Ob chapter 1 today lecture
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An organization is a collection of people working together to achieve common goals. Managers oversee activities and ensure goals are met by making decisions, allocating resources, and directing others. Organizational behavior draws from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science to study how individuals, groups, and organizational systems influence workplace behavior. The goal is to improve an organization's effectiveness by understanding factors that impact employee motivation, teamwork, and productivity.
Ob chapter 1 today lecture
- 2. Organization Organization is a collection of people who work together to achieve a variety of goals both goals of various individuals in the org and goals of organization as a whole. Examples: Manufacturing firms and companies Service firms Schools Hospitals etc
- 3. What managers do? Managers The people who over see the activities of others and who are responsible for attaining goals in the organizations are managers. Managerial Activities Managerial Activities ••Make decisions Make decisions ••Allocate resources Allocate resources ••Direct activities of Direct activities of others to attain others to attain goals goals
- 4. Management skills Technical skills: The ability to apply specialized knowledge and expertise. Human skills The ability to work with, understand & motivate other people, both individually and in groups. Conceptual skills The mental ability to analyse and diagnose complex situations.
- 6. Evolution of the 21st-Century Manager Past Managers Today’s Managers Primary Role Order giver, privileged Facilitator, team elite, controller member, teacher, advocate Learning & Periodic learning Continuous life-long Knowledge learning Compensation Time, effort, rank Skills, results Criteria Cultural Monoculture, Multicultural, Orientation monolingual multilingual
- 7. Allocation of Activities by Time
- 8. Why should we study OB? In order to know How to deal with others How to perform in teams How to motivate and coordinate employees
- 9. What is OB? A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organization’s effectiveness. Benefits: Improve quality and employee productivity. Guides managers in creating an ethically healthy work environment. Focuses on how to improve productivity, reduce absenteeism and turnover and increase employee citizenship and job satisfaction.
- 10. Value of systematic study of OB: Intuition: A gut feeling not necessarily supported by research. Systematic study: Looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes & effects, and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidences. EBM (evidence-based management): The basing of management decisions on the best available scientific evidence. Management should use evidence as much as possible to complement intuition and experience.
- 11. Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field Psychology: Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals. Learning Motivation Personality Emotions Perception Psychology Training individual Leadership effectiveness Job satisfaction Individual decision making Performance appraisal Attitude measurement Employee selection Work design Work stress
- 12. Sociology Sociologists study the social system in which individuals fill their roles; that is, sociology studies people in relation to their fellow human beings. Group dynamics Work teams Communication Power Group Conflict Inter-group behavior Sociology Formal organization theory Organizational technology Organization change Organization system Organizational culture
- 13. Social Psychology An area within psychology that blends concepts from psychology and sociology and that focuses on the influence of people on one another. Behavioral change Social psychology Attitude change Group Communication Group processes Group decision making
- 14. Anthropology The study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. Comparative values Comparative attitudes Group Cross-cultural analysis Anthropology Organizational culture Organization system Organizational environment
- 15. Political Science The study of the behavior of individuals and groups within a political environment Conflict Political Science Intra-organizational politics Organization system Power
- 16. Organization Behavior Psychology Individuals Sociology Study of Group Organizational Social psychology Behavior Anthropology Organization system Political Science
- 17. Challenges and Opportunity for managers to use OB Responding to economic pressures Effective management is essentially required in difficult economic conditions Responding to Globalization Globalization: The organizations are no longer constrained by national boundaries. Managers face difficulties due to: 1. Working in different countries as a part of multinational company. 2. Working with people from different cultures 3.Movement of jobs to low-cost labor countries. Managing Workforce Diversity Diversity: organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of age, gender, religion, race and ethnic groups .
- 18. Challenges and Opportunity (cont’d) Improving Quality and Productivity TQM: The constant attainment of customers satisfaction through the continuous improvement of all organizational processes. Process reengineering: Reconsidering how work would be done and an organization structured if it were starting over. Empowering employees: Putting employees in charge of what they do. Improving Customer Service Employees should be friendly, courteous, knowledgeable, accessible and prompt in responding to customer needs & willing to do what is necessary to please the customer. Stimulating Innovation and change Managers should stimulate employees’ creativity and tolerance for change Change is necessary for improvement but should rest on a solid founda-tion of reason, rather than be part of an experimental approach, along the lines of a “trial and error method”. People, who will be affected by the change, should be informed of its significance in advance of implementation, thus minimizing or eliminating emotional or other disturbances. Managers should ensure that employees and trade unions understand and appreciate the need for the required change and co-operate, accordingly.
- 19. Challenges and Opportunity (cont’d) Coping with “Temporariness” Temporariness exists in the organizations due to globalization and advancement in technology. Working in networked organizations Motivating & leading people and making collaborative decisions online requires different techniques than when individuals are physically present in a single location. Helping Employees Balance Work/Life Conflicts The line b/w work and non work time is blurred which creates personal conflicts and stress. Reasons are: Global organizations Information technology Long job hours
- 20. Challenges and Opportunity (cont’d) Creating positive work environment Management should motivate employees to donate some time and talent to some voluntary work. Positive Organizational scholarship: An area of OB research that concerns how organizations develop human strength, foster vitality and resilience, and unlock potential. Improving Ethical Behavior Managers use the following practices to improve ethical behavior. 1. Code of ethics to guide employees, 2. Offer seminars, work shops and training programs 3. Give protection to the employees who reveal unethical practices
- 21. Basic OB Model, Stage I
- 22. The Dependent Variables y x
- 23. The Dependent Variables (cont’d)
- 24. The Dependent Variables (cont’d)
- 25. The Dependent Variables (cont’d)
- 26. The Dependent Variables (cont’d)
- 27. The Independent Variables Independent Independent Variables Variables Individual-Level Group-Level Organization Organization Individual-Level Group-Level System-Level Variables Variables Variables Variables System-Level Variables Variables
- 28. Need for a contingency approach to the study of organizational behavior? When ever a manager encounters a problem or situation, (motivating employees to increase the output ), a universal rule cannot be applied (hike in pay), because no two individuals are the same and different people posses different ideologies .Pay hike may work for some employees but in some other cases fringe benefits , promotion , more facilities for employees etc may be more important. So it is better to follow a situational approach for the study of OB .