Object Oriented programming language (PRACTICAL LAB MANUAL)

University of Sindh Campus Naushahro Feroze
Subject Object Oriented Programing
Student Name Muskan Aijaz
Roll No 2k24/NFIT/35
Teacher Name Sir Khalid
Date of Submission 2-Dec-2024
Practical Lab Manual

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ms. Muskan Aijaz of 2k24 BS (IT) class bearing Roll No.
2k24/NFIT/35 has carried out the necessary Project work as per course of studies
Object Oriented Programing “OOP’s” for the 1st
Year 2nd
Semester as above in
practical schedule of his journal.
2K24/NFIT/35 Miss. Muskan Aijaz 2 | P a g e

Index
Lab #01
Introduction to Java Programming
Objective:
Introduction to Java Programming: Java is an object-oriented programming language valued
for its portability, allowing code to run on any device with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
Overview of Java:
History:
 Java was developed by James Ghosling, Patrick Naughton, Mike Sheridan at Sun
Microsystems Inc. in 1991. It took 18 months to develop the first working version.
 Java was designed with a “write once, run anywhere” philosophy.
S.No Name Of Lab Manual Page.
No
1 Introduction to java Programing 4-9
2 Variables and Data Types 10-22
3 Operators in Java 23-51
4 Control Statements, Conditional Statements 52-60
5 Methods and Functions 61-64
6 Object Oriented Programing(OOP’s) in Java 65-66

 The initial name was Oak but it was renamed to Java in 1995 as OAK was a registered
trademark of another Tech company.
Features:
 Platform Independence: Java programs can run on any device with a Java Virtual
Machine (JVM).
 Object-Oriented: Encourages modular code with reusable classes.
 Robust and Secure: Exception handling and security features make it reliable.
 High Performance: Bytecode execution provides speed while retaining platform
flexibility.
 Multithreading: Supports concurrent execution, optimizing performance.
Uses: Java is used in:
 Web Development: Java is widely used in server-side applications and frameworks like
Spring.
 Mobile Applications: Forms the core of Android development.
 Enterprise Applications: Used for large-scale systems (banking, e-commerce) due to its
stability.
 Standalone Application
Installing of JDK and NetBean
Objective:
To familiar installation of JDK
1. Download and Install JDK:
Download JDK:

 Visit the [Oracle JDK download page]
(https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-downloads.html).
 Click on the JDK version you want to download.
 Choose the Windows installer (.exe) for your system (e.g., jdk-<version>-windows-
x64_bin.exe).
2. Install JDK:
 Run the downloaded .exe file.
 Follow the installation wizard instructions.
 By default, JDK will be installed in C:Program FilesJavajdk-<version>.
3. Set Up JDK Environment Variables:
Set JAVA_HOME:
 Right-click on "This PC" or "Computer" on the desktop or in File Explorer and select
"Properties."
 Click "Advanced system settings."
 In the "System Properties" window, click the "Environment Variables" button.
 Click "New" under "System variables."
 Enter JAVA_HOME as the variable name and the path to the JDK installation directory
(e.g., C:Program FilesJavajdk-<version>) as the variable value.
Update Path Variable:
 In the "Environment Variables" window, find the Path variable in the "System
variables" section and click "Edit."
 Click "New" and add %JAVA_HOME%bin to the list.
 Click "OK" to close all dialogs.

Installing NetBeans
1. Download NetBeans:
Visit the NetBeans Download Page:
Go to the [NetBeans download page](https://netbeans.apache.org/download/index.html).
Choose the Download Option:
 Select the version suitable for your operating system (Windows, macOS, Linux).
 Typically, you will download a .zip or .dmg file for macOS, a .exe file for Windows,
or a .tar.gz file for Linux.
2. Install NetBeans
1. Run the Installer:
 Locate the downloaded .exe file (e.g., netbeans-<version>-win32-x64.exe).
 Double-click the file to start the installer.
2. Follow the Installation Wizard:
 Click "Next" on the welcome screen.
 Choose the installation directory if needed or proceed with the default location.
 Select the components you want to install (e.g., Java SE, PHP, C/C++). Ensure "Java
SE" is selected if you're planning to develop Java applications.
 Click "Next" and then "Install" to begin the installation.

 Once the installation is complete, click "Finish" to exit the wizard.
Writing and running a simple "Hello, World!" program:
Objective:
To understand the basic structure of a Java program and to write a simple "Hello, World!"
program.
Input:
Fig: 1.1 It Represent the print method how to print any argument.
Output:
Fig:1.2 It shows print method output.
Structure of a Java Program:
Class Declaration:

 public class HelloWorld declares a class named HelloWorld.
 The class name should match the filename (in this case, HelloWorld.java)
Main Method:
 public static void main(String[] args) is the entry point where execution starts.
 public: Accessible to any part of the program.
 static: Allows main to run without creating an instance of the class.
 void: Indicates that main doesn’t return any value.
Statements:
 System.out.println("Hello, World!"); prints "Hello, World!" to the console.
Components of a Java Program:
 Class: Defines the structure of the program.
 Public : Keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility. It means it is visible
to all.
 Static is a keyword. The benefit of the static method is that there is no need to create an
object to invoke the static method.
 Void is the return type of the method. It means it doesn't return any value.
 Main Method: Contains the code that will be executed when the program runs.
 Void is the return type of the method. It means it doesn't return any value.
 System.out.println() is used to print statement. Here, System is a class, out is the object
of PrintStream class, println() is the method of PrintStream class.

Lab #02
Variable, Data Type and It’s Type
Objective:
Variables in Java, including how to declare, initialize, and use different types of variables (local,
instance, and static) to store and manage data effectively within a program.
Different data types in Java, including both primitive and reference types helps us to print
different type of data using java programing language.
Variable:

A variable is a name given to a memory location. In Java, each variable has a type, which
determines the kind of data it can hold.
2. Types of Variables:
Java supports different types of variables based on their use and scope:
 Local Variables: Declared inside a method or block and can only be used within that
scope.
 Instance Variables: Declared inside a class but outside methods. They are non-static and
associated with an instance of the class.
 Static Variables: Declared inside a class with the static keyword, shared among all
instances of the class.
Fig:2.1 It Shows type of variables.
Data Type:
In Java, data types are divided into two main categories: primitive data types and reference (or
non-primitive) data types.

1. Primitive Data Types:
Primitive data types are predefined by the Java language and store simple values. There are 8
primitive data types.
i. byte (1 byte: -128 to 127):
Input:
Data Type
Primitive
Boolean
boolean
Numeric
Character
char
Integral
Integer
byte short int long
Floating-
point
float double
Non
Primitive
Array String class

Fig:2.2 It shows how
to use byte data type.
Output:
Fig:2.3 It shows the output of byte data type.
ii. short (2 bytes: -32,768 to 32,767):
Input:

Fig: 2.4 It shows how to use short data type.
Output:
Fig: 2.5 It shows the output of short data type.
iii. int (4 bytes: -2^31 to 2^31-1):
Input:
Fig: 2.6 It shows how to use int data type.

Output:
Fig: 2.7 It shows the output of int
data type.
iv. long (8 bytes: -2^63 to 2^63-1):
Input:
Fig: 2.8 It shows how to
use long data type.
Output:
Fig: 2.9 It shows the
output of long datatype.

v. float (4 bytes: fractional numbers, single precision):
Input:
Fig: 2.10
It shows how to use float data type.
Output:
output of float datatype.
vi. double (8 bytes: fractional numbers, double precision):
Input:

Fig: 2.12 It shows how to use double data type.
Output:
output of double data type.
vii. char (2 bytes: single character):
Input:

Fig: 2.14 It shows how to use char data type.
Output:
Fig:2.15 It shows the output of char data type.
viii. boolean (1 bit: true/false):
Input:
Fig: 2.16 It shows how to use boolean data type.
Output:

Fig: 2.17 It shows the output of boolean data type.
2. Non-Primitive (Reference) Data Types:
Reference types store objects and are created by the programmer. They include:
 Classes
 Interfaces
 Arrays
 Strings
Naming Conventions and Rules for Identifiers in Java:
In Java, identifiers are names for variables, methods, classes, and other program elements. Using
consistent naming conventions and rules helps make code readable and maintainable.
1. Naming Rules (Syntax Rules):
 Start with a Letter: Identifiers must begin with a letter (A–Z, a–z), an underscore (_),
or a dollar sign ($).
Example: name, _temp, $value.
 No Spaces or Special Characters: Spaces, symbols, or special characters (except _ and
$) are not allowed.
 No Starting with Numbers: Numbers can be included, but an identifier cannot start
with a digit.

Example: age1 is valid, but 1age is not.
 Case-Sensitive: Java distinguishes between uppercase and lowercase letters. Count and
count are different identifiers.
2. Naming Conventions:
 Classes and Interfaces: Start with a capital letter, and if multiple words are used,
capitalize each subsequent word (PascalCase).
Example: StudentRecord, AccountManager.
 Methods and Variables: Start with a lowercase letter, and use camelCase for multiple
words.
Example: calculateTotal, employeeId.
 Constants: Use all uppercase letters with underscores between words.
Example: PI, MAX_VALUE.
 Packages: Use all lowercase letters, often following a reverse domain name pattern for
uniqueness.
Example: com.example.myapp.
Type casting (implicit and explicit):
In Java, type casting is used to convert a variable from one data type to another. There are two
main types of type casting: implicit (automatic) and explicit (manual).
1. Implicit Type Casting (Widening):
 This happens automatically when converting a smaller data type to a larger data type,
without data loss. Java handles this conversion internally.

 Example of widening: byte → short → int → long → float → double
Example:
Input:
Fig: 2.18 It shows how int data type convert into double data type using implicit type
casting.
Output:
output of how int data type convert into double data type using implicit type casting.
2. Explicit Type Casting (Narrowing):

 This is needed when converting a larger data type to a smaller data type, as there may be
data loss. It requires specifying the target data type in parentheses before the value.
 Example of narrowing: double → float → long → int → short → byte.
Example:
Input:

Fig: 2.20 It shows how double data type convert into int data type using explicit type
casting.
Output:
Fig: 2.21 It shows the output of how double data type convert into int data type using
explicit type casting.

Lab #03
Operators and Type of Operators
Objective:
Operators are special symbols used to perform operations on variables and values.
Types of Operators:
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Assignment Operators
5. Unary Operators
1. Arithmetic Operators: Perform basic arithmetic operations.
i. Addition (+)
ii. Subtraction (-)
iii. Multiplication (*)
iv. Division (/)
v. Modulus (%)
i. Addition(+):
Input:

Fig: 3.1 It shows how to use Addition(+) Arithmetic Operator.
Output:
Fig: 3.2 It shows the output of Addition(+) Arithmetic Operator.
ii. Subtraction(-):
Input:

Fig: 3.3 It shows how to use Subtraction(-) Arithmetic Operator.
Output:
output Subtraction(-) Arithmetic Operator.
iii. Multiplication(*):
Input:

Fig: 3.5 It shows how to use Multiplication(*) Arithmetic Operator.
Output:
Fig: 3.6 It shows the output of Multiplication(*) Arithmetic Operator .
iv. Division(/):
Input:
Fig: 3.7 It shows
how to use Division(/) Arithmetic Operator .
Output:

Fig: 3.8 It shows the output of Division(/) Arithmetic Operator .
v. Modulus(%):
Input:
Fig: 3.9 It shows how to use Modulus(%) Arithmetic Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.10 It shows the output of Modulus(%) Arithmetic Operator .
2. Relational Operators: Compare two values.
i. Equal to (==)
ii. Not equal to (!=)
iii. Greater than (>)
iv. Less than (<)
v. Greater than or equal to (>=)
vi. Less than or equal to (<=)
vii. Increment (++)
viii. Decrement (--)
i. Equal to(==):
Input:
Fig: 3.11 It shows how to use Equal to(==) Relational Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.12 It shows the output of Equal to(==) Relational Operator.
ii. Not equal to( !=):
Input:
Fig: 3.13 It shows how to use Not equal to( !=) Relational Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.14 It shows the output of Not equal to( !=) Relational Operator.
iii. Greater than(>):
Input:
Fig: 3.15 It shows how to use Greater than(>) Relational Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.16 It shows the output of Greater than(>) Relational Operator.
iv. Less than(<):
Input:
Fig: 3.17 It shows how to use Less than(<) Relational Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.18 It shows the output of Less than(<) Relational Operator.
v. Greater than or equal to( >=):
Input:
Fig: 3.19 It shows how to use Greater than or equal to( >=) Relational Operator.
Output:
output of Greater than or equal to( >=) Relational Operator.
vi. Less than or equal to(<=):
Input:

Fig: 3.21 It shows how to use Less than or equal to(<=) Relational Operator.
Output:
output of Less than or equal to(<=) Relational Operator.
vii. Increment(++)
 Post-Increment
 Pre-Increment
Post-Increment:
Input:
Fig: 3.23 It shows how to use Post-Increment Relational Operator.

Output:
output of Post-Increment Relational Operator.
Pre-Increment:
Input:
Fig: 3.25 It shows how to use Pre-Increment Relational Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.26 It shows the output of Pre-Increment Relational Operator.
Decrement:
 Post-Decrement
 Pre-Decrement
Post-Decrement:
Input:
Fig: 3.27 It shows how to use Post-Decrement Relational Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.28 It shows the output of Post-Decrement Relational Operator.
Pre-Decrement:
Input:
Fig: 3.29 It shows how to use Pre-Decrement Relational Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.30 It shows the output of Pre-Decrement Relational Operator.
3. Logical Operators: Perform logical operations.
i. Logical AND (&&)
ii. Logical OR (||)
iii. Logical NOT (!)
i. Logical AND(&&):
Input:
Fig: 3.31 It shows how to use Logical AND(&&) Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.32 It shows the output of Logical AND(&&) Operator.
ii. Logical OR(||):
Input:

Fig: 3.33 It shows how to use Logical OR(||) Operator.
Output:
Fig: 3.34 It shows the output of Logical OR(||) Operator.
iii. Logical NOT(!):
Input:
Fig: 3.35 It shows how to use Logical NOT(!) Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.36 It shows the output of Logical NOT(!) Operator.
Combining Logical Operators:
Input:
Fig: 3.37
It shows how to use Combining Logical Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.38 It shows the output of Combining Logical Operator.
4. Assignment Operators: Assign values to variables.
i. Assign(=)
ii. Addition assignment( +=)
iii. Subtraction assignment (-=)
iv. Multiplication assignment (*=)
v. Division assignment(/=)
vi. Modulus assignment( %= )
i. Assign(=):
Input:
Fig: 3.39 It shows how to assign value using Assign(=) Assignment Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.40 It shows the output of assign value using Assign(=) Assignment Operator.
ii. Addition assignment (+=):
Input:
Fig: 3.41 It shows how to assign value using Addition assignment (+=) Assignment
Operator.
Output:
Fig: 3.42 It shows
the output of assign value using Addition assignment (+=) Assignment Operator.
iii. Subtraction assignment (-=):
Input:

Fig: 3.43 It shows how to assign value using Subtraction assignment (-=)Assignment
Operator.
Output:
Fig: 3.44 It shows
the output of assign value using Subtraction assignment (-=)Assignment Operator.
iv. Multiplication assignment( *=):
Input:
Fig: 3.45 It shows how to assign value using Multiplication
assignment( *=)Assignment Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.46 It shows the output of assign value using Multiplication
assignment( *=)Assignment Operator.
v. Division assignment(/=):
Input:
Fig: 3.47 It shows how to assign value using Division assignment(/=) Assignment
Operator.
Output:
Fig: 3.48 It shows the output of assign value using Division assignment(/=)
Assignment Operator.

vi. Modulus assignment (%= ):
Input:

Fig: 3.49 It shows how to assign value using Modulus assignment (%= )Assignment
Operator.
Output:
output of assign value using Modulus assignment (%= )Assignment Operator.
5. Unary Operators:
i. Unary Plus (+)
ii. Unary Minus (-)
iii. Increment (++)
iv. Decrement (--)
v. NOT’ Operator(!)
i. Unary Plus (+):
Input:

Fig: 3.51 It shows how to use Unary Plus (+) Operator.
Output:
Fig: 3.52 It shows the output of Unary Plus (+) Operator.
ii. Unary Minus (-):
Input:
Fig: 3.53 It shows
how to use Unary Minus (-) Operator.

Output:
output of Unary Minus (-) Operator.
iii. Increment (++):
a. Post-Increment Operator
b. Pre-Increment Operator
a. Post-Increment Operator:
Input:
Fig: 3.55 It shows how to use Unary Post-Increment Operator.
Output:

Fig: 3.56 It shows the output of Unary Post-Increment Operator.
b. Pre-Increment Operator:
Input:
Fig: 3.57 It shows how to use Unary Pre-Increment Operator.
Output:
output of Unary Pre-Increment Operator.

iv. Decrement (--):
a. Post-Decrement
b. Pre-Decrement
a. Post-Decrement:
Input:
Fig: 3.59 It shows how to use Unary Post-Decrement Operator.
Output:
output of Unary Post-Decrement Operator.
b. Pre-Decrement:
Input:

Fig: 3.61 It shows how to use Unary Pre-Decrement Operator.
Output:
Fig: 3.62 It shows the output of Unary Pre-Decrement Operator.
v. NOT(!) Operator:
Input:

Fig: 3.63 It shows how to use Unary NOT(!) Operator.
Output:
Fig: 3.64S It shows the output of Unary NOT(!) Operator.
Lab #04
Control Statements
Objective:
Control statements is to understand how to manage the flow of a program using conditional,
looping, and branching statements.
Control Statements are categorized into three main types:

1. Conditional Statements
2. Switch Statement
3. Looping Statement
1. Conditional Statements:
i. if statement
ii. if-else statement
iii. if-else-if ladder
iv. nested if statement
i. if statement:
Input:
Fig: 4.1 It
shows how to use if Conditional Statement.
Output:

Fig: 4.2 It shows the output of if Conditional Statement.
ii.if-else statement:
Input:
Fig: 4.3
It shows how to use if-else Conditional Statement.
Output:
output of if-else Conditional Statement.
iii. if-else-if ladder:
Input:

Fig: 4.5 It shows how to use if-else-if ladder Conditional Statement.
Output:
Fig: 4.6 It shows the output of if-else-if ladder Conditional Statement.
iv. nested if statement:
Input:
Fig: 4.7 It shows how to use nested if Conditional Statement.

Output:
Fig: 4.8 It shows the output of nested if Conditional Statement.
2. Switch Statement:
Input:

Fig: 4.9 It shows the input of Switch Statement.
Output:
Fig: 4.10 It
shows the output of Switch Statement.
3. Looping Statement :
i. for loop
ii. while loop
iii. do-while loop

i. for loop
Input:
Fig: 4.11 It shows the input of for loop Statement.
Output:
Fig: 4.12 It shows the output of for loop Statement.
ii. while loop:
Input:

Fig: 4.13 It shows the input of while loop Statement.
Output:
output of while loop Statement.
iii. do-while loop:
Input:

Fig: 4.15 It shows the input of do while loop Statement.
Output:
Fig: 4.16 It shows the output of do while loop Statement.

Lab # 5
Methods and Functions
Objective:
A method in Java is a block of code designed to perform a specific task.
Functions and methods are often used interchangeably in Java, they are referred to as
methods.Methods and Functions in Java:
1. Defining and Calling Methods
 Definition: A method is defined with a name, return type, parameters (optional), and a body.
 Calling: Methods are called using the method name, and parameters (if any) are passed
during the call.
Code Example:
Input:
Fig: 5.1 It Shows how we call the method.

Output:
Fig: 5.2 It Shows the output of call the method
2. Method Overloading
 Definition: Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different
parameter lists (types or number of arguments).
 Use: Improves code readability and reuse.
Code Example:
Fig: 5.3 It Shows how to we call the overloading method.

Output:
Fig: 5.4
It Shows the output of calling overloading method.
3.Parameterized vs Non-Parameterized Methods:
Non-Parameterized:
Input:
Fig: 5.5 It Shows the input of non-parameterized method.
Output:

Fig: 5.6 It Shows the output of non-parameterized method.
Parameterized:
Input:
Fig: 5.7 It Shows the input of parameterized method.
Output:
Fig: 5.8 It Shows the output of parameterized method.

Lab #6
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java
Objective:
Objects and classes in Java, their role in object-oriented programming, and how to implement
them in real-world applications.
.
1. Classes and Objects
 Class: A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects.
It defines the properties (fields) and behaviors (methods) that an object can have.
 Object: An object is an instance of a class.
It represents a specific entity with unique values for the properties defined in the class.
Code Example:
Input:

Fig: 6.1 It Shows how to use class and object at a time.
Output:

Fig: 6.2 It Shows the output of class and object.

Object Oriented programming language (PRACTICAL LAB MANUAL)

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