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Ocul emergency-presentation

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Mohammed Alabdali

This document is the slide presentation titled "Ocular Emergency" by Pisit Preechawat from the Department of Ophthalmology at Ramathibodi Hospital. The presentation describes various ocular emergencies and how to treat them. It contains slides on topics like corneal abrasions, hyphema, acute glaucoma, retinal detachment, and orbital cellulitis. The presentation aims to educate medical professionals on properly diagnosing and managing different eye emergencies.

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<span class="favoriteMeta">3 years ago</span> </li> </ul> <div class="viewMore action-morefavs j-favs-more" style="display:none"><a href="#" class="button" rel="nofollow">More&hellip;</a></div> </div> <!-- Favorites and Downloads end --> <div class="notranslate transcript h-slideshow-transcript-bottom"> <a rel="nofollow" id="text-version"></a> <h2 class="h-slideshow-title"><span class="notranslate">Ocular Emergency</span> &mdash; Presentation Transcript</h2> <ul class="transcripts h-transcripts"><li>Ocular Emergencies Pisit Preechawat, MD Department of Ophthalmology, Ramathibodi Hospital </li><li>Ocular Anatomy </li><li>1. Frontal bone 2. Zygomatic bone 3. Maxillary bone 4. Sphenoid bone 5. Ethmoid bone 6. Lacrimal bone 7. Palatine bone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bony Components of Orbit Size 30 x 40 x 45 mm </li><li>Paranasal Sinus </li><li>Ocular Anatomy Orbicularis Oculi </li><li>Ocular Anatomy </li><li>Ocular Anatomy </li><li>Ocular Anatomy </li><li>Extraocular Muscles </li><li>Optic Nerve </li><li>Venous System </li><li>Ocular Emergencies Trauma Non - trauma Blunt trauma Penetrating trauma </li><li>Retinal arterial Perforation Orbital cellulitis occlusion Ruptured Orbital injury Chemical burns Acute glaucoma Corneal ulcer Sudden congestion Corneal abrasion proptosis Hyphema Intraocular FB Retinal detachment Macular edema ( Immediately ) ( Within a few hours ) ( Within one day ) Acute Eye Conditions Emergency Very Urgent Urgent </li><li>Ocular condiitons requiring immediate treatment Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Orbital Cellulitis Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis Endophthalmitis Retinal Detachment Toxic Causes of blindness Nontraumatic Ocular Emergencies Acute Dacryocystitis Acute Dacryoadenitis Acute Hordeolum Preseptal cellulitis Spontaneous subconjunctival hemorrhage Conjunctivitis Bacterial corneal ulcer Viral keratoconjunctivitis Acute hydrops of the cornea Hyphema Uveitis ( iritis &amp; iridocyclitis ) Vitreous hemorrhage Retinal hemorrhage Central retinal vein occlusion Optic neuritis Ocular Emergencies </li><li>Ocular burns and trauma Ocular Burn Alkali Burns Acid Burns Thermal Burns Burns Due to Ultraviolet Radiation Mechanical Trauma to the Eye Penetrating or Perforating injuries Blunt Trauma to the Eye, Adnexa,&amp; Orbit 1. Ecchymosis of the Eyelids 2. Lacerations of the Eyelids 3. Orbital hemorrhage 4. Fracture of the Ethmoid bone 5. Blowout Fractures of the Floor of the Orbit 6. Corneal Abrasions 7. Corneal &amp; Conjunctival Foreign Bodies Ocular Emergencies </li><li>Eye Examination Visual acuity External Eye : orbit, periorbital skin, eyelids Confrontation visual fields Ocular motility </li><li>Anterior Segment Conjunctiva Cornea Anterior chamber Iris Lens Pupils : RAPD Eye Examination </li><li>A dilated pupil makes it easier to see the optic nerve, macula, and retina - 1% tropicamide ( Mydriacyl ) - 2.5% phenylephrine ( Neo-Synephrine ) Fundus Examination PanOptic Ophthalmoscope Indirect Ophthalmoscope </li><li>Digital palpation Schiotz tonometer Intraocular Pressure Measurement </li><li>Ocular Trauma Closed Globe Open Globe Burn Contusion Laceration Laceration Penetrating Perforating Rupture </li><li><ul><li>Causes </li></ul><ul><li>Trauma, Hypertension </li></ul><ul><li>Valsava pressure spikes </li></ul><ul><li>Spontaneous </li></ul>No treatment Resolve within 2 weeks Subconjunctival Hemorrhage </li><li>Pain , photophobia , FB sensation, tearing Conjunctival injection, swollen eyelid Corneal Abrasion Epithelial staining defect with fluorescein </li><li><ul><li>Topical cycloplegia, ATB ointment </li></ul><ul><li>Pressure patching for 24 hours </li></ul><ul><li>Searching for conjunctival foreign body </li></ul>Don’t apply PP if there is a significant risk of infection. Corneal Abrasion : Management </li><li>Corneal Ulcer Hypopyon Eye Shield No patching Topical antibiotics Ophthalmologist referral </li><li>Conjunctival Foreign Bodies </li><li>Corneal foreign body with rust ring Rust ring Corneal Foreign Bodies
</li><li><ul><li>Remove the FB under the best magnification </li></ul><ul><li>Evert the eyelid to rule out additional FB </li></ul><ul><li>Treat resulting corneal abrasion </li></ul><ul><li>Referral to ophthalmologist, next day </li></ul>Residual rust ring Corneal Foreign Bodies </li><li>Corneal Foreign Body Removal </li><li><ul><li>Disruption of blood vessels in the iris or ciliary body </li></ul><ul><li>Blood in anterior chamber </li></ul>Traumatic Hyphema </li><li>Traumatic Hyphema : Classification Total IV 1/2 to less than total III 1/3 to 1/2 II Less than 1/3 I No layered blood circulating red blood cells only 0 Size of Hyphema Grade </li><li>Traumatic Hyphema </li><li><ul><li>Elevate the patient’s head </li></ul><ul><li>Bed rest </li></ul><ul><li>1% atropine one drop 3-4 times daily </li></ul><ul><li>1% prednisolone acetate one drop 3-4 times daily </li></ul><ul><li>If the globe is intact, measure IOP </li></ul><ul><li>Reduce IOP </li></ul><ul><li>Ophthalmology consult </li></ul>Traumatic Hyphema : Management </li><li><ul><li>Rebleeding can occur 3 to 5 days later in 30% </li></ul><ul><li>Uncontrolled glaucoma or blood stained cornea </li></ul><ul><li>requires anterior chamber “wash out” </li></ ul>Traumatic Hyphema : Management </li><li><ul><li>Sharp or blunt trauma </li></ul><ul><li>R/O associated ocular injury </li></ul><ul><li>Remove superficial FB </li></ul><ul><li>Rule out deeper FB </li></ul><ul><li>Give tetanus prophylaxis </li></ul>Lid Lacerations </li><li>Full Thickness Lid Lacerations - Gray line - Lash line - Mucocutaneous junction Tear lid margin </li><li>Laceration of lower eyelid margin Post-operative result following a primary repair Lid Margin Repair </ li><li><ul><li>Refer to ophthalmologist if there are </li></ul><ul><li>associated ocular injuries </li></ul>Lid Lacerations <ul><li>Ruptured globe </li></ul><ul><li>Lacrimal drainage system </li></ul><ul><li>Levator aponeurosis </ li></ul><ul><li>Medial canthal tendon </li></ul><ul><li>Tissue loss ( &gt; 1/3 ) </ li></ul></li><li>Lid Lacerations with tear canaliculi </li><li>Canalicular Repair </li><li><ul><li>Woman with tearing and medial canthal asymmetry after the repair of a laceration sustained during a domestic assault </li></ul>Tear Canthal Tendon </li><li>Penetrating / Ruptured Globe <ul><li>Corneal or scleral lacerations </li></ul><ul><li>Hypotony (not always present) </li></ul><ul><li>Severe chemosis &amp; hemorrhage </li></ul><ul><li>Intraocular contents may be outside the globe </ li></ul><ul><li>Limitation of extraocular motility </li></ul><ul><li>Shallow anterior chamber </li></ul><ul><li>Irregular pupil </li></ul></li><li>Irregular pupil </li><li>Penetrating / Ruptured Globe </li><li>Ruptured globe caused by golf ball Penetrating / Ruptured Globe </li><li><ul><li>Stop examination </li></ul><ul><li>Shield the eye (do not patch) </li></ul><ul><li>Give tetanus prophylaxis </li></ul><ul><li>NPO and systemic antibiotics </li></ul><ul><li>Do not apply eye ointment or eye drop </li></ul><ul><li>Film orbit if IOFB can’t be R/O </li></ul><ul><li>Refer immediately to ophthalmologist </li></ul>Penetrating / Ruptured Globe : Management </li><li>Intraocular or Intraorbital Foreign Bodies </ li><li>Ocular Trauma Traumatic cataract Traumatic mydriasis Traumatic lens subluxation Traumatic lens subluxation </li><li><ul><li>True ocular emergency </li></ul><ul><li>Both acid and alkali burns can be blinding </li></ul><ul><li>- Acid burns tend to coagulate proteins, limiting </li></ul><ul><li>the depth of penetration. </li></ul><ul><li>- Alkali burns can rapidly penetrate the cornea, </li></ul><ul><li>causing damage to intraocular structures. </li></ul>Chemical Ocular Injury </li><li><ul><li>Immediate copious irrigation with a minimum of </li></ul><ul><li>1-2 L of saline or until pH is normalized ( 7.3-7.7 ) </li></ul><ul><li>- Instill a topical anesthetic </li></ul><ul><li>- Use eyelid retractor </li></ul><ul><li>- Double eversion of the eyelids </li></ul>Chemical Ocular Injury : Management </li><li>Irrigation in case of chemical injury </li><li><ul><li>Immediate copious irrigation with a minimum of </li></ul><ul><li>1-2 L of saline or until pH is normalized ( 7.3-7.7 ) </li></ul><ul><li>- Instill a topical anesthetic </li></ul><ul><li>- Use eyelid retractor </li></ul><ul><li>- Double eversion of the eyelids </li></ul>Chemical Ocular Injury : Management <ul><li>Ophthalmologists Referral </li></ul><ul><li>No corneal involvement </li></ul><ul><li>- ATB + steroid eye drop </li></ul></li><li>Chemical Ocular Injury : Classification Grade I Grade II Grade
III Grade IV </li><li>Chemical Ocular Injury : Management <ul><li>Preservative- free artificial tears </li></ul><ul><li>Topical non-preserved steroid </li></ul><ul><li>Topical cycloplegic </li></ul><ul><li>Topical antibiotics </li></ ul><ul><li>Oral analgesics </li></ul><ul><li>Pressure patch or bandage CL </li></ul><ul><li>Antiglaucoma + </li></ul></li><li>Bilateral Alkali Injuries Chemical Ocular Injury </li><li>Chemical Ocular Injury : Management Corneal Transplantation Keratoprosthesis </li><li><ul><li>Accidental into the eye can cause the lids to </li></ul><ul><li>adhere and adhesive clumps to form on the cornea </li></ul><ul><li>Not permanently harmful to the eye </li></ul><ul><li>Cyanoacrylates are used occasionally directly on the </li></ul><ul><li>cornea to seal corneal perforations. </li></ul>Cyanoacrylate Glue </li><li><ul><li>Moisten the glue with eye ointment, and remove </li></ul><ul><li>as much as can be removed easily without causing </li></ul><ul><li>damage to underlying tissue </li></ul><ul><li>The glue will loosen and become easier to remove </li></ul><ul><li>in a few days. </li></ul>Cyanoacrylate Glue </li><li>Non-traumatic Ocular Emergencies </li><li>The woman suddenly experienced nausea, vomiting, and extreme pain in the left eye while in a movie theater. Her vision has worsened since that time and the eye has become very red. A 55-year-old woman with a red eye, blurred vision with halos, nausea, and vomiting </li><li>VA - HM Conjunctival injection Hazy cornea Shallow anterior chamber Fixed mid-dilated pupil A 55-year-old woman with a red eye, blurred vision with halos, nausea, and vomiting Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma IOP 56 mmHg </li><li>Anterior Chamber Depth </li><li>Reduce the intraocular pressure O.5% Timolol 1 drop 2-4 % Pilocarpine 1 drop every 15 minutes 20% Mannitol 250-500 ml IV drip Acetazolamide 500 mg oral 100% Glycerin 1 cc/kg Consult ophthalmologist Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma </li><li>A 60-year-old woman with acute, painless loss of vision in the right eye Visual acuity CF – LP in 90% of cases Opaque white retina and attenuated vessels Central Retinal Artery Occlusion </li><li>Treatment must be initiated immediately. Ocular massage Inhaled carbogen ( 95% O2 and 5% CO2 ) Reduced intraocular pressure Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Consult ophthalmologist immediately Anterior chamber paracentesis Direct infusion of t-PA or urokinase in the ophthalmic artery </li><li>A 40-year-old man with left eyelid edema and pain ( worse on eye movement ) </li><li>A 40-year-old man with left eyelid edema and pain ( worse on eye movement ) <ul><li>Periorbital erythema and edema </li></ul><ul><li>Proptosis </li></ul><ul><li>Restricted extraocular motility </li></ul><ul><li>Decreased visual acuity </li></ul><ul><li>Chemosis </li></ul><ul><li>Fever </li></ul>Orbital Cellulitis </li><li>Broad spectrum intravenous antibiotics CT scan orbit Ophthalmology &amp; ENT consultation Orbital Cellulitis Subperiosteal abscess </li><li>Preseptal Cellulitis </li><li>Endophthalmitis </li><li>Urgent Neuro-ophthalmology </li><li>A 36-year- old-woman with subacute visual loss in right eye and pain on eye movement VA 20/200, 20/25 RAPD +ve OD VF central scotoma OD Retrobulbar optic neuritis </li><li>A 55-year-old man with HT and acute visual loss in RE VA 20/100, 20/20 RAPD +ve RE Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy ESR 10 mm/hr </li><li>A 73-year-old woman with acute visual loss of right eye, headache, anorexia and weight loss VA 10/200, 20/25 RAPD + ve RE ESR 94 mm/hr, high level of C - reactive protein Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy </li><li>Pathology : Giant Cell ( Temporal ) Arteritis </li><li>A 35-year-old man with left painful third nerve palsy VA 20/25, 20/30 Dilated, nonreactive pupil LE </li><li>A 35-year-old man with a suspicious of aneurysmal third nerve palsy Conventional CT scan or MRI are not the procedure of choice High false negative rate 12 – 40 % Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) Computed tomography angiography (CTA) Overall sensitivity up to 97 % </li><li>A 35-year-old man with a suspicious of aneurysmal third nerve palsy </li><li>A 40-year-old woman with sudden onset of left third nerve palsy, visual loss and severe headache What is the diagnosis? VA 20/30, LP +ve RAPD LE </li><li>Pituitary Apoplexy Characterized by sudden visual loss, headache, and ophthalmoplegia secondary to rapid expansion of pituitary macroadenoma into the suprasellar space and/or cavernous sinus
Commonly results from hemorrhage into a pre-existing pituitary mass </li><li>A 17- year-old man with right blured vision after minor blunt trauma. VA 20/32, 20/20 + ve RAPD RE Normal fundi RE LE </li><li>A 16-year-old man with head injury and left blured vision after falls from height VA 20/30, LP + ve RAPD LE Normal fundi </li><li>Traumatic Optic Neuropathy : Classification and Mechanisms Direct injury - Penetrating injury from knife, projectile - Injury from fractured bone - Avulsion, transection Indirect injury - Contusion with transmission of force through bone - Compression secondary to orbital hemorrhage or intrasheath hemorrhage </li><li>Clinical Features of Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Most commonly unilateral May be overlooked in setting of significant globe or maxillofacial trauma Reduced visual acuity ( NLP to 20/20 ) Visual field defect : No pathognomonic defect Normal optic disc with development of optic atrophy </li><li>Medical Management Options Steroids : Controversial - Thought to limit free-radical amplification of the injury response - Dosages ( low, high, mega) - May be harmful Observation : 57% of untreated patients shown to have 3 lines or more acuity improvement </li><li>Surgical Management Options Lateral canthotomy and cantholysis for orbital hemorrhage Surgical decompression of the optic nerve within its canal There is no defined standard protocol of treatment for indirect optic nerve injury . </li><li>Thank you for your attention </li></ul> </div><!-- .transcript --> <div class="transcriptAd h-below-transcript-ad"> <div class="transcriptAdDiv"><script type="text/javascript"> GA_googleFillSlot("slideview_below_transcript"); </script></div> </div> </div><!-- .assets --> <footer> <div class="footerWrapper"> <div class="footer"> <div class="footerLeft"> <form class="footerSearch" method="get" action="/search/slideshow"> <fieldset> <input name="searchfrom" type="hidden" value="footer" /> <div class="suggestionContainerFooter"> <input name="q" class="text" id="search_query_bottom" type="text" value="" autocomplete="off" /><input class="ctaNormal" type="submit" value="Search" /> </div> </fieldset> </form> <!-- .social-links --> <div class="social-links"> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/mobile" class="iconMobileFooter" rel="nofollow">SlideShare <br /> on mobile</a></li> <li><a href="http://twitter.com/SlideShare" class="iconTwitterFooter" rel="nofollow">Follow us on Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/slideshare" class="iconFacebookFooter" rel="nofollow">Find us on Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="http://slidesha.re/SlideShareOnLinkedIn" class="iconLinkedInFooter" rel="nofollow">Connect on LinkedIn</a></li> </ul> </div> <!-- /.social-links --> </div> <div class="links footerRight"> <div class="fColumn fColumnSmall"> <ul class="linksList"> <li><strong>Learn About Us</strong></li>
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Ocul emergency-presentation

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  • 35. class="ilink next-link" rel="nofollow">next</a> </span> <a href="#postComment" class="postCommentLink h-action-postcomment j-post-comment" rel="nofollow">Post a comment</a> </p> <ul class="commentWrapper h-comment-list" id="commentsList" > <li class="comment author-40152894" id="comment-1450718"> <a href="/AdelHashem" class="notranslate commenter h-commenter j-author-photo" title="AdelHashem" rel="nofollow"> <img class="nickname" src="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" height="48" alt="AdelHashem" original="//cdn.slidesharecdn.com/profile-photo- AdelHashem-48x48" width="48" /> <strong class="h-username j-username notranslate">Adel Hashem</strong><span class="bioStub notranslate"><span class="h-commenter-role">, اخصائى </span><span class="h-commenter-org"> at مركز جراØات العيÙàÙ† Ùàالليزر بمستشÙeÙ‰ المطرية التعليمى</span></span> </a> <span class="commentText h-comment-text notranslate">thank you</span> <span class="commentMeta h-comment-meta"> <span class="commentTimestamp h-timestamp">1 month ago</span> <span class="commentActions h-comment-actions hide"> <button class="j-reply btn btn-mini">Reply</button> </span> </span> <div class="alertMessage blockMessage warning" id="confirmDialog-1450718"> <span class="title">Are you sure you want to</span> <button class="btn btn-mini" id="yes">Yes</button> <button class="btn btn-mini" id="no">No</button> </div> </li> <li class="comment author-36924091" id="comment-1182433"> <a href="/pirunratj" class="notranslate commenter h-commenter j-author-photo" title="pirunratj" rel="nofollow"> <img class="nickname" src="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" height="48" alt="pirunratj" original="//cdn.slidesharecdn.com/profile-photo- pirunratj-48x48" width="48" /> <strong class="h-username j-username notranslate">pirunratj</strong><span class="bioStub notranslate"><span class="h-commenter-role"></span><span class="h- commenter-org"></span></span> </a> <span class="commentText h-comment-text notranslate">A lot of knowledge. Thanks</span> <span class="commentMeta h-comment-meta"> <span class="commentTimestamp h-timestamp">5 months ago</span> <span class="commentActions h-comment-actions hide"> <button class="j-reply btn btn-mini">Reply</button> </span> </span> <div class="alertMessage blockMessage warning" id="confirmDialog-1182433"> <span class="title">Are you sure you want to</span>
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  • 37. </li> </ul> <form class="postComment h-comment-post" method="post" action="#" id="postComment" accept-charset="utf-8"> <fieldset> <textarea class="h-post-comment-textarea j-post-comment-textarea" rows="4" cols="40"></textarea> <div class="h-non-user-message postCommentSubmit"> <label class="comments-subscribe checkbox"><input id="followupComments" type="checkbox" /> Subscribe to comments</label> <a href="/signup?from=comments&from_source=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net %2Fnarenthorn%2Focul-emergency-presentation" class="button" rel="nofollow" id="login-provider-slideshare">Post Comment</a> </div><!-- .h-non-user-message --> </fieldset> </form> <form class="updateComment update-form" method="post" action="#" accept- charset="utf-8"> <fieldset> <legend>Edit your comment</legend> <textarea rows="4" cols="40"></textarea> <input class="btn btn-mini action-update" type="submit" value="Update" /> <button class="btn btn-mini action-cancel">Cancel</button> </fieldset> </form> </div> <ul class="notranslate tabContent h-notes notesWrapper" id="notesList"> <li class="slide-notes"></li> </ul> </div> <!-- 728x90 ad between comments and favorites --> <script id="commentsFavoritesAd" type="text/javascript"> slideshare_object.configurePlayerAd('comments_favorites_ad'); </script> <!-- End 728x90 ad --> <!-- Favorites and Downloads start --> <div class="favsDownloads"> <ul class="tabs"> <li class="active h-favorites-tab j-favorites"><a href="#favsList" rel="nofollow"><em class="h-favorites-count">12 Favorites</em></a></li> </ul> <ul class="favWrapper h-favs-list" id="favsList"> <li> <a href="/hmirzaeee" class="notranslate favoriter h-favoriter" title="hmirzaeee" rel="nofollow"> <img class="nickname" src="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" height="48" alt="hmirzaeee" original="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" width="48" /> <strong class="h-username ">Hossein Mirzaie</strong><span class="bioStub"><span class="h-favoriter-role">, optometrist </span><span class="h-favoriter-org"> at Birjand University Of Medical Sceinces</span></span> </a> <span class="favTags h-tags notranslate"></span> <span class="favoriteMeta">5 days ago</span> </li>
  • 38. <li> <a href="/ssusere68b53" class="notranslate favoriter h-favoriter" title="ssusere68b53" rel="nofollow"> <img class="nickname" src="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" height="48" alt="ssusere68b53" original="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" width="48" /> <strong class="h-username ">น้ำตาลสด à¸à¸¸à¸•à¸£à¸§à¸´à¹€à¸Šà¸µà¸ ¢à¸£</strong><span class="bioStub"><span class="h-favoriter-role"></span><span class="h-favoriter-org"></span></span> </a> <span class="favTags h-tags notranslate"></span> <span class="favoriteMeta">5 months ago</span> </li> <li> <a href="/can123" class="notranslate favoriter h-favoriter" title="can123" rel="nofollow"> <img class="nickname" src="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" height="48" alt="can123" original="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" width="48" /> <strong class="h-username ">can123</strong><span class="bioStub"><span class="h- favoriter-role"></span><span class="h-favoriter-org"></span></span> </a> <span class="favTags h-tags notranslate"></span> <span class="favoriteMeta">6 months ago</span> </li> <li> <a href="/lalitsurin" class="notranslate favoriter h-favoriter" title="lalitsurin" rel="nofollow"> <img class="nickname" src="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" height="48" alt="lalitsurin" original="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" width="48" /> <strong class="h-username ">lalitsurin</strong><span class="bioStub"><span class="h-favoriter-role"></span><span class="h-favoriter-org"></span></span> </a> <span class="favTags h-tags notranslate"></span> <span class="favoriteMeta">1 year ago</span> </li> <li> <a href="/mohammadhadimohebzadeh" class="notranslate favoriter h-favoriter" title="mohammadhadimohebzadeh" rel="nofollow"> <img class="nickname" src="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" height="48" alt="mohammadhadimohebzadeh" original="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" width="48" /> <strong class="h-username ">Mohammad Hadi Mohebzadeh</strong><span class="bioStub"><span class="h-favoriter-role">, Eye &amp; LASIK Specialist </span><span class="h-favoriter-org"> at shefa</span></span> </a> <span class="favTags h-tags notranslate">Tags <strong><a href='/tag/ocular- emergency' rel='nofollow'>ocular emergency</a></strong></span> <span class="favoriteMeta">1 year ago</span> </li> <li> <a href="/drkorir" class="notranslate favoriter h-favoriter" title="drkorir" rel="nofollow">
  • 39. <img class="nickname" src="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" height="48" alt="drkorir" original="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" width="48" /> <strong class="h-username ">drkorir</strong><span class="bioStub"><span class="h- favoriter-role"></span><span class="h-favoriter-org"></span></span> </a> <span class="favTags h-tags notranslate"></span> <span class="favoriteMeta">2 years ago</span> </li> <li> <a href="/opto920" class="notranslate favoriter h-favoriter" title="opto920" rel="nofollow"> <img class="nickname" src="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" height="48" alt="opto920" original="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" width="48" /> <strong class="h-username ">opto920</strong><span class="bioStub"><span class="h- favoriter-role"></span><span class="h-favoriter-org"></span></span> </a> <span class="favTags h-tags notranslate"></span> <span class="favoriteMeta">2 years ago</span> </li> <li> <a href="/drrohana" class="notranslate favoriter h-favoriter" title="drrohana" rel="nofollow"> <img class="nickname" src="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" height="48" alt="drrohana" original="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" width="48" /> <strong class="h-username ">drrohana</strong><span class="bioStub"><span class="h- favoriter-role"></span><span class="h-favoriter-org"></span></span> </a> <span class="favTags h-tags notranslate"></span> <span class="favoriteMeta">2 years ago</span> </li> <li> <a href="/xemihh" class="notranslate favoriter h-favoriter" title="xemihh" rel="nofollow"> <img class="nickname" src="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" height="48" alt="xemihh" original="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" width="48" /> <strong class="h-username ">Jose-M </strong><span class="bioStub"><span class="h- favoriter-role"></span><span class="h-favoriter-org"> at Jose-M </span></span> </a> <span class="favTags h-tags notranslate"></span> <span class="favoriteMeta">2 years ago</span> </li> <li> <a href="/dap174" class="notranslate favoriter h-favoriter" title="dap174" rel="nofollow"> <img class="nickname" src="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" height="48" alt="dap174" original="//public.slidesharecdn.com/images/user-48x48.png" width="48" /> <strong class="h-username ">dap174</strong><span class="bioStub"><span class="h- favoriter-role"></span><span class="h-favoriter-org"></span></span> </a> <span class="favTags h-tags notranslate"></span>
  • 40. <span class="favoriteMeta">3 years ago</span> </li> </ul> <div class="viewMore action-morefavs j-favs-more" style="display:none"><a href="#" class="button" rel="nofollow">More&hellip;</a></div> </div> <!-- Favorites and Downloads end --> <div class="notranslate transcript h-slideshow-transcript-bottom"> <a rel="nofollow" id="text-version"></a> <h2 class="h-slideshow-title"><span class="notranslate">Ocular Emergency</span> &mdash; Presentation Transcript</h2> <ul class="transcripts h-transcripts"><li>Ocular Emergencies Pisit Preechawat, MD Department of Ophthalmology, Ramathibodi Hospital </li><li>Ocular Anatomy </li><li>1. Frontal bone 2. Zygomatic bone 3. Maxillary bone 4. Sphenoid bone 5. Ethmoid bone 6. Lacrimal bone 7. Palatine bone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bony Components of Orbit Size 30 x 40 x 45 mm </li><li>Paranasal Sinus </li><li>Ocular Anatomy Orbicularis Oculi </li><li>Ocular Anatomy </li><li>Ocular Anatomy </li><li>Ocular Anatomy </li><li>Extraocular Muscles </li><li>Optic Nerve </li><li>Venous System </li><li>Ocular Emergencies Trauma Non - trauma Blunt trauma Penetrating trauma </li><li>Retinal arterial Perforation Orbital cellulitis occlusion Ruptured Orbital injury Chemical burns Acute glaucoma Corneal ulcer Sudden congestion Corneal abrasion proptosis Hyphema Intraocular FB Retinal detachment Macular edema ( Immediately ) ( Within a few hours ) ( Within one day ) Acute Eye Conditions Emergency Very Urgent Urgent </li><li>Ocular condiitons requiring immediate treatment Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Orbital Cellulitis Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis Endophthalmitis Retinal Detachment Toxic Causes of blindness Nontraumatic Ocular Emergencies Acute Dacryocystitis Acute Dacryoadenitis Acute Hordeolum Preseptal cellulitis Spontaneous subconjunctival hemorrhage Conjunctivitis Bacterial corneal ulcer Viral keratoconjunctivitis Acute hydrops of the cornea Hyphema Uveitis ( iritis &amp; iridocyclitis ) Vitreous hemorrhage Retinal hemorrhage Central retinal vein occlusion Optic neuritis Ocular Emergencies </li><li>Ocular burns and trauma Ocular Burn Alkali Burns Acid Burns Thermal Burns Burns Due to Ultraviolet Radiation Mechanical Trauma to the Eye Penetrating or Perforating injuries Blunt Trauma to the Eye, Adnexa,&amp; Orbit 1. Ecchymosis of the Eyelids 2. Lacerations of the Eyelids 3. Orbital hemorrhage 4. Fracture of the Ethmoid bone 5. Blowout Fractures of the Floor of the Orbit 6. Corneal Abrasions 7. Corneal &amp; Conjunctival Foreign Bodies Ocular Emergencies </li><li>Eye Examination Visual acuity External Eye : orbit, periorbital skin, eyelids Confrontation visual fields Ocular motility </li><li>Anterior Segment Conjunctiva Cornea Anterior chamber Iris Lens Pupils : RAPD Eye Examination </li><li>A dilated pupil makes it easier to see the optic nerve, macula, and retina - 1% tropicamide ( Mydriacyl ) - 2.5% phenylephrine ( Neo-Synephrine ) Fundus Examination PanOptic Ophthalmoscope Indirect Ophthalmoscope </li><li>Digital palpation Schiotz tonometer Intraocular Pressure Measurement </li><li>Ocular Trauma Closed Globe Open Globe Burn Contusion Laceration Laceration Penetrating Perforating Rupture </li><li><ul><li>Causes </li></ul><ul><li>Trauma, Hypertension </li></ul><ul><li>Valsava pressure spikes </li></ul><ul><li>Spontaneous </li></ul>No treatment Resolve within 2 weeks Subconjunctival Hemorrhage </li><li>Pain , photophobia , FB sensation, tearing Conjunctival injection, swollen eyelid Corneal Abrasion Epithelial staining defect with fluorescein </li><li><ul><li>Topical cycloplegia, ATB ointment </li></ul><ul><li>Pressure patching for 24 hours </li></ul><ul><li>Searching for conjunctival foreign body </li></ul>Don’t apply PP if there is a significant risk of infection. Corneal Abrasion : Management </li><li>Corneal Ulcer Hypopyon Eye Shield No patching Topical antibiotics Ophthalmologist referral </li><li>Conjunctival Foreign Bodies </li><li>Corneal foreign body with rust ring Rust ring Corneal Foreign Bodies
  • 41. </li><li><ul><li>Remove the FB under the best magnification </li></ul><ul><li>Evert the eyelid to rule out additional FB </li></ul><ul><li>Treat resulting corneal abrasion </li></ul><ul><li>Referral to ophthalmologist, next day </li></ul>Residual rust ring Corneal Foreign Bodies </li><li>Corneal Foreign Body Removal </li><li><ul><li>Disruption of blood vessels in the iris or ciliary body </li></ul><ul><li>Blood in anterior chamber </li></ul>Traumatic Hyphema </li><li>Traumatic Hyphema : Classification Total IV 1/2 to less than total III 1/3 to 1/2 II Less than 1/3 I No layered blood circulating red blood cells only 0 Size of Hyphema Grade </li><li>Traumatic Hyphema </li><li><ul><li>Elevate the patient’s head </li></ul><ul><li>Bed rest </li></ul><ul><li>1% atropine one drop 3-4 times daily </li></ul><ul><li>1% prednisolone acetate one drop 3-4 times daily </li></ul><ul><li>If the globe is intact, measure IOP </li></ul><ul><li>Reduce IOP </li></ul><ul><li>Ophthalmology consult </li></ul>Traumatic Hyphema : Management </li><li><ul><li>Rebleeding can occur 3 to 5 days later in 30% </li></ul><ul><li>Uncontrolled glaucoma or blood stained cornea </li></ul><ul><li>requires anterior chamber “wash out” </li></ ul>Traumatic Hyphema : Management </li><li><ul><li>Sharp or blunt trauma </li></ul><ul><li>R/O associated ocular injury </li></ul><ul><li>Remove superficial FB </li></ul><ul><li>Rule out deeper FB </li></ul><ul><li>Give tetanus prophylaxis </li></ul>Lid Lacerations </li><li>Full Thickness Lid Lacerations - Gray line - Lash line - Mucocutaneous junction Tear lid margin </li><li>Laceration of lower eyelid margin Post-operative result following a primary repair Lid Margin Repair </ li><li><ul><li>Refer to ophthalmologist if there are </li></ul><ul><li>associated ocular injuries </li></ul>Lid Lacerations <ul><li>Ruptured globe </li></ul><ul><li>Lacrimal drainage system </li></ul><ul><li>Levator aponeurosis </ li></ul><ul><li>Medial canthal tendon </li></ul><ul><li>Tissue loss ( &gt; 1/3 ) </ li></ul></li><li>Lid Lacerations with tear canaliculi </li><li>Canalicular Repair </li><li><ul><li>Woman with tearing and medial canthal asymmetry after the repair of a laceration sustained during a domestic assault </li></ul>Tear Canthal Tendon </li><li>Penetrating / Ruptured Globe <ul><li>Corneal or scleral lacerations </li></ul><ul><li>Hypotony (not always present) </li></ul><ul><li>Severe chemosis &amp; hemorrhage </li></ul><ul><li>Intraocular contents may be outside the globe </ li></ul><ul><li>Limitation of extraocular motility </li></ul><ul><li>Shallow anterior chamber </li></ul><ul><li>Irregular pupil </li></ul></li><li>Irregular pupil </li><li>Penetrating / Ruptured Globe </li><li>Ruptured globe caused by golf ball Penetrating / Ruptured Globe </li><li><ul><li>Stop examination </li></ul><ul><li>Shield the eye (do not patch) </li></ul><ul><li>Give tetanus prophylaxis </li></ul><ul><li>NPO and systemic antibiotics </li></ul><ul><li>Do not apply eye ointment or eye drop </li></ul><ul><li>Film orbit if IOFB can’t be R/O </li></ul><ul><li>Refer immediately to ophthalmologist </li></ul>Penetrating / Ruptured Globe : Management </li><li>Intraocular or Intraorbital Foreign Bodies </ li><li>Ocular Trauma Traumatic cataract Traumatic mydriasis Traumatic lens subluxation Traumatic lens subluxation </li><li><ul><li>True ocular emergency </li></ul><ul><li>Both acid and alkali burns can be blinding </li></ul><ul><li>- Acid burns tend to coagulate proteins, limiting </li></ul><ul><li>the depth of penetration. </li></ul><ul><li>- Alkali burns can rapidly penetrate the cornea, </li></ul><ul><li>causing damage to intraocular structures. </li></ul>Chemical Ocular Injury </li><li><ul><li>Immediate copious irrigation with a minimum of </li></ul><ul><li>1-2 L of saline or until pH is normalized ( 7.3-7.7 ) </li></ul><ul><li>- Instill a topical anesthetic </li></ul><ul><li>- Use eyelid retractor </li></ul><ul><li>- Double eversion of the eyelids </li></ul>Chemical Ocular Injury : Management </li><li>Irrigation in case of chemical injury </li><li><ul><li>Immediate copious irrigation with a minimum of </li></ul><ul><li>1-2 L of saline or until pH is normalized ( 7.3-7.7 ) </li></ul><ul><li>- Instill a topical anesthetic </li></ul><ul><li>- Use eyelid retractor </li></ul><ul><li>- Double eversion of the eyelids </li></ul>Chemical Ocular Injury : Management <ul><li>Ophthalmologists Referral </li></ul><ul><li>No corneal involvement </li></ul><ul><li>- ATB + steroid eye drop </li></ul></li><li>Chemical Ocular Injury : Classification Grade I Grade II Grade
  • 42. III Grade IV </li><li>Chemical Ocular Injury : Management <ul><li>Preservative- free artificial tears </li></ul><ul><li>Topical non-preserved steroid </li></ul><ul><li>Topical cycloplegic </li></ul><ul><li>Topical antibiotics </li></ ul><ul><li>Oral analgesics </li></ul><ul><li>Pressure patch or bandage CL </li></ul><ul><li>Antiglaucoma + </li></ul></li><li>Bilateral Alkali Injuries Chemical Ocular Injury </li><li>Chemical Ocular Injury : Management Corneal Transplantation Keratoprosthesis </li><li><ul><li>Accidental into the eye can cause the lids to </li></ul><ul><li>adhere and adhesive clumps to form on the cornea </li></ul><ul><li>Not permanently harmful to the eye </li></ul><ul><li>Cyanoacrylates are used occasionally directly on the </li></ul><ul><li>cornea to seal corneal perforations. </li></ul>Cyanoacrylate Glue </li><li><ul><li>Moisten the glue with eye ointment, and remove </li></ul><ul><li>as much as can be removed easily without causing </li></ul><ul><li>damage to underlying tissue </li></ul><ul><li>The glue will loosen and become easier to remove </li></ul><ul><li>in a few days. </li></ul>Cyanoacrylate Glue </li><li>Non-traumatic Ocular Emergencies </li><li>The woman suddenly experienced nausea, vomiting, and extreme pain in the left eye while in a movie theater. Her vision has worsened since that time and the eye has become very red. A 55-year-old woman with a red eye, blurred vision with halos, nausea, and vomiting </li><li>VA - HM Conjunctival injection Hazy cornea Shallow anterior chamber Fixed mid-dilated pupil A 55-year-old woman with a red eye, blurred vision with halos, nausea, and vomiting Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma IOP 56 mmHg </li><li>Anterior Chamber Depth </li><li>Reduce the intraocular pressure O.5% Timolol 1 drop 2-4 % Pilocarpine 1 drop every 15 minutes 20% Mannitol 250-500 ml IV drip Acetazolamide 500 mg oral 100% Glycerin 1 cc/kg Consult ophthalmologist Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma </li><li>A 60-year-old woman with acute, painless loss of vision in the right eye Visual acuity CF – LP in 90% of cases Opaque white retina and attenuated vessels Central Retinal Artery Occlusion </li><li>Treatment must be initiated immediately. Ocular massage Inhaled carbogen ( 95% O2 and 5% CO2 ) Reduced intraocular pressure Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Consult ophthalmologist immediately Anterior chamber paracentesis Direct infusion of t-PA or urokinase in the ophthalmic artery </li><li>A 40-year-old man with left eyelid edema and pain ( worse on eye movement ) </li><li>A 40-year-old man with left eyelid edema and pain ( worse on eye movement ) <ul><li>Periorbital erythema and edema </li></ul><ul><li>Proptosis </li></ul><ul><li>Restricted extraocular motility </li></ul><ul><li>Decreased visual acuity </li></ul><ul><li>Chemosis </li></ul><ul><li>Fever </li></ul>Orbital Cellulitis </li><li>Broad spectrum intravenous antibiotics CT scan orbit Ophthalmology &amp; ENT consultation Orbital Cellulitis Subperiosteal abscess </li><li>Preseptal Cellulitis </li><li>Endophthalmitis </li><li>Urgent Neuro-ophthalmology </li><li>A 36-year- old-woman with subacute visual loss in right eye and pain on eye movement VA 20/200, 20/25 RAPD +ve OD VF central scotoma OD Retrobulbar optic neuritis </li><li>A 55-year-old man with HT and acute visual loss in RE VA 20/100, 20/20 RAPD +ve RE Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy ESR 10 mm/hr </li><li>A 73-year-old woman with acute visual loss of right eye, headache, anorexia and weight loss VA 10/200, 20/25 RAPD + ve RE ESR 94 mm/hr, high level of C - reactive protein Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy </li><li>Pathology : Giant Cell ( Temporal ) Arteritis </li><li>A 35-year-old man with left painful third nerve palsy VA 20/25, 20/30 Dilated, nonreactive pupil LE </li><li>A 35-year-old man with a suspicious of aneurysmal third nerve palsy Conventional CT scan or MRI are not the procedure of choice High false negative rate 12 – 40 % Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) Computed tomography angiography (CTA) Overall sensitivity up to 97 % </li><li>A 35-year-old man with a suspicious of aneurysmal third nerve palsy </li><li>A 40-year-old woman with sudden onset of left third nerve palsy, visual loss and severe headache What is the diagnosis? VA 20/30, LP +ve RAPD LE </li><li>Pituitary Apoplexy Characterized by sudden visual loss, headache, and ophthalmoplegia secondary to rapid expansion of pituitary macroadenoma into the suprasellar space and/or cavernous sinus
  • 43. Commonly results from hemorrhage into a pre-existing pituitary mass </li><li>A 17- year-old man with right blured vision after minor blunt trauma. VA 20/32, 20/20 + ve RAPD RE Normal fundi RE LE </li><li>A 16-year-old man with head injury and left blured vision after falls from height VA 20/30, LP + ve RAPD LE Normal fundi </li><li>Traumatic Optic Neuropathy : Classification and Mechanisms Direct injury - Penetrating injury from knife, projectile - Injury from fractured bone - Avulsion, transection Indirect injury - Contusion with transmission of force through bone - Compression secondary to orbital hemorrhage or intrasheath hemorrhage </li><li>Clinical Features of Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Most commonly unilateral May be overlooked in setting of significant globe or maxillofacial trauma Reduced visual acuity ( NLP to 20/20 ) Visual field defect : No pathognomonic defect Normal optic disc with development of optic atrophy </li><li>Medical Management Options Steroids : Controversial - Thought to limit free-radical amplification of the injury response - Dosages ( low, high, mega) - May be harmful Observation : 57% of untreated patients shown to have 3 lines or more acuity improvement </li><li>Surgical Management Options Lateral canthotomy and cantholysis for orbital hemorrhage Surgical decompression of the optic nerve within its canal There is no defined standard protocol of treatment for indirect optic nerve injury . </li><li>Thank you for your attention </li></ul> </div><!-- .transcript --> <div class="transcriptAd h-below-transcript-ad"> <div class="transcriptAdDiv"><script type="text/javascript"> GA_googleFillSlot("slideview_below_transcript"); </script></div> </div> </div><!-- .assets --> <footer> <div class="footerWrapper"> <div class="footer"> <div class="footerLeft"> <form class="footerSearch" method="get" action="/search/slideshow"> <fieldset> <input name="searchfrom" type="hidden" value="footer" /> <div class="suggestionContainerFooter"> <input name="q" class="text" id="search_query_bottom" type="text" value="" autocomplete="off" /><input class="ctaNormal" type="submit" value="Search" /> </div> </fieldset> </form> <!-- .social-links --> <div class="social-links"> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/mobile" class="iconMobileFooter" rel="nofollow">SlideShare <br /> on mobile</a></li> <li><a href="http://twitter.com/SlideShare" class="iconTwitterFooter" rel="nofollow">Follow us on Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/slideshare" class="iconFacebookFooter" rel="nofollow">Find us on Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="http://slidesha.re/SlideShareOnLinkedIn" class="iconLinkedInFooter" rel="nofollow">Connect on LinkedIn</a></li> </ul> </div> <!-- /.social-links --> </div> <div class="links footerRight"> <div class="fColumn fColumnSmall"> <ul class="linksList"> <li><strong>Learn About Us</strong></li>
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