Obturation of root canal systems

Obturation of Root Canal Systems
BY MOHAMMED SAAD BDS
SUPERVISED BY DR ME’AD ABDUL RAZZAQ BDS MSC

Introduction
The purpose of the obturation phase of endodontic treatment is to prevent the
reinfection of root canals that have been biomechanically cleaned, shaped and
disinfected by instrumentation, irrigation and medication procedures. Successful
obturation requires the use of materials and techniques capable of densely filling the
entire root canal system and providing a fluid tight seal from the apical segment of
the canal to the cavo-surface margin in order to prevent reinfection. This also implies
that an adequate coronal filling or restoration be placed to prevent oral bacterial
microleakage. It has been shown that endodontic treatment success is dependent
both on the quality of the obturation and the final restoration. The quality of the
endodontic obturation is usually evaluated using radiographic images upon
completion. Additionally, during the root canal preparation and obturation phases of
treatment, clinical criteria can be identified that are essential for achieving an adequate
root canal obturation.

It’s All About Cleaning, Shaping and
Disinfection of Root Canal Systems
Prior to the obturation phase, the clinician must establish the proper shape and size of the root canal.
Figure 1 is an example of a retreatment case; it demonstrates the importance of locating all canals
then cleaning, shaping and sealing them to the proper working length. Proper canal preparation
provides an apical resistance form for the adequate adaptation of filling materials and the prevention
of excessive apical extrusion of these materials. Remember, what is removed from the root canal
during cleaning, shaping and disinfection is more important than what is placed during obturation.
Biomechanical preparation and disinfection are achieved through mechanical instrumentation and
copious irrigation to remove bacterial and tissue debris, and by shaping the root canal space to allow
for a three-dimensional obturation and seal of the root canal system. The importance of maintaining
the original shape of a root canal during and after cleaning and shaping in order to promote
periapical healing in endodontic cases has been demonstrated in several studies. The clinician’s
inability to maintain the original shape and to develop the proper taper of canals can result in
procedural errors such as ledges and perforations.

When preparing root canals for obturation the clinician must maintain the working
length during the instrumentation phase of treatment. Figure 2 shows original,
working length and final obturation image with post and core in place. Maintaining
working length is essential for preparing and sealing the root canal to its proper
apical extent. It is also necessary to create an apical resistance form to obtain
adequate compaction of the filling materials and also to prevent excessive
overextension of materials into the periapical tissues. Today’s clinicians have a
number of methods, materials and technologically advanced instruments at their
disposal to achieve these goals. Examples of these are electronic apex locators, nickel-
titanium rotary instruments, various irrigation systems, newly formulated sealers, and
microscopic magnification and illumination.

Poor obturation quality as judged by radiographs has been associated with nonhealing in
65% of retreatment cases. The radiographic appearance of a completed case should show the
obturation material: (1) at the apical terminus without excessive material overextending into
periapical tissues; (2) completely filling the root canal system in three dimensions; and (3)
appearing as a dense radiopaque filling of the root canal system. Obturation errors often are
a result of inadequate cleaning and shaping (ledges, perforations, inaccurate working lengths,
and underprepared or overprepared canals). If inadequate obturation is not a result of an
instrumentation error, the clinician should recognize this reversible procedural error on the
obturation check film. The obturation material should then be removed and the canal re-
obturated prior to restoration. If the procedural error is gross overextension of material into
the periapical tissues, removal by conventional means may not be possible and periapical
surgery may be necessary.

Why Obturate Canals?
Microorganisms and their byproducts are the major cause of
pulpal and periapical disease. However, it is difficult to
consistently and totally disinfect root canal systems. Therefore,
the goal of three-dimensional obturation is to provide an
impermeable fluid tight seal within the entire root canal system,
to prevent oral and apical microleakage.

Preparation of Dentin Surface (Irrigation)
The purpose of endodontic irrigation is to remove debris created
during instrumentation, and to dissolve and/or flush out
inorganic and organic remnants of the pulp system, bacteria and
bacterial byproducts that are not removed by mechanical
instrumentation.

Criteria for Judging Technical Success of the
Obturation Phase of Endodontic Treatment
1. Clinical Evaluation. For a case to be considered successful, normal
findings to routine tests such as percussion, palpation, periodontal
probing and visual inspection of the final restoration should be
obtained and recorded in the patient’s record at an appropriate
follow-up visit. If the clinician is concerned about some aspect of
therapy or the prognosis, the reevaluation visit should be scheduled in
a few weeks. Routine reevaluation periods may be 6 months and 1
year. Patients should be informed that if symptoms occur they should
call the office for an appointment

2. Radiographic Evaluation (Length, Shape and Density). (overfilled, overextended
and underextended). Three qualities that should be observed, are length, shape
and density. The length of an ideal fill should be from the canal’s apical minor
constriction to the canal orifice unless a post is planned. The core restoration
should complete this seal to the cavo-surface margin. The shape of the
completed case is somewhat dependent on the obturation technique being
used. Some require a more tapered canal than others. Voids should not be
visible on the radiographic image. In terms of percentage rates of success, a
meta-analysis of the literature showed that obturations 0 to 1mm short of the
apex were better than obturations 1 to 3mm short of the apex; both were
superior to obturations beyond the apex.

Coronal Seal
Regardless of the quality of the sealing of the root canal space,
unless this space is protected against ingress of oral
microorganisms, success may not be achieved.

Ideal Mechanical, Physical and Biological
Properties of Obturation Materials

A. Sealers
 Sealers are used between dentin surfaces and core materials
to fill spaces that are created due to the physical inability of
the core materials to fill all areas of the canal.

B. Core Materials
 1. Gutta-Percha
 2. Resilon
 3. Coated Cones

Techniques for Obturating Root Canal Systems
A. Lateral Compaction: A master cone corresponding to the final instrumentation size and length of the
canal is coated with sealer, inserted into the canal, laterally compacted with spreaders and filled with
additional accessory cones.
B. Vertical Compaction: A master cone corresponding to the final instrumentation size and length of the
canal is fitted, coated with sealer, heated and compacted vertically with pluggers until the apical 3-4mm
segment of the canal is filled. Then the remaining root canal is back filled using warm pieces of core
material.
C. Continuous Wave: Continuous wave is essentially a vertical compaction (down-packing) of core material
and sealer in the apical portion of the root canal using commercially available heating devices such as
System B (SybronEndo, Orange, Calif.) and Elements Obturation Unit™ (SybronEndo, Orange, Calif.), and
then back filling the remaining portion of the root canal with thermoplasticized core material using
injection devices such as the Obtura (Obtura Spartan, Earth City, Mo.) Elements Obturation Unit™
(SybronEndo, Orange, Calif.) and HotShot (Discus Dental, Culver City, Calif.).

D. Warm Lateral: A master cone corresponding to the final instrumentation size of the canal is coated with sealer,
inserted into the canal, heated with a warm spreader, laterally compacted with spreaders and filled with additional
accessory cones. Some devices use vibration in addition to the warm spreader.
E. Injection Techniques:
1. A preheated, thermoplasticized, injectable core material is injected directly into the root canal. A master cone is not
used but sealer is placed in the canal before injection, with either the Obtura (Obtura Spartan, Earth City, Mo.), or Ultrafil
(Coltene Whaledent, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio) or Calamus® (DENTSPLY Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, Okla.) filling systems.
2. A cold, flowable matrix that is triturated, GuttaFlow® (Coltene Whaledent, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio), consists of gutta-
percha added to a resin sealer, RoekoSeal. The material is provided in capsules for trituration. The technique involves
injection of the material into the canal and placing a single master cone.
F. Thermomechanical: A cone coated with sealer is placed in the root canal, engaged with a rotary instrument that
frictionally warms, plasticizes and compacts it into the root canal.

H. Chemoplasticized: Chemically softened gutta-percha, using solvents such as chloroform or eucalyptol, is
placed on already fitted gutta-percha cones, inserted into the canal, laterally compacted with spreaders and the
canal filled with additional accessory cones.

I. Custom Cone/Solvents: Solvents such as chloroform, eucalyptol or halothane are used to
soften the outer surface of the cone as if making an impression of the apical portion of the
canal. However, since shrinkage occurs, it is then removed and reinserted into the canal with
sealer, laterally condensed with spreaders and accessory cones.
J. Pastes: Paste fills have been used in a variety of applications. When used as the definitive
filling material without a ore, they are generally considered to be less successful and not ideal.
K. Apical Barrier: Apical barriers are important for the obturation of canals with immature roots
with open apices. Mineral
trioxide aggregate is generally considered the material of choice at this time.

Diagnosis and Assessment of Degree of Difficulty
Avoiding procedural errors by a clinician performing endodontic
treatment is ultimately based on adherence to the scientific
evidence, and biological and technical principles considered to
be the standard of care. The clinician who is able to correctly
diagnose and assess case difficulty before initiating irreversible
procedures will experience a higher rate of success.

Summary
If healing of pulpal and periapical disease is to be predictable, a proper diagnosis and
treatment plan is essential. The clinician should also utilize an evidence-based
approach to treatment applying knowledge of anatomy and morphology, and
endodontic techniques to the unique situations each case presents. It is crucial that all
canals are located, cleaned, shaped, disinfected and sealed from the apical minor
constriction of the root canal system to the orifice and the cavosurface margin.
Clinicians should know their level of competency and experience levels when
performing endodontic treatment, and work within these parameters or refer the case
to an endodontist.

References
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4. Chugal NM, Clive JM, Spångberg LSW. Endodontic infection: some biologic and treatment factors associated with outcome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radio and Endod 2003; 96:81-90.
5. Sjogren U, Hagglund B, Sundqvist G, Wing K. Factors affecting the longterm results of endodontic treatment. J Endodon 1990;16:498-504.
6. Pettiette M, Metzger Z, Phillips C, Trope M. Endodontic Complications of Root Canal Therapy Performed by Dental Students with Stainless-Steel K-Files and Nickel-Titanium Hand Files. J Endodon 1999;25:230-234.
7. Pettiette M, Delano E, Trope M. Evaluation of Success Rate of Endodontic Treatment Performed by Students with Stainless-Steel K-Files and Nickel-Titanium Hand Files. J Endodon 2001; 27:124-127.
8. Gorni F, Gagliani M: The Outcome Of Endodontic Retreatment: A 2-Yr Follow-Up, J Endodon 2004; 30:1-4.
9. Hoen MM, Pink, Frank E. Contemporary Endodontic Retreatments: An Analysis based on Clinical Treatment Findings. J Endodon 2002; 28:834- 836.
10. Siqueira JF, Arujo MCP, Garcia PF, Fraga RC, Saboia Dantas CJ. Histologic evaluation of the effectiveness of five instrumentation techniques for cleaning at the apical third of root canals. J Endodon 1997; 23:499-502.
11. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. The effects of surgical exposures of pulps in germ-free and conventional rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1965; 20:340-349.
12. Delivanis PD, Mattison GD, Mendel RW. The survivability of F43 strain of Streptococcus sanguis in root canals filled with gutta-percha and Procosol cement. J Endodon 1983; 9:407-410.
13. Byström A, Sundqvist G. Bacteriologic evaluation of the efficacy of mechanical root canal instrumentation in endodontic therapy. Scand J Dent Res 1981; 89:321-328.
14. Harrison JW. Irrigation of the root canal system. Dent Clin North Am
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Int Endod J 2007; 40:11-17.

Obturation of root canal systems

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Obturation of root canal systems