreign Policy Places and Regions
Constitutional Principles Government Reform Movements
Culture and Intellectual Life Human Systems Presidential Decisions and Actions
Diversity Immigration and Migration Science and Technology
Economic Systems Individuals, Groups, Institutions

51

Unit Four: The Progressive Movement: Responses to the Challenges Brought About By Industrialization and Urbanization
Topics Inquiries
I. Reform in America
Pressures for reform
• Progressives supported the use of government power for different reform What political, social, and economic problems led to the demand for reform?
purposes 5.1a What methods did the Progressive use to achieve their reforms?
• Developing technologies & their social, ethical, & moral impacts 5.1a, 4.1c Does the Federal government have too much or too little power?
• Struggle for fair standards of business operation & working conditions – Lochner What are some of the most important turning points in American history?
v. New York, 1905; Muller v. Oregon, 1908 2.2e, 4.1d What are the rights and responsibilities of citizenship?
• Increasing economic inequalities
• Rising power & influence of middle class 2.3a, 4.1g
Progress: Social & economic reform and consumer protection
• The “Muckrakers” & reform 2.2e, 2.3a, 4.1a, 5.1a How did the muckrakers influence the Progressive Era?
- Magazine writers – e.g. Lincoln Steffens, Ida B. Tarbell Is the American consumer adequately protected by government regulation?
- Novelists –e.g. Frank Norris, Upton Sinclair How did Lillian Wald’s settlement house work in NY compare to Jane Addams’
- Legislation – e.g. Pure Food & Drug Act, 1906; Meat Inspection Act, 1906 work in Chicago?
• Other areas of concern
- Social settlement movement & the problems of poverty – Jacob Riis, Jane
Addams 4.1a, 5.1a
- Women’s rights & efforts for peace 2.3a, 4.1a, 5.1a
o The suffrage movement – Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony;
Seneca Falls Convention How have the roles of religion and schooling changed over time in American society?
o Beginnings of fight for birth control – Margaret Sanger Was the Progressive movement more his-story or her-story? - Muller vs. Oregon, 1908
o Peace movement
- The black movement & reform – e.g., Booker T. Washington & W.E.B.
DuBois 2.3a, 5.1a, 5.2a, 5.2b
o Formation of NAACP, 1912
o Ida Wells – anti-lynching
o Marcus Garvey – Pan-African movement
- Temperance/prohibition 5.2a
- Formation of Anti-Defamation League 5.2a, 5.2b

52

Unit Four: The Progressive Movement: Responses to the Challenges Brought About By Industrialization and Urbanization (Continued)
Topics Inquiries

Progressivism & government action
• Emerging Progressive movement - influence of urban middle class 2.3a, Was the Progressive movement opposed to personal liberties? – temperance,
4.1c, 5.1a Comstock Laws, Buck vs. Bell, eugenics, miscegenation laws, birth control, sterilizations,
- Municipal & state reform Madison Grant, 18th Amendment
o response to urban problems How did American society react to injustice, violence and discrimination?
o sudden growth & needed service Did government policies promote or restrict racial, religious, gender and class inequalities?
- Progressive state reform – e.g., Wisconsin - Robert LaFollette; New How did Social Darwinism and Taylorism support Progressive Era policies?
York - Theodore Roosevelt Were the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire and the SS General Slocum catastrophes
• Theodore Roosevelt & the Square Deal 2.3a, 4.1c, 5.1a turning points in the fight for consumer and worker safety? Why or Why not?
- The stewardship theory of the Presidency – modern presidency What legacies of the Progressive Era are still with us today?
- Legislation strengthening railroad regulation and consumer protection Does TR deserve to be on Mt. Rushmore?
- “Trust-busting” court cases – Northern Securities Co. v. United States; Is the “business of America business?” (Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1911)
rule of reason: Standard Oil
- Conservation 2.3a, 3.1b
- Theodore Roosevelt’s concern for nature, land, & resources
- Federal legislation & projects – effects on states’ limits
- Roles of Gifford Pinchot & John Muir
- Woodrow Wilson & the New Freedom
- Progressivism at its zenith; the 1912 election – Taft, Roosevelt, &
Wilson 2.2e
- The Underwood Tariff & the graduated income tax 4.1b, 4.1d
- Clayton Antitrust Act & the Federal Trade commission 4.1b, 4.1d
- The Federal Reserve System – monetary controls 4.1b, 4.1d
- Women’s suffrage amendment (19th) 5.1a, 5.2a
- World War I – effect on domestic reform 1.2e, 2.1b, 2.2a, 2.2e

53


II. The Rise of American Power
An emerging global involvement
- From old diplomacy to new, 1865-1900 1.2e, 2.1b Who were the leaders of the conservation movement? Who was opposed? Why? What were the
- Role of increased American power long-term outcomes? -- Adirondack Reserve
o Communications technology Were Progressive Era presidents afraid to challenge Jim Crow? Why?
o American attitudes toward international role How did the Supreme Court both help and hinder Progressive reforms?
o Growth of naval power How did the Progressive Era affect public schooling in America?
- Commodore Perry & the opening of Japan, 1854 Was the Progressive Era progressive for all? Why or Why Not?
- Other Pacific overtures 1.2e, 3.1d, 3.1e How does the Progressive era of reform compare with other Reform Movements
- U.S. & China – the Chinese perspective, Boxer Rebellion In American History?
- The Open-Door Policy How well has American foreign policy followed Washington’s Farewell advice?
- Acquisition of Hawaii What were the economic, political and social causes of American imperialism?
- Naval bases – Samoa How did Social Darwinism and racism support American intervention and rule abroad?
- Imperialism: Spanish-American War 1.2e, 2.1b, 2.2e, 3.1d How did the press shape public opinion for war? How does the press shape public opinion today
- Causes of the war (Iraq, Afghanistan)?
- U.S. empire – Puerto Rico; Cuban protectorate – the Platt What were the arguments of Twain and the anti-imperialists?
Amendment How did American imperialism affect the history of the Caribbean and Latin America?
o Acquisition of the Philippines – the “Great Debate” How did the American worldview change during the Progressive Era?
o Disposition of territories
o Constitutional issues
- Latin American affairs 1.2e, 2.1b, 2.2e, 3.1d
- Monroe Doctrine update/Roosevelt corollary – the view from Latin
America
- West Indies protectorates & the “Big Stick”
- Panama Canal – acquisition & construction; Canal retrocession treaty
- Taft & Dollar Diplomacy

54

Topics Inquiries

Restraint & involvement, 1914-1920
- U.S. involvement 1.2e, 2.1b, 2.2e, 3.1d
- Efforts at neutrality & “preparedness” Was US military intervention a success or failure? Why?
- Causes of U.S. entry into World War I How did commercial and naval expansion shape America’s foreign policy?
- U.S. role in the war What is a “banana republic”? Who benefits?
- U.S. reaction to Russian Revolution

Wartime constitutional issues
- War opposition & patriotism – the draft issue 5.1a, 5.2b, 5.3a Why was it difficult for the US to remain neutral from 1914-1917?
- Espionage & Sedition Acts What role did propaganda play in involving the US in WWI?
- Schenck v. United States, 1919 – “clear & present danger” doctrine Did US forces play a decisive role in defeating the Central Powers? Why or why not?
- Red Scare, 1918-1919 How did the Russian Revolution affect US policy at home and abroad?
How did restrictions on civil liberties during WWI compare to what happened
The search for peace & arms control, 1914-1930 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.2a, 2.2e, during the Civil War?
2.3b, 3.1e, 4.1f What were the tensions between personal liberty and national security during World War I?
• The peace movement – Women’s International League for Peace & What were the arguments of the Post WWI Peace movement? Why didn’t they succeed?
Freedom How did the Treaty of Versailles compare to Wilson’s 14 points?
• War aims – Wilson’s 14 Points Why didn’t the Senate ratify the League of Nations treaty? Would it pass today?
• Treaty of Versailles – Wilson’s role How did WWI benefit American industry and agriculture?
• League of Nations – Henry Cabot Lodge & the U.S. Senate rejection
• Washington Naval Disarmament Conference, 1921-1922
• Reparations & war debts – U.S. as world banker
• Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928
• Establishment of World Court

55

Unit Five: At Home and Abroad: Prosperity and Depression (1917 – 1940)
Topics Inquiries

I. War and Prosperity: 1917 - 1929
Impact of World War I
• War’s effect on gender roles, African-Americans, & other minority groups 1.2c What important social changes took place in America during and after WWI?
• Case study: Movement of African-Americans 1.2c, 5.1a What role did prosperity and Republican policies play in government scandals of the
• Return to “normalcy,” 1918-1921 2.2e time?

The 1920s: Business boom or false prosperity? How did the South-to-North migration affect American society?
• Post-WW1 recession 4.1c, 4.1f How did economic policies lead to the Stock Market Crash in 1929?
• Avarice & scandal – Teapot Dome 2.2e, 2.3a How did scientific and industrial advances affect American farmers?
• Coolidge prosperity – not for everyone 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d What role did the new American middle class play in politics, culture
• Problems on the farm 3.1b, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d and the economy?
- Expansion, mortgages, & advancing technology
- Farmers & minorities fail to share in economic benefit
• . speculative boom – the “ big bull market”

Mass consumption & the clash of cultural values
What factors led to a “bull” market in the1920s?
• Mass consumption 4.1b, 4.1d, 4.1g
What were the advantages and disadvantages of urbanization? How did new
- The automobile – new industries, products, & services
systems of communication, travel and consumer culture change American life?
- Installment buying – consumer durable goods (appliances)
How did the government respond to peaceful dissent during the Red Scare?
- Real estate boom & suburban development; economic & geographic
implications: decline of trolleys & trains, improvement of roads
- Entertainment – radio, motion pictures, advertising, & cultural homogenization
• Constitutional & legal issues 1.2d, 5.2b
- Threats to civil liberties – Red Scare, Ku Klux Klan, & Sacco & Vanzetti
- Prohibition (18th amendment) & the Volstead Act –
- stimulus to crime, public attitudes, & repeal (21st amendment)
- Science, education, & religion – the Scopes Trial, 1925

56

Unit Five: At Home and Abroad: Prosperity and Depression (1917 – 1940) (Continued)
Topics Inquiries

- Restrictions on immigration – closing the “golden door”
• Shifting cultural values 1.1a, 1.1b, 2.3a, 2.3c, 5.2a What were government policies/response to the growth and activities of the KKK?
- Revolution in morals & manners – fads, flappers, & Freud What were the arguments (real or perceived) to restrict immigration?
- Women’s changing roles Why didn’t American women quickly win an equal role in government, business and at
o Effect of WW1 home after the passage of the 19th Amendment?
o Involvement in the political process – the 19th amendment How did the roles of women change after WWI?
o Health & working conditions How did American culture and intellectual life reflect and shape the Roaring 20s?
o Women in the workforce What was the legacy of the Harlem Renaissance? What restrictions and discrimination
o Emerging role – emphasis on wife rather than mother did blacks face after the Great Migration?
- The literary scene
o Sinclair Lewis, Ernest Hemingway, Edith Wharton, Willa Cather, F. Scott
Fitzgerald
o The Harlem Renaissance – Duke Ellington, Langston Hughes, Bessie
Smith

II. The Great Depression
Onset of the Great Depression
• Weakness in the economy 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1f, 4.1g
- Overproduction/ underconsumption What basic weaknesses in the economy led to the Great Depression?
- Overexpansion of credit How did Hoover’s response to the Great Depression compare with FDR’s?
• 2. The stock market crash 2.2e, 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1f, 4.1g How did the stock market crash and the Depression affect the worldview
- Worldwide nature – growing interdependence 4.1f of ordinary Americans?
- Interdependent banking systems 4.1f Why didn’t Hoover’s recovery policies work?
- International trade 4.1f Would government today react differently to Hoovervilles and Bonus Army
- Political repercussions 4.2c encampments? Why?
• 3. The Hoover experience 1.2c, 2.3a, 5.1a Which groups suffered the most from the Crash and the Great Depression? Why?
- Rugged individualism – “trickle down” economics
- Reconstruction Finance Corporation
• 4. Unemployment, the Bonus army, Hoovervilles - impact on women and minorities
1.2c, 2.3a, 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1f, 4.1g

57

Topics Inquiries

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: Relief, recovery, and reform programs
• Relief of human suffering 4.1c, 4.1d, 5.1a What were the long-term effects of the CCC, WPA, PWA and TVA?
- Bank “holiday”; Emergency Banking Act How did the New Deal affect ordinary people in New York City and State?
- Federal Emergency Relief Act Was the NRA a success? Why or Why not?
- Unemployment: WPA, PWA, CCC; troubling equity issues Did New Deal regulation of banking go too far or not far enough? Why or Why not?
• Recovery of the United States economy 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 5.1a Has Social Security Insurance achieved its goals?
- NRA – “codes of fair competition” Who opposed the New Deal? Why?
- Mortgage Relief – HOLC, FHA
- First & second AAA, scarcity & parity
• Search for effective reform (program examples) 4.1c, 4.2c
- Banking – Class-Steagall Act (FDIC)
- Stock market – FEC
- Social Security
- Labor – Wagner Act (NLRB); Labor Standards Act
• Labor’s response – formation of CIO 2.2e, 2.3a, 4.1g
• Controversial aspects of the New Deal 4.1c, 5.2b, 5.3a, 5.3b
- Constitutional issues 5.2b
o Supreme Court & the NRA – Schecter Poultry Corp. v. United States,
1935
o Supreme Court & the AAA
o TVA – model yardstick or creeping socialism? 5.2a, 5.3b
- 1936 election “mandate”
- Roosevelt’s “Court packing” proposal: failure & success
- 1940: third term controversy (the unwritten constitution) 1.1b, 5.1b, 5.2b
- Passage of the 22nd amendment, 1951 1.1b, 5.1b

58

Topics Inquiries

• The human factor 2.3a
- FDR as communicator & his efforts to restore public confidence; press How did organized labor change their tactics during the Depression – i.e. sit-down
conferences, “fireside chats,” & effective use of the radio strike?
- Eleanor Roosevelt as the president’s eyes & ears Why did support for socialist and communist parties increase during the Great
- the Dust Bowl & the Okies 1.2c, 4.1b, 4.1g Depression?
- The New Deal & women – e. g. Frances Perkins, U.S. secretary of Labor, How did the Supreme Court both help and hinder New Deal policies?
1933-1945 Should FDR have been allowed to serve four terms? Why? Why not?
- The New Deal & minorities (shift in African-American vote) – discriminatory Was FDR a “great” president? Why or Why not?
results How did FDR promote the New Deal?
- Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 How did Eleanor Roosevelt, Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune and others
• Culture of the Depression 1.1a, 1.1b, 2.3a expand the political role of women during the New Deal years?
- Literature – e.g. Langston Hughes & John Steinbeck How were women and families affected by the New Deal?
- Music – jazz, swing (big bands) Did the New Deal include all Americans?
- Art – WPA, fine arts, Hollywood, comic books What was the “Black Cabinet” and what role did it play in Washington?
• Opposition to the New Deal – Al Smith, Norman Thomas, Huey Long, Father How did the Dust Bowl and Depression affect American agriculture?
Coughlin, Dr. Francis Townsend 2.3a, 4.1c How did the Bureau of Indian Affairs’ treatment of Native-Americans change over time?
What were the themes of WPA artists, film-makers, and writers? How did they
reflect the New Deal era?
Could another Great Depression occur today? Why or Why not?

59

Unit Six: The United States In An Age Of Global Crisis: Responsibility And Cooperation
Topics Inquiries

I. Peace in Peril: 1933 - 1950
Isolation & neutrality 1.2f, 2.3b
• Causes of disillusion & pacifism 1.2f, 2.3b Why didn’t pacifism and isolationism prevail in America?
• Neutrality Acts of 1935-37 1.2f, 2.3b What contributed to US entry in WWII (besides Pearl Harbor)?
• Spanish Civil War: testing war technology & ideology 1.2f, 2.2e, 2.3b Why wasn’t the League of Nations able to keep peace?
• FDR’s “quarantine” speech, 1937 1.2f, 2.2e, 2.3a

Failure of peace; triumph of aggression 2.2e
• Aggressions of Japan, Germany, Italy : 1932-1940
• Appeasement: The Munich Conference (1938) How did American foreign policy change between the end of WWI
• German attack on Poland; start of World War II in Europe and Pearl Harbor?
What was US foreign policy towards Japan before Pearl Harbor?
• Gradual United States involvement 1.2b, 1.2e, 1.3d
What was the US involvement in WWII before Pear Harbor? How would you characterize these
- Neutrality Act of 1939 (“cash and carry”)
actions? What could they have done differently?
- Lend-Lease Act and 50 overage destroyers deal
- The moral dimension: The Atlantic Charter (August 1941)

The United States in World War II 1.3b
• Pearl Harbor 1.3d, 1.2c, 1.2b
• The human dimensions of the war What caused the Japanese to attack America on Dec. 7, 1941?
- The “arsenal of democracy” (feats of productivity) How did America react to the attack on Pearl Harbor?
- Role of women: WACs; Rosie the Riveter; return of the retired How did the Home front contribute to America’s war effort?
- Mobilization: the draft; minority issues How did the war affect the role of women?
- Financing the war: war bond drives; Hollywood goes to war Was WWII America’s first “total war?” How and Why?
- Rationing 4.1c Who deserves the most credit for defeating Nazi Germany? Why?
- Experiences of men and women in military service
• Allied strategy and leadership 1.2e
- Assistance to Soviet Union
- Europe first
- A two-front war 3.2d

60

Unit Six: The United States In An Age Of Global Crisis: Responsibility And Cooperation (Continued)
Topics Inquiries

• The atomic bomb 1.3c
- The Manhattan Project (role of refugees)Truman’s decision to use the atomic Was the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan necessary?
bomb against Japan: Hiroshima and Nagasaki How did European refugees contribute to the Allied victory (Einstein, Bohr, Fermi, etc.)?
- Why did Americans consider WWII a “just war?”
- United States occupation of Japan; the “MacArthur constitution” Was America’s reaction to the Nazi Holocaust adequate? Why?
- Japanese war crime trials How did the war affect African-American communities?
• The war’s impact on minorities 1.2b, 1.2c, 1.2e What was the rationale for wartime internment of Americans? Could another wartime
- Incarceration of West Coast Japanese-Americans; Executive Order 9066; internment occur today? Why or Why not?
Korematsu v. United States (1944) How did the courts (Nuremberg war trials) punish those accused of “crimes against
- Extent of racially integrated units in the military humanity?” Were the outcomes of the trails fair?
- The Nazi Holocaust: United States and world reactions 2.2e What are some post-WWII examples of “war crimes?” Have the criminals been
- The Nuremberg war crimes trials; later trials of other Nazi criminals, e.g., brought to justice? How or Why not?
Eichmann, Barbie What happened to Rosie the Riveter after the war? Why?
• Demobilization How did the GI Bill change American Society?
- Inflation and strikes 4.1b , 4.1d, 1.2c, 5.2b
- The G.I. Bill; impact on education and housing
- Truman’s Fair Deal
- Partisan problems with Congress
- Minorities continued to find it difficult to obtain fair practices in housing,
employment, education
- Upset election of 1948; Truman versus Dewey
- Truman and civil rights

61

Topics Inquiries

II. Peace with Problems: 1945 - 1960
International peace efforts
• Formation of the United Nations 1.2f, 2.2e, 2.3b How did Republicans try to undo the New Deal after WWII? Why?
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5.2b Did the war for democracy and the Four Freedoms abroad challenge Jim Crow at
- Eleanor Roosevelt’s role home? How?
- Senate Response
• Displaced persons – refugee efforts 1.2f, 2.3b, 5.1a

Expansion & containment: Europe
• Summitry: Yalta & Potsdam, establishing “spheres of influence” 1.2e, 1.2f, 3.1e
• The Iron Curtain: Winston Churchill 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.3a What led to the creation of the United Nations?
How did the UN compare with the League of Nations?
• Postwar uses for the United States power 1.2e, 1.2f, 3.1e
How did post-WWII America compare with economic, political and social conditions in
- The Truman Doctrine: Greece & Turkey
America after WWI?
- The Marshall Plan
How did the decisions made at the Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam summits contribute to
o Aid for Europe 1.2e, 1.2f, 3.1e, 5.1a
post-war conflict in Europe and around the world?
o The Common Market 1.2e, 1.2f, 3.1e, 4.1f
What factors led to the Cold War? Was it inevitable?
o (3) European Parliament 1.2e, 1.2f, 3.1e
Why was the USSR suspicious of America and its Allies? Should they have been? Why
- Berlin airlift
or Why not?
- Formation of NATO alliance 1.2e, 1.2f, 3.1e
How did the Soviet Bloc respond to NATO and the Berlin air lift?

62

Topics Inquiries

Containment in Asia, Africa, & Latin America
• The United States & Japan 1.2e, 1.2f
- Separate peace treaty, 1951 Did America transform Japanese society? How and Why?
- Reconstruction of Japan Was America’s China Policy successful?
• The United States & China 1.2e, 1.2f
- Rise to power of Mao Zedong & the People’s Republic of China 2.1b,
2.2e, 2.3a
- Chiang Kai-shek to Taiwan, 1949
• U.S.S.R. tests atomic bomb, 1949 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.2e
• The “hot” war in Asia: Korean War 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.2e, 3.1e
- The Yalu River – China enters the war
- United Nations efforts: MacArthur, Truman, & “limited war”
- Stalemate & truce, 1953
• Point Four program – economic aid for Africa, Asia, & Latin America 1.2e,
1.2f, 5.1a

The Cold War at home
• Truman & government loyalty checks
– Case Studies: The Smith Act & the House Un-American Activities How did the H-bomb and threat of nuclear annihilation affect American society?
Committee (Watkins v. United States, 1957); the Alger Hiss case, 1950; Should President Truman have fired MacArthur? Why or Why Not?
the Rosenberg trial, 1950 1.2b, 5.2b Was the Cold War cold in Asia, Africa and Latin America?
• Loyalty & dissent – the case of Robert Oppenheimer 1.2b, 5.2b How did McCarthyism compare to the Red Scare after WWI?
Did America overreact to the Communist threat at home? Was there a real
• McCarthyism 1.2b, 5.2b
threat?
• Politics of the Cold War 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.2e, 2.3a, 5.2b
Did the US foreign policy of containment work?
- Loss of China
Did the threat of mutually-assured destruction keep the world safe?
- Stalemate in Korea
- Truman’s failing popularity

63

Unit Seven: World In Uncertain Times: 1950 - Present
February June
Topics Inquiries

I. Toward a Postindustrial World: Living in a Global Age
Changes within the United Sates
• Energy sources (e.g. nuclear power) 2.2e, 4.1b, 4.1c How did science and technology transform post-war American society?
• Materials (plastics, light metals) 2.2e, 4.1b, 4.1c Did the growth of multinational corporations make the world of work better or worse for
• Technology (computers) 2.2e, 4.1b, 4.1c most Americans?
• Corporate structures (multinational corporations) 4.1b, 4.1d, 4.1e, 4.1f, 4.1g How did science and technology affect America’s natural resources?
• Nature of employment (agriculture to industry to service) 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1d, 4.1e, 4.1g
• Problems (waste disposal, air/water pollution, growing energy usage, depleting
resources – e.g., domestic oil supply) 3.1b, 3.1e, 4.1d, 4.1e, 4.1f, 4.1g

II. Containment and Consensus: 1945 -1960
Review postwar events
• Emerging power relationships: East/West; North/South; (haves/have nots;
developed/developing nations) 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.3b, 3.1a, 3.1d, 3.1e, 4.1f, 5.1a How did WWII transform the political geography of the world?
Did the US foreign policy of containment work?
Eisenhower foreign policies Did the threat of mutually-assured destruction keep the world safe?
• The end of the Korean War 1.2f
Was the Soviet threat to America genuine? Why or Why not?
• John Foster Dulles, the domino theory & massive retaliation; brinkmanship posture
Was the “domino theory” correct?
1.2e, 1.2f, 2.3a, 2.3b
Was Eisenhower’s foreign policy effective?
• The H-bomb; atoms for peace 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.2e How did the launch of Sputnik affect US education policies?
• Summits & U-2s 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.2e
• Establishment of SEATO 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.3a, 2.3b
• Controversy – Aswan Dam & Suez Canal 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1a, 3.1b, 3.1d,
3.1e
• Polish & Hungarian Uprisings 2.2e, 2.3b
• Eisenhower Doctrine – intervention in Lebanon 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1a, 3.1b,
3.1d, 3.1e
• Sputnik – initiating the space race 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1a, 3.1b, 3.1d, 3.1e

64

Unit Seven: World In Uncertain Times: 1950 – Present (Continued)
February June
Topics Inquiries

Domestic politics and constitutional issues
• The Eisenhower peace 1.1a How was US domestic policy in the 1950s similar to and different from the
New Deal policies under Roosevelt and Truman?
- Returning the United States to a peacetime economy 4.1, b 4.1g What led to the development of US suburbs, “the crabgrass frontier?”
- Interstate Highway Act (1956) 3.2d Does the Warren Court deserve to be called America’s “most influential”? Why or Why
- Suburbanization 1.2c not?
- The Warren Court 5.2a, 5.2b Why didn’t Jim Crow end the day after the Brown v. Board of Education decision?
• Civil rights What role did Presidents Truman and Eisenhower play in the struggle for civil rights?
- Jackie Robinson breaks the color barrier 1.2c, 1.2d What tactics did civil rights protestors use? How effective were they?
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 5.2a, 5.2b
- Beginnings of modern civil rights movement 1.2c, 1.2d, 5.2a, 5.2b
o Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott
o Little Rock: school desegregation
o Segregation in public transportation ruled unconstitutional
o Sit-ins; nonviolent tactic
o Civil Rights Act of 1957

The people
• Prosperity and conservatism 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1g
- Postwar consumption: homes, autos, and television
- New educational opportunities: G.I. Bill
- The baby boom and its effects
• Migration and immigration 3.1e, 3.2d, 3.2e
- Suburbanization: Levittowns
- Cities: declining
- New immigration patterns: Caribbean focus

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February June
Topics Inquiries

III. Decade of Change: 1960s
The Kennedy years
• The New Frontier: dreams & promises How did the values and attitudes (consumerism, home ownership, etc.) of post-WWII
- Civil rights actions 1.1a, 1.1b, 1.2c, 2.2e, 2.3a, 5.1a, 5.2b America compare with those after WWI?
o James Meredith at the University of Mississippi How were American schools affected by demographic trends in the 1950s and 60s?
o Public career of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Birmingham protest - “Letter What was “the American Dream” during this period?
from Birmingham Jail”
o Assassination of Medgar Evers
o March on Washington
• Foreign policy & Cold War crises 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3b, 3.1a, 3.1d, 3.1e, 5.1a,
5.1c
- Bay of Pigs invasion
- Vienna Summit/Berlin Wall
- Cuban missile crisis Did New Frontier programs improve the lives of Americans? How and Why?
- Laos & Vietnam How did the Civil Rights movement change tactics in the 1960s?
- Latin America & the Alliance for Progress Has America lived up to the vision of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.?
- Peace Corps How did Federal policies both help and hinder the Civil Rights movement at this time?
- Launching the race to the moon Why did the Bay of Pigs invasion fail?
- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963 & 1967; Hot Line established Has US policy toward Cuba been successful? Why or why not?
• Movement for rights of disabled citizens 1.1b, 5.1a, 5.2a, 5.2b Should America have become involved in SE Asia?
- Background
o Historic attitude that disabled were defective
o Emergence of humanitarian view; development of large institutions
o Development of the concept of normalization; programs of education &
training
- Kennedy administration, 1961-1963 – beginning awareness, changing attitudes
o President’s Council on Mental Retardation
o Special Olympics

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February June
Topics Inquiries

• Litigation & legislation, 1960- present 5.1a, 5.2a, 5.2b
o Education of the Handicapped Act, 1966 Were Presidents Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon justified in withholding information from
o Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 1971 the American public about US activities in Vietnam and SE Asia (the public’s right to
o Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504 know v. national security, Pentagon Papers)?
o Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990 How did attitudes and policies towards disabled Americans begin to change during this
• From dependence to independence 5.1a, 5.2a, 5.2b, 5.3a period? Why?
o Activism by disabled veterans How did state and Federal regulations regarding the handicapped and disabled
o Deinstitutionalization transform everyday life at school, in the workplace and in public spaces?
o Mainstreaming
• Assassination in Dallas of President John F. Kennedy 2.2e, 2.3a

Lyndon B. Johnson & the Great Society
- Expanding on the Kennedy social programs 1.1b, 1.2d, 2.3a, 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 5.1a,
5.2a, 5.3b
- War on poverty – VISTA Why did it take so long for America to begin to accommodate the needs of
- Medicare handicapped and disabled citizens?
- Federal aid to education What role have disabled veterans played in the struggle for the rights of disabled
- Environmental issues & concerns Americans?
- The Moon landing – the challenge of space exploration 2.2e Why are the conclusions of the Warren Commission Report still controversial?
- Continued demands for equality – Civil rights movement 1.1b, 1.2c, 1.2d, 2.2e, 2.3a, Did the Great society fulfill the vision of the New Frontier?
5.1a, 5.2a, 5.3b
- Black protest, pride, & power
o NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People): legal judicial leadership, Urban League

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February June
- Case studies 1.2c, 1.2d, 2.3a, 5.2b
o SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) – sit-in What is Medicare and how has it changed American health care?
o SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) – promote What is Title I and how has it transformed American education?
nonviolent resistance, sit-ins, boycotts Did America “win” the “space race? Was it worth it?
o CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) – “Freedom Riders” Was LBJ a great civil rights president?
o Testing of segregation laws How did the civil rights movement change its response to injustice during this period?
o Others – Black Muslims; prominence of Malcolm X - advocating Why were many African Americans impatient with established civil rights organizations
separation of races, separate state in the United States and leaders?
o Civil unrest – e.g. Watts riots, 1965; Kerner Commission Why did non-violent protests eventually work?
o Assassination of Malcolm X, February,1965 How did the tactics of the SCLC or NAACP differ from those of the Black Panthers?
- Legislative impact 1.2c, 1.2d, 2.3a, 5.2b Was the FBI’s COINTELPRO program justified? Why or Why not?
o Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. United States, What were the causes and effects of urban riots in the 1960s?
1964, modifications since 1964 Did the Supreme Court lead or follow in the struggle for civil rights?
o 24th Amendment - eliminating poll tax How have Federal policies and Supreme Court decisions about voting transformed
o Voting Rights Act, 1965 state and local government since the 1960s?
o Court decisions since 1948 upholding or modifying preferential
treatment in employment; equal access to housing; travel &
accommodations; voting rights; educational equity
o Fair Housing Act, 1968
• Demands for equality: women 1.2c, 1.2d, 5.2b
- The modern women’s movement
o Kennedy Commission and the Civil Rights Act, 1963-1964
o NOW (1966) to present
- Issues
o Shifting roles and images
o Equal Rights Amendment (failure to ratify)
o Roe v. Wade, 1973
o Equality in the workplace: compensation, the glass ceiling
o Increased focus on domestic abuse

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February June
• Rising consciousness of Hispanic-Americans 1.2c, 1.2d, 5.2b
- “Brown power” movement
- Organizing farm labor (Cesar Chavez) How do Federal, state and local legislation affect de jure and de facto discrimination?
- Cuban and Haitian immigration To what extent has the Civil Rights movement achieved its goals?
- Increasing presence in American politics How was the women’s movement in the 1960s and 70s similar to and different from the
• Demands for equality: American Indian Movement (AIM) and other protests 1.2c, suffragette struggle during the Progressive Era?
1.2d, 5.2b Why is Roe v. Wade still such a controversial decision?
- Occupation of Alcatraz Should the US have passed an Equal Rights Amendment?
- The “long march” What obstacles do contemporary American women face in education, business and at
- Wounded knee, 1973 home? Does the “glass ceiling” still exist?
• Rights of the accused 5.2a, 5.2b What made many Hispanic-Americans less visible than others in the national
- Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 consciousness?
- Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 How did organizations like United Farm Workers, La Raza and the Young Lords
- Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 struggle against discrimination?
• Legislative reapportionment: Baker v. Carr, 1962 What were the goals and tactics of American Indian Movement during this period?
Have American attitudes and policies toward Native Americans changed? Why or Why
not?
Why did it take so long for America to recognize the legal rights established by the
IV. The Limits of Power: Turmoil at Home and Abroad, 1965 - 1972 Warren court?
Vietnam: sacrifice and turmoil 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3b, 3.1a, 3.1d, 3.1e, 5.1a, 5.1c
• The French-Indochinese War: early United States involvement: Truman,
Eisenhower, and Kennedy policies (review how foreign policy is formulated)
• United States and the spread of communism; domino theory; credibility of other
United States commitments
• Civil war in south Vietnam; concept of guerilla warfare
• LBJ and the Americanization of the war
- Fear of “losing” Vietnam
- Escalation and United States assumptions; Tet Offensive
• Student protests at home
- Draft protesters
- Political radicals: protests, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), antiwar
- Cultural radicals: hippies and communalists

69

February June
Topics Inquiries

• 1968: A year of turmoil Should the US have intervened to help the French in Indochina?
- Presidents Johnson’s decision not to seek reelection What was “The ugly American”? Did Americans deserve the name?
- Assassinations of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (April 1968) and Robert Why did the US and South Vietnam ignore the call for popular elections per the Geneva
Kennedy (June 1968) Peace Conference?
- The Democratic Convention; war protesters disrupt proceedings Was there an “incident” in the Gulf of Tonkin?
- Impact of the Vietnam War on society Why was the War in Vietnam seen as an “unjust” war by many Americans?
What were the actions and values of the American counterculture in the 1960s?
How did American government react to anti-war protests?
What was “the generation gap?” How did it affect US culture and society?
V. The Trend Toward Conservatism, 1972 - 1985 How did the assignations of Robert F Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. affect politics and
Richard Nixon’s Presidency, 1969-1974 society?
• Domestic policies & events What effect did police brutality at the Chicago Convention and the phrase, “the whole world
- Modifications to Great Society programs – e.g. OSHA, Federal Energy is watching” have on the American public?
Office, DEA, Clean Air Act, food stamps, revenue sharing 1.1b, 1.2c, 1.3a,
2.2e, 2.3a, 3.1b, 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.1g, 5.1a, 5.3b
- The moon landing 1.1b, 3.1b
- Environmental Protection Agency, 1970 1.1b, 3.1b
- Self-determination for American-Indians, 1970 1.1b, 1.2c, 5.1a, 5.2b, 5.3b
- Ratification of the 16th Amendment, 1971 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1d
- Title IX – Equal education access, 1972 2.2e, 5.1a, 5.2b
• Nixon’s internationalism
- Henry Kissinger & realpolitik How did President Nixon’s domestic policies depart from Lyndon B Johnson’s Great
o Withdrawal from Vietnam & Cambodia; peace talks & signing of Paris Society?
Peace Accords – Pentagon Papers, New York Times v. United States, Was there a “silent majority?” How did Nixon court their support?
1971 1.2e, 2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3a, 2.3b, 3.1a How did Nixon’s policies to civil rights and anti-war protesters differ from LBJ’s?
o Nixon Doctrine 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.2e, 2.3a What were the foreign policy successes and failure of the Nixon Presidency?
o Opening to China 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3b
o Détente – SALT & grain 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.1b, 2.2a, 2.2e, 2.3b, 2.3c, 3.1a,
4.1f, 5.1c

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February June
Topics Inquiries

• The Presidency in crisis
- Resignation of Spiro T. Agnew 2.2e, 2.3a What is “executive privilege” and how did Nixon use it?
- Watergate affair & its constitutional implications 2.2e, 2.3a Was Nixon’s trip to China a turning point in modern world history? Why or why not?
- United States v. Nixon, 1974 2.2e, 2.3a, 5.2b Did Henry Kissinger deserve the Nobel Peace Prize?
- The impeachment process & resignation 2.2e, 2.3a, 5.2b What were the lessons of Watergate?
How did Watergate affect subsequent presidencies?
The Ford & Carter Presidencies How has/will history judge Nixon?
• The appointive presidency – Ford & Rockefeller (the constitutional aspects) 2.2e, Should Ford have pardoned Nixon?
2.3a, 5.2b
• Domestic policy issues
- Pardon for Nixon & amnesty for draft evaders 2.2e, 5.2b
- Oil crisis – shifting energy priorities 3.1b, 3.1d, 4.1a, 4.1c, 4.1f
- Environmental concerns 3.1b, 3.1d, 4.1a, 4.1c
o Three Mile Island
o Acid rain
o Toxic waste
• Foreign policy issues – the United States after Vietnam 1.1b, 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.1b, 2.2e, What caused the “oil crisis” and how did it affect American society?
2.3b, 3.1a, 3.1b, 3.1d, 3.1e, 5.2a Why were energy conservation polices that were adopted during the Carter
- Fall of South Vietnam, 1975 administration abandoned in the 1980s?
- Oil crisis – Middle East in turmoil What were the lessons of Silent Spring, DDT, Three Mile Island, Love Canal
- Middle East mediation – Camp David Accords and acid rain?
- The Afghanistan invasion: Olympics & grain – diplomatic weapons How did the Fall of Saigon affect the American worldview at home and perceptions of
- Iranian hostage crisis: 1979-1981 America abroad?
To what extent Is the current war in Afghanistan connected to US polices in the 1980s?

71

February June
Topics Inquiries

Ronald Reagan & George H. W. Bush – The “new” federalism & growth of
conservatism What were the economic assumptions of the Reagan Revolution? Are they still viable
• Supply-side economics 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.1e today?
• Tax policy & deficits 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.1e Who benefited the most from the Reagan Revolution?” How and Why?
• Environmental & civil rights policies 3.1b, 5.1a, 5.2b How does the Bill of Rights apply to schools and students? Were these decisions fair?
• Effects on minorities 5.1a, 5.2b Why or Why not?
• The Supreme Court & the schools 5.1a, 5.2b
- Engel v. Vitale, 1962
- Tinker v. Des Moines School District, 1969
- New Jersey v. TLO, 1985
Vernonia School District v. Acton, 1995

New approaches to old problems
• Feast & famine – the farmer’s dilemma 3.1b, 3.1c, 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1g, 5.1a
• The problems of poverty in an affluent society – “the underclass” 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, How did science and technology affect agriculture during this period?
4.1g, 5.1a Has the growth/consolidation of corporate agriculture affected America?
How does immigration affect American society today? What is the debate about?
• The “new” immigrants - Immigration Reform & Control Act of 1986 1.2c,
• Changing demographic patterns – growing numbers of elderly .2c, 1.3a, 5.1a, 5.2a,
5.3b

Renewed United States power image 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3b, 3.1a, 3.1d, 3.1e,
5.1a, 5.1c
• Central America and the Caribbean: debt and stability; Sandinistas, Contras, El
Salvadorians
• Middle East: war and hostages

Trade imbalance and divesting
• Japan: trade imbalance
• United States and South Africa

72

February June
Topics Inquiries

United States – Soviet relations 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3b, 3.1a, 3.1d, 3.1e, 5.1a,
5.1c Was Reagan’s foreign policy effective? For whom?
• Gorbachev and Soviet relations Should Reagan have been held accountable for his policies in Nicaragua?
• “Star Wars” and arms limitation efforts Why didn’t the US actively support the struggle against apartheid in South Africa?
• Cuts in defense spending and the fall of the Soviet Union Did President Reagan “win the Cold War”? Why or Why not?
If Eisenhower were alive today would he say America has or has not heeded his
VI. Approaching the Next Century 1986 - 1999 warning against the power of the “military-industrial complex”?
The Bush Presidency
• Case study: The election of 1988 1.1a, 1.2b, 1.2d, 3.1d
- Effects of demographics
- Rise of a third party (H. Ross Perot) Why don’t more Americans vote? Who benefits from non-voting?
- Increasing influence of political action committees How did third-parties affect the Presidential elections of 1988 and 1992?
• Domestic issues 4.1a, 1.2c,, 5.1a What role do “special interest” groups play in the US political system?
- Environmental concerns Why is it often difficult for elected leaders to campaign for stronger environmental
- Immigration issues protection policies?
- Savings and loan scandal What are the complex issues that arise from American made vs. foreign made
- Social concerns (Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 1990 and products?
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania, et.al. v. Casey, 1992)
• Foreign policy issues 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3b, 3.1a, 3.1d, 3.1e, 5.1a, 5.1c
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union
- Fall of the Berlin Wall and German reunification (1990)
- Crisis in Bosnia
- Persian Gulf crisis

73

February June
Topics Inquiries

The Clinton Presidency
• Domestic issues 1.1a, 1.2b, 1.3c,, 4.1a, 4.1g,, 5.3a
- Social concerns Why are birth control and abortion such controversial issues?
o Health care How has the collapse of the Soviet bloc affected US foreign policy?
o Education What role did humanitarian concern and politics play in American intervention in Bosnia,
o Welfare reform Somalia, and Kuwait?
o Stability of the Social Security system How did the mid-term election of 1994 affect the working relationship between the
- Economic concerns President and Congress?
o Role of technologies What were the causes of the “bull market” in the 1990s?
o Impact of the baby boom generation Why have unions declined in membership?
o Balanced budget amendment (debate)
o Market trends: The bull market of the 1990s
- Political concerns
o Senate Whitewater investigations
o Gun control
o Campaign finance reform (debate)
- Impeachment and acquittal
• Foreign policy issues 1.2e, 1.2f, 2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3b, 3.1a, 3.1d, 3.1e, 4.1f, 5.1a, 5.1c What were Clinton’s welfare “reforms” and what effects have they had?
- United States—Middle East relations: Israeli—PLO agreement (Rabin—Arafat) Did President Clinton deserve to be impeached?
- United States in the global economy What are US foreign policies toward Israel and Palestine? Are they fair?
o NAFTA Has NAFTA been good for US workers?
o GATT How did Clinton’s foreign policy differ from the policies of Reagan/Bush?
o Economic aid to Russia Should the US get involved in more or fewer disputes around the world? Why or Why
o United States trade with China, Japan, and Latin America not?
- Intervention in Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, and Yugoslavia How has the European Union affected American economic and political power?
- United States—Russian relations; 1990 to the present
- United States—European relations: European Union (EU), NATO

74

February June
Topics Inquiries

VII. America Post 2000 e, 1.2f, 2.1b, 2.2e, 2.3b, 3.1a, 3.1d, 3.1e, What were the arguments pro and con in Gore v. Harris and Bush v. Gore?
4.1f, 5.1a, 5.1c To what extent were the decisions fair? What were the lessons of the 2000 presidential election?
• The 2000 Election – Bush vs. Gore What were the causes and effects of the 9/11/2001 terror attack on America?
- Bush presidency Should the US and its Allies have launched Operation Desert Storm? Was it successful? Why or Why not?
- Desert Storm What led to the invasion of Afghanistan and the 2nd Iraq War? What were the consequences? How do the
- 9/11 two conflicts compare to earlier US military operations in Panama, Vietnam, and/or Korea?
- Iraqi Freedom What were President Bush’s domestic policies? How did they compare to
- Guantanamo Bay previous Federal policies? Were they successful? Why or Why not?
What was the government response to the devastation left in the wake of Hurricane Katrina? What were
• The 2004 Election – Bush/Kerry the effects of the disaster?
- Bush Domestic policy What were the major issues in the 2008 presidential campaign? How did
- No Child Left Behind President Obama win?
- Hurricane Katrina What caused the Wall Street collapse and mortgage crisis? How did the Obama
- An Inconvenient Truth Administration respond?. What are the lessons?
How is the American economy connected to the global economy? How did the
• The 2008 Election - Barack Obama Global recession affect America? NY City?
- Wall Street Collapse What are the major environmental problems facing America today? What are the potential solutions? Who
- Government bailout will oppose or support each possible solution? Why? What is the proper role of government? What did the
- Mortgage Crisis BP Gulf oil spill teach us?
- Economic recession
- BP Oil Catastrophe

75

NFORMATION FLUENCY FRAMEWORK AND CONTINUUM – GRADE 11

INQUIRY PROCESS
Connect
• Verifies the accuracy of what is known about the problem or question.
Wonder
• Plans inquiry to test hypothesis systematically or to validate thesis.
Investigate
• Uses a variety of information search strategies.
• Uses both primary and secondary sources.
• Recognizes the difference between primary and secondary visuals.
• Pursues a balanced perspective by evaluating information based on authority, accuracy, point of view, and reliability.
• Evaluates historical information for validity of interpretation, and scientific information for accuracy and reliability of data.
• Categorizes information, adds new categories as necessary.
Construct
• Analyzes different points of view discovered in different sources.
• Develops own point of view and supports with evidence.
Express
• Utilizes different organization structures as appropriate for point of view and conclusions (cause and effect, hierarchy, chronology, compare/contrast).
Reflect

76

• Uses online catalog strategies to locate information about personal interest topics in own and other libraries.
• Applies technology productivity tools to meet personal needs.
ethically.
• Uses multiple resources as a general rule to seek balanced perspective.
• Understands concept and role Freedom of Information plays in democracy.
• Demonstrates awareness and understanding of fair use guidelines for educational purposes.
• Makes copies of print, software or tapes only when permission from author/publisher is located.

77

ECONOMICS, THE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM, AND FINANCE

Grade Twelve

Unit I through VII
One semester study
Essential Questions

What is economics?
Are all decisions economic decisions?
What are the goals of a free enterprise system?
Does consumerism drive the American economy?
Will poverty ever be eliminated?
Can everyone be rich?
Should “demand” be manufactured?
What is the American Dream?
Is the U. S. free enterprise system a good system?
To what extent is the government responsible for the financial well-being of its citizens?
Should there be a universal currency?
How has the definition and attitudes toward capitalism changed over the years and why?

Themes:


78

Unit I. Living in a Global Economy
Topics Inquiries
Economics and finance in our lives
1. People have personal financial goals 4.1b, 4.1g How do the goals of the national economy impact the individual?
2. Impact of national economic goals on
individuals 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1g

Individuals have multiple roles in the global economy: consumer, saver,
investor, producer, earner, borrower, lender, taxpayer, and recipient of Can demand be manufactured? How and why?
government services 4.1g

The conflict between unlimited wants but limited resources forces both
individuals and societies to make economic decisions 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, Can consumers have “unlimited wants”?
4.1d, 4.1e, 4.2c How does scarcity force consumers to make daily economic choices?
• What to produce? How do nations contend with the basic economic problem of scarcity?
• How to produce? How do individuals exercise opportunity cost on a daily basis?
• Who will receive what is produced? How does society allocate the resources of production?

Productive resources help determine our wealth and our nation’s wealth What is the Law of Supply?
4.1a, 4.1c What is the Law of Demand?
• Land
• Labor
• Capital
• Management

79

Unit II: The United States Economic System
Topics Inquiries
Characteristics, pillars, and goals of the United States economy (a mixed
capitalist economy)— profit motive, private property, competition, price Why is the United States considered a mixed economy and not a “free market” economy?
system 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.2a
• Circular flow of the economy 4.1b
• Price system (i.e., all factors that work together to determine price) and the
theory of supply and demand 4.1b What can happen if one sector of the economy fails?
• Competition in a market economy 4.1b, 4.1d What is the circular flow of the economy?

Challenges for the United States and other market-based systems 4.1a, 4.1b,
4.1c, 4.1f, 4.2c, 4.2d How does competition affect decisions in a market economy?
• Unemployment 1.2c, 4.1d What different types of economies exist?
• Income and wealth gaps 1.2c What social services are in place to help those who become unemployed?
• Other challenges: environmental pollution, economic instability, and What are the arguments for or against increasing the minimum wage?
discrimination
• Lack of Government Regulation 1.2c, 3.1b, 4.1b, 4.1d, 4.2c, 5.2b

80

Unit III. The Enterprise System and the United States Economy
Topics Inquiries
Features of the free enterprise system 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.1e
• Freedom of enterprise What are the characteristics of the U.S. free enterprise system?
• Private property How do the laws of supply and demand influence economic markets and decision making?
• Profit motive How does a market in disequilibrium always returns to a state of equilibrium?
• Consumer sovereignty What role do prices play in a free market?
• Competition How do firms fix or manipulate costs to maximize profits?
• Rule of law
• Antitrust legislation
• Investment through research, innovation, and technology
Types of business organizations 4.1b, 4.1d, 4.1g What are the advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorships, partnerships and
• Sole proprietorship corporations?
• Partnership
• Corporation (profit and not-for-profit)
• Franchises
• Influences of cartels, monopolies, oligopolies
Role of the entrepreneur 4.1b, 4.1d, 4.1g
• Examples of entrepreneurs today What are the characteristics of an entrepreneur?
• Impact of entrepreneurs on the economy
• Impact of entrepreneurs on community development
Starting and operating a business 4.1b, 4.1d, 4.1g, 4.2a, 4.2b, 4.2c, 4.2d
• Recognizing opportunities How do corporations obtain funds?
• Setting goals
• Developing a business plan
• Product development, purchasing and inventory management, record keeping, and
distribution
• Production and delivery of goods and services
• Marketing
• Financing
• Assessing progress

81

Unit III. The Enterprise System and the United States Economy (Continued)
Topics Inquiries

The interactions between large and small businesses 4.1b, 4.1g Why do governments regulate non-competitive markets?
• Antitrust cases
• Implications for consumers
• Implications for business

Effects of globalization on business 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1f
• Multinational corporations
• Small businesses and their connections to world trade

Moral, ethical, and legal issues 4.1c, 4.1d
• Business ethic
• Regulations for doing business
• “Corporate citizenship”

Marketing
• Targeting buyers
• Being an educated consumer

82

Unit IV: Labor and Business in the United States
Topics Inquiries

Roles and responsibilities of workers 4.1b, 4.1g
• Evolving roles of workers in business (e.g., providing input to management, What factors have led to the growth of the service industry in the U.S. economy?
working in teams) How much education/training is needed succeed in today’s changing economy?
• Matching worker qualifications and skills with business needs What are the common criticisms of retail giants (e.g., Wal-Mart, Sams Club, Costco, etc.)?

Composition of the workforce 4.1b, 4.1g
• Changing roles of women, teenagers, the elderly, and minorities
• Population and demographic trends
• Experience, location, and skill needs
• Affirmative action issues
• Changing skill mix and skill requirements
• Costs and benefits of hiring immigrants

Compensation and rewards 4.1b, 4.1g
• Factors leading to job satisfaction versus factors resulting in dissatisfaction
What is the effect of a minimum wage on an economy?
• Salary versus wages versus ownership How have historic trends influenced the labor force?
• Fringe benefits What has led to the decline of labor unions in the US?
• Employer-of-choice issues (e.g., benefits, working conditions, incentives,
flex time, corporate values)

Labor-management relations 4.1b, 4.1g
• History of labor-management relations What is the role of legal and illegal immigrant labor?
• Labor unions and their changing roles over time; collective bargaining
• Labor laws
• Programs promoting improved labor-management relations
• Unemployment issues, including structural unemployment
• International labor issues—child labor,
• worker exploitation, and sweatshops
• Open borders, migrant workers, and competition from new immigrants

83

Unit V: Money, Finance, and Personal Finance
Topics Inquiries

Money 4.1b, 4.1g
• Definition of money
• Characteristics and functions of money What kinds of financial instruments are available to investors?
• Money and the future: a cashless society? How do you decide which companies are worthy of investment?
How do investors build their portfolios?
Introduction to finance and personal finance 4.1b, 4.1g
• Definition of finance How are corporation ownership and control typically structured?
• Personal financial goals and strategies
• The role of finance in business and government
Instruments, institutions, financial markets, and investors 4.1b, 4.1d, 4.1g
• Instruments 4.1b, 4.1d, 4.1g, 4.2a, 4.2b, 4.2c, 4.2d How do the different types of banks compare?
- Equity (stocks)
- Debt (public and private)
• Markets 4.1b, 4.1d, 4.1g, 4.2a, 4.2b, 4.2c, 4.2d
- Roles markets play in directing funds
- from savers to investors
- Effects markets have on individuals and the economy
- Types of markets: equity, debt, stock, bond, and commodity (e.g., New York Stock
Exchange, NASDAQ, bond, commodities, currencies)
- Effects of current events on domestic and global markets
- Risk
• Banks: their role in the financial system and importance to consumers 4.1b, 4.1d, 4.1g,
4.2a, 4.2b, 4.2c, 4.2d
- Kinds of banks and other deposit taking institutions; savings accounts, checking
accounts, and loans
o Commercial and savings—serving consumers and businesses; issues related
to minorities and minority owned businesses
o 2) Investment banks—raising capital
- Banks and businesses
- Banks and the consumer

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Unit V: Money, Finance, and Personal Finance (Continued)
Topics Inquiries

- Banks as financial intermediaries
• Insurance What is the role of the Federal Reserve Bank?
- Purpose of insurance Are banks sufficiently regulated?
- Kinds of insurance
- Shopping for insurance
• Regulating the financial services industry
- Securities and Exchange Commission
- Federal Reserve
- Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
- State Banking and Insurance Commissions
- F.D.I.C.

Interest and the cost of money 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.1g
• Interest rates—the cost of the temporary use of somebody else’s money
• Measuring interest rates—APRs
• Short- and long-term rates—the “yield curve”
• Effects of raising and lowering rates
• Compounding and the rule of 72
• Interest rate spread

Credit 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.1g
• Forms of credit (loans, credit cards, commercial paper, Treasury notes, bills and
What are the various forms of consumer credit?
bonds)
Why is credit card use risky?
• Benefits and costs of credit How does one establish and maintain good credit?
• Credit and the consumer—personal credit reports and ratings, abuses of credit,
abuses of creditors (e.g., predatory lending)
• Short-term versus long-term credit
• Problems with credit and unsecured credit

85

Unit V: Money, Finance, and Personal Finance (Continued)
Topics Inquiries

Managing your money 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.1g, 4.2a, 4.2b, 4.2c, 4.2d
• Strategies to achieve long-term goals
• Budgeting What is the relationship between risk, liquidity, and return?
• Personal savings and investing
- Personal considerations (e.g., risk tolerance, values, age, family situation)
- Return on investment
- Managing risk through diversification
- Liquidity
• Influence of advertising
• Tax sheltering

Careers in financial services industry 4.1g

86

Unit VI: Making Fiscal and Monetary Policy
Unit VII: Impact of Globalization on the Economies of Other Nations
Topics Inquiries

Making Fiscal and Monetary Policy
Macroeconomics and challenges facing policy makers
• The business cycle: causes and effects of fluctuations in the business cycle 4.1a, Can recessions be avoided?
4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.1g What is the function of unemployment benefits?
• Unemployment 4.1g How does inflation affect savings, spending, and government policy?
- Causes: structural, seasonal, and cyclical unemployment What causes inflation?
- Effects of unemployment How do the GNP and GDP differ?
• Inflation 4.1b
- Causes
- Effects on economy, financial system, and specific economic groups
- Measuring inflation (CPI)
- Combating inflation

Economic growth
• Determinants of growth 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.1g
• Measures of growth (GDP) 4.1b How does the government use fiscal policy to shape the economy?
• Limits of growth (the speed limits of growth) 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.1g, 4.2a, 4.2b, 4.2c, How is the federal budget organized?
4.2d What happens when a government is in debt?
• Effects of globalization on the United States GDP 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.1e, 4.1f
• Importance of productivity and the role of technology 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d
• Factors that explain why some countries grow faster than others 4.1e, 4.1f

Fiscal policy
• The role of the President and Congress 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c
• Setting spending priorities (e.g., national defense, social services, rebuilding the
nation’s infrastructure, and education) 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d
• The federal budget process 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d
• Tax policy 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d

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Topics Inquiries

- Purposes of taxes: to generate revenue and/or manage the economy and promote Are taxes fair?
social goals
- Tax fairness: progressive, regressive, and proportional
- Kinds of taxes: federal, state, local, including the real property tax
• Understanding the income tax 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d
• Understanding the social security tax 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d
• Understanding the real property tax 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d
- Government services provided
- Taxing jurisdictions
- Tax levy, tax rate, and tax bills (e.g., school, city, county, town)
- Assessments: collection of data and computation
- Taxpayer challenges

Monetary policy and the Federal Reserve 4.1a, 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d, 4.2a, 4.2b, 4.2c, 4.2d What role does the Federal Reserve Board play in the American economic system?
• Definition of monetary policy How does the government regulate the money supply and why is this done?
• Goals of monetary policy
• Conditions leading to the creation of the Federal Reserve
• Federal Reserve’s structure, functions, and goals (maintaining price stability and
sustainable growth)
• The role of the Fed in making and implementing monetary policy
• Effects of changing interest rates
• Fighting inflation and recession
Impact of Globalization on the Economies of Other Nations
Definition of globalization 4.1b, 4.1e, 4.1f
• Historical development of the global economy
• The impacts of trade flows, capital movements, direct foreign investment, tourism, and
foreign trade
• Positive and negative effects of globalization on developing and industrialized nations

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Topics Inquiries

Trade—effects of globalization on the enterprise system 4.1b, 4.1e, 4.1f How has international trade made the United States interdependent with the rest of the world?
- Why do nations trade? How does American consumerism affect the global economy?
- Importance of trade What is the labor relationship of developed and developing countries?
- Measuring trade
- Trade policy issues
- Global (WTO) and regional trading blocs (EMU, NAFTA, ASEAN, and
MERCOSUR Common Market of the South)

Foreign exchange 4.1b, 4.1e, 4.1f
• What are exchange rates? How do nations trade with one another?
• Reasons for exchange rate fluctuations How do developed countries influence global trade?
• Effects of exchange rate fluctuations

Foreign investment 4.1b, 4.1e, 4.1f, 4.1g
• Portfolio capital flows
• Direct foreign investment

Global economic and financial issues and crises 4.1b, 4.1e, 4.1f
• Debt of developing nations How are exchange rates computed?
• Environmental issues and concerns
• World financial crises (e.g., Asia 1997, Russia 1998, Global 2008-?)
• Economic implications of national and international crises (e.g., World
Trade Center, 2001)

89

PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNMENT

Grade Twelve

Unit A through F
One semester study
Essential Questions
What are the purposes of government?
What would society be like without government?
Does government have too much or too little power in our lives?
Is the American political system fair?
How does the power of media influence politics?
Are large, for-profit media organizations fair and reliable?
Can government be improved? How or why?
Why should Americans participate in government?
How do Americans make themselves heard?
How receptive are government entities to interaction with its citizens?
Is the Second Amendment obsolete?
How pervasive are local, state and federal governments in our lives?
Do checks and balances protect public interest?
Is our present government structure working? What are citizens’ responsibilities to government?
Do schools “in loco parentis” have too much or too little power over students?
Do citizens have an “obligation to disobey” unjust laws?
Themes:
Economic System Environment & Society Urbanization

90

Unit A: Philosophical Foundations and Comparative Perspectives
Unit B: Citizenship in Comparative Perspectives
Topics Inquiries

Politics and government
What are the characteristics of democratic government?
government vs. politics 5.1c
law vs. politics 5.1c How do politics and law differ from government?
authoritarian vs. democratic government 5.1c, 5.1d

Responsibilities of government What are the principles of a republican government?

protecting public safety 5.1a How well do checks and balances protect the public interest?
providing order 5.1a
regulating economy 5.1a How does the preamble of the US Constitution compare to the statement of principles
advancing public welfare 5.1a found in other countries’ constitutions?

Major principles of political systems 5.1b, 5.1c
republicanism
rule of law
limited government
checks and balances

91

Unit A: Philosophical Foundations and Comparative Perspectives (Continued)
Unit B: Citizenship in Comparative Perspectives
Topics Inquiries
Constitutions and other laws 5.1b, 5.2a, 5.2c
How can I exercise the right to vote?
Rights of citizens and residents
right of citizens to vote for elected public officials 5.3a, 5.3c, 5.3d How do the rights and responsibilities of US residents compare to those in other countries?

right of citizens to hold elected public office 5.3a, 5.3c, 5.3d Why don’t more people vote?
right of citizens to serve as a juror 5.3a, 5.3c, 5.3d
What does it mean when you’re called for jury duty?
civic rights of citizens and residents to associate and petition government, among other
things 5.3a, 5.3c, 5.3d
certain responsibilities (like filing tax returns) are also shared by all persons in the United
States 5.3a, 5.3c, 5.3d

Rights and responsibilities found in other countries 5.1c, 5.1d

92

Unit C: Citizenship, Participation and the Electoral Process
Topics Inquiries

Rights of citizens How is voting correlated to social class?
voting (pivotal form of political participation) 5.3a, 5.3c, 5.3d
What are political grassroots organizations and how do they work?
joining a political organization 5.3a, 5.3c, 5.3d, 5.4a, 5.4e
contributing money to political campaign 5.3a, 5.3c, 5.3d, 5.4a, 5.4e
doing volunteer work in a political campaign 5.3a, 5.3c, 5.3d, 5.4a, 5.4e

United States electoral and representational system 1.1a, 1.2b, 5.1c, 5.3b, 5.3d How does our winner-take-all system of representation compare with a parliamentary
single-member districts proportional system?

winner-take-all elections Does the electoral college system still meet our country’s needs? Why or why not?
the electoral college

New York State political party system: modified two-party system 1.1b, 1.2b, 1.3b, 1.3c What are the advantages/disadvantages of registering with one of the two major parties?
What “special interests” are usually represented by which parties?
Democratic party with historic strength in New York City and upstate central cities 1.1b, What is the role of “minor” parties in our state electoral system?
1.2b, 1.2c, 1.3a How do parties get their candidates listed on state ballots?
Republican party with historic strength in suburbs and small cities and towns 1.1b, 1.2b,
1.2c, 1.3a
Liberal and Conservative parties cross -endorse major party candidates 1.1b, 1.2b, 1.2c, Why don’t more people register to vote?
1.3a How do voting regulations in the US compare to those in other democratic countries?
Independent, Right to Life, Green, and Working Families parties 1.1b, 1.2b, 1.2c, 1.3a How do voters find out and evaluate candidates?

93

Topics Inquiries

Participating in the political process 5.3c, 5.3d, 5.4a Should there be limits on campaign spending? Why?
obtaining and completing a voter registration form Who are the people behind the candidates? What do they do?
How do candidates raise money?
obtaining an absentee ballot knowing when elections are held for federal, state, county,
local, and school board office
knowing who holds office
evaluating promises and voting records of incumbents
analyzing and evaluating candidates’ experiences On which issues do state and local parties disagree?
Do candidates fulfill their campaign promises? Why or why not?

Candidate’s organization 5.1c
personnel (staff, volunteers, allies)
a strategy (offensive and defensive) How do most consumers get their news today?
money

Campaign platform 5.1c, 5.2a, 5.3b, 5.4g How do non-commercial and alternative news outlets differ from Mainstream Media in
philosophy reporting “the news”?
How can people become more effective consumers of news?
policy stances on key issues Why don’t more people pay attention to political news?
statements How do news outlets and news consumers today differ from those 50 years ago?

94

Topics Inquiries
Free press 1.1b
How will news be reported and consumed 50 years from now?
free and open flow of information
venue for a variety of views
First Amendment 1.1b
protects freedom of press
constitutional limits to freedom (e.g. libel, obscenity, and fair trial)
forms of news media
daily newspapers
weekly magazines
television
radio
Internet

95

Unit D: Legal Obligations
Topics Inquiries
Military Selective Service Act 5.2a, 5.3a, 5.3c
How do mandatory registration and mandatory draft differ?
duty of every male citizen and resident of the United States between the ages of eighteen
and twenty- six to register Who has resisted military service in American History? Why?
mandatory registration vs. mandatory draft
constitutional history of military service 5.2a, 5.3a, 5.3c How did the events of 9/11/2001 affect the tension between
military and political importance of a militia in colonial times personal liberties and national security?

Second Amendment Should military recruiters be allowed on HS campuses?
conscription and military draft
Does the military treat women fairly?
wartime occurrences of civil disobedience and
conscientious objection What are the arguments recruiters use to persuade young
people to join the military?
struggle against racial and gender discrimination in the armed services
Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 What are the counter arguments against joining the military?
U.S. 57 (1981) in which the
U.S. Supreme Court upheld the male-only requirement military registration, but did not
prohibit voluntary registration by women

Taxation 5.1a, 5.2a
civic contribution to government
governments rely on taxation of the people (income, property, and sales) as a major What type of taxes do most people pay?
source of revenue.
legal obligation What is the rationale for taxation?
form of public policy for collecting revenue and regulating behavior
financial incentives for certain kinds of behavior (like buying a home) and disincentives Do we pay too little or too few taxes?
against other kinds of behavior (like spending retirement savings before retirement
age). How does taxation in America compare to other democratic industrialized countries?

96

Unit D: Legal Obligations (Continued)
Topics Inquiries

Jury duty 5.1a, 5.2a Who is eligible for jury duty?
eligible to serve at 18 years of age
may oppose jury service for religious reasons What happens when you receive a jury summons?
juror qualification vs. jury summons
grand and petit juries What are the roles of a jury in civil and criminal trials?
civil and criminal cases
Federal and state court systems Why did the Founders provide a key role for citizen juries in the judicial process?
legal right of defendant to be judged by a jury of his/her peers on
questions of fact (as opposed to law), as provided in Fifth and What are some common myths about jury duty?
Sixth Amendments
political right of citizens to serve as jurors, as guaranteed by the
Sixth Amendment in criminal cases and by the Seventh
Amendment in civil cases

97

Unit E: Public Policy and Political Participation
Topics Inquiries

Effective and informed citizens engage in public policy research 5.4a, While the culminating student project can be initiated any time during the course, it is expected that
5.4b, 5.4c, 5.4e, 5.4f, 5.4g the final months of the course will include increased opportunities for students to research, write,
bills and laws, and their legislative history design and prepare for the project.
legislative and executive reports
newspapers and other periodicals Where do we find reliable information about a public policy issue or a local participation in government
libraries project?
use of archives
Internet
conducting an interview
contacting public offices

Levels of governments Who represents you at every (local, state and Federal) level?
national concerns (i.e., interstate commerce) which rely mainly on
federal action 5.1a, How is power divided among the three levels of government?
5.1c
state concerns (i.e., police power) which rely primarily on state and What are good public policy research skills? How can you learn them?
local actions 5.1a, 5.1c
Is the allocation of government responsibilities efficient and fair?
Governments make and change policy 5.1a, 5.1c
executive-legislative relations What role does each level of government play in your class or individual public policy research project?
address by chief executive, seeking popular and legislative
acceptance of a policy agenda Who will oppose or ignore the actions you seek in your class or individual public policy research project?
executive officials, legislators, constituency groups, and advocacy Why?
groups battle for their causes

United States and New York State Constitutions

98

Unit F: Legal Rights and Responsibilities
Topics Inquiries

Rights of individuals in this country 5.3c Continue research and preparation for the culminating student project. Give
students authentic opportunities to share/present their projects.
freedom of expression outside of school 5.3c
rights of the accused outside of school How can your rights change if you move to another state?
rights and responsibilities of students in school
What are some common abuses of rights in the workplace?
rights and responsibilities of minors in the workplace
rights and responsibilities of minors in the family
rights and responsibilities related to medical treatment or public assistance for minorities
legal rights and responsibilities do not necessarily stay with an individual who travels to How can your rights change in another country?
another country, does business in another country, or is engaged in a pursuit such as
adopting a child that may involve the laws of another country 5.1c What are the rights and responsibilities of parents?

Rights of New York State residents
some rights change when one moves to another state 5.3c

Origin of rights 1.1b, 1.2d, 5.2a, 5.3c
Constitutional rights How have recent Supreme Court decisions expanded or restricted personal rights and
Statutory rights responsibilities?
Precedents, current rules or principles of law governing specific rights
Limits on specific rights What are the legal limits of free speech, assembly, press?
Issues and implications surrounding specific rights
Connections between the policy making process in the legislature and the judicial process
in the courts.

99


INQUIRY PROCESS
Connect
• Explores problems or questions for which there are multiple answers or no “best” answer.
Wonder
• Defines the purpose of the inquiry and recognizes that the type of thinking required by the inquiry will differ according to the purpose (e.g., historical—take a position and
defend it; scientific—verify accuracy of model and support with evidence; literary—analyze literary and social context).
Investigate
• Seeks diverse opinions and points of view and evaluates them carefully, particularly on controversial, historical or culturally based topics.
• Can use any electronic resources effectively to answer questions by applying search strategies.
• Recognizes degrees of bias (from slightly slanted point of view to heavily slanted propaganda).
• Counters the effect of bias on the accuracy and reliability of information by actively pursuing a balanced perspective.
• Determines the extent of the research by the complexity of the subject, not by time or page limits.
• Challenges ideas in text and makes notes of questions to pursue in additional sources.
• Interprets information.
Construct
• Builds a conceptual framework by synthesizing ideas gathered from multiple texts.
• Presents different perspectives with evidence for each.
Express
• Presents complex ideas and original conclusions very effectively.
• Creates products for authentic reasons.
Reflect

100

• Searches other libraries for information related to personal interests.
• Pursues creative expressions of information in the community (public library, arts center, museums).
• Understands text on both a literal and an abstract level.
ethically.
• Always tries to find both sides of controversial issues and evaluates them carefully, particularly on controversial or culturally based topics.
• Seeks alternative sources of information and respects the guidelines for access in all environments (public libraries, museums, cultural institutions, agencies).
• Demonstrates understanding of intellectual freedom and First Amendment rights.
• Extends respect for intellectual property and copyright by giving credit for ideas as well as directly quoted material.

101

NEW YORK STATE SOCIAL STUDIES STANDARDS

High School

STANDARD 1 – HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND NEW YORK
Students will use a variety of intellectual skills to demonstrate their understanding of major ideas, eras, themes, developments, and turning points in the history of
the United State and New York
Key Idea 1.1:
The study of New York State and United States history requires an analysis of the development of American culture, its diversity and multicultural context, and the ways people
are unified by many values, practices, and traditions.

Students Performance Indicators:
1.1a: Analyze the development of American culture, explaining how ideas, values, beliefs, and traditions have changed over time and how they unite all Americans.
1.1b: Describe the evolution of American democratic values and beliefs as expressed in the Declaration of Independence, the New York State Constitution, the United States
Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and other important historical documents.

Key Idea 1.2:
Important ideas, social and cultural values, beliefs, and traditions from New York State and United States history illustrate the connections and interactions of people and events
across time and from a variety of perspectives.

Student Performance Indicators:
1.2a: Discuss several schemes for periodizing the history of New York State and the United States.
1.2b: Develop and test hypotheses about important events, eras, or issues in New York State and United States history, setting clear and valid criteria for judging the importance
and significance of these events, eras, or issues.
1.2c: Compare and contrast the experiences of different groups in the United States.
1.2d: Examine how the Constitution, United States law, and the rights of citizenship provide a major unifying factor in bringing together Americans from diverse roots and
traditions.
1.2e: Analyze the United States involvement in foreign affairs and a willingness to engage in international politics, examining the ideas and traditions leading to these foreign
policies.
1.2f: Compare and contrast the values exhibited and foreign policies implemented by the United States and other nations over time with those expressed in the United Nations
Charter and international law.
Key Idea 1.3:
3. The study of the major social, political, economic, cultural, and religious developments in New York State and United States history involves learning about the important roles
and contributions of individuals and groups.

Continued on next page.
102

Continued from previous page.
STANDARD 1 – HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND NEW YORK
Students will use a variety of intellectual skills to demonstrate their understanding of major ideas, eras, themes, developments, and turning points in the history of
the United State and New York
Student Performance Indicators:
1.3a: Compare and contrast the experiences of different ethnic, national, and religious groups, including Native American Indians, in the United States, explaining their
contributions to American society and culture.
1.3b: Research and analyze the major themes and developments in New York State and United States history (e.g., colonization and settlement; Revolution and New National
Period; immigration; expansion and reform era; Civil War and Reconstruction; The American labor movement; Great Depression; World Wars; contemporary United States).
1.3c: Prepare essays and oral reports about the important social, political, economic, scientific, technological, and cultural developments, issues, and events from New York State
and United States history.
1.3d: Understand the interrelationships between world events and developments in New York State and the United States (e.g., causes for immigration, economic opportunities,
human rights abuses, and tyranny versus freedom).

103

NEW YORK STATE SOCIAL STUDIES STANDARDS CONTINUED

Grade Twelve

STANDARD 2 – WORLD HISTORY
Students will use a variety of intellectual skills to demonstrate their understanding of major ideas, eras, themes, developments, and turning points in world history and
examine the broad sweep of history from a variety of perspectives.
Key Idea 2.1:
1. The study of world history requires an understanding of world cultures and civilizations, including an analysis of important ideas, social and cultural values, beliefs, and traditions.
This study also examines the human condition, the connections and interactions of people across time and space, and the ways different people view the same event or issue from a
variety of perspectives.

2.1a: Define culture and civilization, explaining how they developed and changed over time. Investigate the various components of cultures and civilizations including social customs,
norms, values, and traditions; political systems; economic systems; religions and spiritual beliefs; and socialization or educational practices.
2.1b: Understand the development and connectedness of Western civilization and other civilizations and cultures in many areas of the world and over time.
2.1c: Analyze historic events from around the world by examining accounts written from different perspectives.
2.1d: Understand the broad patterns, relationships, and interactions of cultures and civilizations during particular eras and across eras.
2.1e: Analyze changing and competing interpretations of issues, events, and developments throughout world history.

Key Idea 2.2:
2. Establishing timeframes, exploring different periodizations, examining themes across time and within cultures, and focusing on important turning points in world history help
organize the study of world cultures and civilizations

2.2a: Distinguish between the past, present, and future by creating multiple-tier timelines that display important events and developments from world history across time and place.
2.2b: Evaluate the effectiveness of different models for the periodization of important historic events, identifying the reasons why a particular sequence for these events was chosen.
2.2c: Analyze evidence critically and demonstrate an understanding of how circumstances of time and place influence perspective.
2.2d: Explain the importance of analyzing narratives drawn from different times and places to understand historical events.
2.2e: Investigate key events and developments and major turning points in world history to identify the factors that brought about change and the long-term effects of these changes.


104

STANDARD 2 – WORLD HISTORY
Students will use a variety of intellectual skills to demonstrate their understanding of major ideas, eras, themes, developments, and turning points in world history
and examine the broad sweep of history from a variety of perspectives.
Key Idea 2.3:
3. Study of the major social, political, cultural, and religious developments in world history involves learning about the important roles and contributions of individuals and groups.

2.3a: Analyze the roles and contributions of individuals and groups to social, political, economic, cultural, and religious practices and activities.
2.3b: Explain the dynamics of cultural change and how interactions between and among cultures has affected various cultural groups throughout the world.
2.3c: Examine the social/cultural, political, economic, and religious norms and values of Western and other world cultures.

Key Idea 2.4:
4. The skills of historical analysis include the ability to investigate differing and competing interpretations of the theories of history;, hypothesize about why interpretations change
over time;, explain the importance of historical evidence; and understand the concepts of change and continuity over time

2.4a: Identify historical problems, pose analytical questions or hypotheses, research analytical questions or test hypotheses, formulate conclusions or generalizations, raise new
questions or issues for further investigation.
2.4b: Interpret and analyze documents and artifacts related to significant developments and events in world history.
2.4c: Plan and organize historical research projects related to regional or global interdependence.
2.4d: Analyze different interpretations of important events, issues, or developments in world history by studying the social, political, and economic context in which they were
developed; by testing the data source for reliability and validity, credibility, authority, authenticity, and completeness; and by detecting bias, distortion of the facts, and
propaganda by omission, suppression, or invention of facts (Taken from National Standards for World History).

105


Grade Twelve

STANDARD 3 – GEOGRAPHY
Student will use a variety of intellectual skills to demonstrate their understanding of the geography of the interdependent world in which we live -local, national, and
global - including the distribution of people, places, and environments over the Earth’s surface.
Key Idea 3.1:
Geography can be divided into six essential elements which can be used to analyze important historic, geographic, economic, and environmental questions and issues. These six
elements include: the world in spatial terms, places and regions, physical settings (including natural resources), human systems, environment and society, and the use of geography.

3.1a: Understand how to develop and use maps and other graphic representations to display geographic issues, problems, and questions.
3.1b: Describe the physical characteristics of the Earth’s surface and investigate the continual reshaping of the surface by physical processes and human activities.
3.1c: Investigate the characteristics, distribution, and migration of human populations on the Earth’s surface (Taken from National Geography Standards, 1994).
3.1d: Understand the development and interactions of social/cultural, political, economic, and religious systems in different regions of the world.
3.1e: Analyze how the forces of cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of the Earth’s surface (Taken from National Geography Standards, 1994).
3.1f: Analyze how the forces of cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of the Earth’s surface (Taken from National Geography Standards, 1994).

Key Idea 3.2:
Geography requires the development and application of the skills of asking and answering geographic questions; analyzing theories of geography; and acquiring, organizing, and
analyzing geographic information.

3.2a: Plan, organize, and present geographic research projects.
3.2b: Locate and gather geographic information from a variety of primary and secondary sources (Taken from National Geography Standards, 1994).
3.2c: Select and design maps, graphs, tables, charts, diagrams, and other graphic representations to present geographic information.
3.2d: Analyze geographic information by developing and testing inferences and hypotheses, and formulating conclusions from maps, photographs, computer models, and other
geographic representations (Adapted from National Geography Standards, 1994).
3.2e: Develop and test generalizations and conclusions and pose analytical questions based on the results of geographic inquiry.

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Grade Twelve

STANDARD 4 – ECONOMICS
Students will use a variety of intellectual skills to demonstrate their understanding of how the United States and other societies develop economic systems and
associated institutions to allocate scarce resources; how major decision-making units function in the U.S. and other national economies; and how an economy solves the
scarcity problem through market and non-market mechanisms.

Key Idea 4.1:
1. The study of economics requires an understanding of major economic concepts and systems, the principles of economic decision making, and the interdependence of economies
and economic systems throughout the world.

4.1a: Analyze the effectiveness of varying ways societies, nations, and regions of the world attempt to satisfy their basic needs and wants by utilizing scarce resources.
4.1b: Define and apply basic economic concepts such as scarcity, supply/demand, opportunity costs, production, resources, money and banking, economic growth, markets, costs,
competition, and world economic systems.
4.1c: Understand the nature of scarcity and how nations of the world make choices which involve economic and social costs and benefits.
4.1d: Describe the ideals, principles, structure, practices, accomplishments, and problems related to the United States economic system.
4.1e: Compare and contrast the United States economic system with other national economic systems, focusing on the three fundamental economic questions.
4.1f: Explain how economic decision making has become global as a result of an interdependent world economy.
4.1g: Understand the roles in the economic system of consumers, producers, workers, investors, and voters.

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Grade Twelve

STANDARD 5-CIVICS, CITIZENSHIP, AND GOVERNMENT
Students will use a variety of intellectual skills to demonstrate their understanding of the necessity for establishing governments; the government system of the U.S. and
other nations; the basic Civic values of American constitutional democracy; and the roles, rights, and responsibilities of citizenship, including avenues of participation.
Key Idea 5.1:
1. The study of civics, citizenship, and government involves learning about political systems; the purposes of government and civic life; and the differing assumptions held by people
across time and place regarding power, authority, governance, and law.

5.1a: Analyze how the values of a nation and international organizations affect the guarantee of human rights and make provisions for human needs.
5.1b: Consider the nature and evolution of constitutional democracies throughout the world.
5.1c: Compare various political systems with that of the United States in terms of ideology, structure, function, institutions, decision-making processes, citizenship roles, and political
culture.
5.1d: Identify and analyze advantages and disadvantages of various governmental systems.

Key Idea 5.2:
2. The state and federal governments established by the Constitutions of the United States and the State of New York embody basic civic values (such as justice, honesty, self-
discipline, due process, equality, majority rule with respect for minority rights, and respect for self, others, and property), principles, and practices and establish a system of shared and
limited government.

5.2a: Trace the evolution of American values, beliefs, and institutions.
5.2b: Analyze the disparities between civic values expressed in the United States Constitution and the United Nation Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the realities as
evidenced in the political, social, and economic life in the United States and throughout the world.
5.2c: Identify, respect, and model those core civic values inherent in our founding documents that have been forces for unity in American society.
5.2d: Compare and contrast the Constitutions of the United States and New York State.


108

STANDARD 5-CIVICS, CITIZENSHIP, AND GOVERNMENT
Students will use a variety of intellectual skills to demonstrate their understanding of the necessity for establishing governments; the government system of the U.S. and
other nations; the basic Civic values of American constitutional democracy; and the roles, rights, and responsibilities of citizenship, including avenues of participation.
Key Idea 5.3:
3. Central to civics and citizenship is an understanding of the roles of the citizen within American constitutional democracy and the scope of a citizen’s rights and responsibilities.

5.3a: Understand how citizenship includes the exercise of certain personal responsibilities, including voting, considering the rights and interests of others, behaving in a civil manner,
and accepting responsibility for the consequences of one’s actions (Adapted from The National Standards for Civics and Government, 1994).
5.3b: Analyze issues at the local, state, and national levels and prescribe responses that promote the public interest or general welfare, such as planning and carrying out a voter
registration campaign.
5.3c: Describe how citizenship is defined by the Constitution and important laws.
5.3d: Explore how citizens influence public policy in a representative democracy.

Key Idea 5.4
4. The study of civics and citizenship requires the ability to probe ideas and assumptions, ask and answer analytical questions, take a skeptical attitude toward questionable
arguments, evaluate evidence, formulate rational conclusions, and develop and refine participatory skills

5.4a: Participate as informed citizens in the political justice system and processes of the United States, including voting.
5.4b: Evaluate, take, and defend positions on what the fundamental values and principles of American political life are and their importance to the maintenance of constitutional
democracy (Adapted from The National Standards for Civics and Government, 1994).
5.4c: Take, defend, and evaluate positions about attitudes that facilitate thoughtful and effective participation in public affairs.
5.4d: Consider the need to respect the rights of others, to respect others’ points of view (Adapted from The National Standards for Civics and Government, 1996).
5.4e: Participate in school/classroom/ community activities that focus on an issue or problem.
5.4f: Prepare a plan of action that defines an issue or problem, suggests alternative solutions or courses of action, evaluates the consequences for each alternative solution or course
of action, prioritizes the solutions based on established criteria, and proposes an action plan to address the issue or to resolve the problem.
5.4g: Explain how democratic principles have been used in resolving an issue or problem.

109

Acknowledgements

The New York City Social Studies Scope and Sequence Grades 9-12 was produced under the auspices of Joel I. Klein, Chancellor and the Division of Teaching and Learning.
Grateful acknowledgment is extended to the following educators for their valuable contribution to the development of this document:

New York City DOE Department of Social Studies: Anna Commitante, Director, Norah Lovett and Rick Steckmeister, Instructional Specialists

Scope & Sequence Core Development Team: Anna Commitante, Norah Lovett, Elise Abegg, Phil Panaritis, Julie Vitulano, Nicole Field, and Rick Steckmeister

New York City DOE Office of Library Services: Barbara Stripling, Director

Social Studies Citywide Advisory Group: Elise Abegg Citywide TAH Project Director, Ignazio Accardi, Long Island City High School, Joseph Altiere, Channel View School for
Research, Edward Alvarez, Thomas A. Edison Career and Technical Education High School, Vincent Asaro, Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School, David Belmont, Brooklyn
Technical High School, Deirdre Boyce, Aviation Career and Technical Education High School, Sunghee Byun, Newcomers High School, Nicole Field, TAH Project Director,
Christopher Gill, Newcomers High School, Valarie Girard, Urban Assembly School for Law and Justice, Geri Gluck, Grover Cleveland High School, James Kincaid, William
Cullen Bryant High School, Dorene Lorenzoni, Grover Cleveland High School, Norah Lovett, Citywide TAH Project Director, Jackie Manduley, Brooklyn Technical High School,
Joseph Manzo, Staten Island Technical High School, Ramon Nunez, Knowledge Management Team – Bronx, Jeffrey Osler, Telecommunications High School, Phil Panaritis,
TAH Project Director, Carmen Pinto, William Cullen Bryant High School, Virginia Pruitt, Leadership and Public Service High School, Magdalen Radovich, Queens Vocational and
Technical High School, Jon Reiger, Cascades High School, Orlando Sarmiento, Newcomers High School, Joyce Seiden, Aviation Career and Technical Education High School,
Kristen A. Tompeck, Urban Assembly School for Law and Justice, Julie Vitulano, TAH Project Director, and Sue Williamson, Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School.

Scope & Sequence Work Group (Teaching American History Project Directors): Elise Abegg, John Paul Bianchi, Brian Carlin, Nicole Field, Gus Hatzidimitriou, Diane La Capria,
Deborah Nasta, Phil Panaritis, Terri Ruyter, Julie Vitulano, and Ann-Marie Weathers

College Board: Ed Austin

110

NYC H.S. Social Studies Scope and Sequence

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